Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm apocalypse: Yuav ua li cas kom ciaj sia lub nuclear tawg

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Txawm hais tias tsis zoo li yuav muaj kev ua tsov rog puv atomic, hmoov tsis nws tsis tuaj yeem txiav txim siab tag nrho. Tsis zoo li cov kev cia siab nrov, lub sijhawm no tsis ploj zuj zus mus, thiab nws yog qhov zoo dua kom nco ntsoov tias yuav ua li cas hauv kev tawg nuclear yog tias koj tsuas muaj ob peb teev, feeb, lossis ob peb feeb ntawm koj qhov pov tseg.

Xyoo 1964-1967, ob peb tus kws kho mob Asmeskas uas nyuam qhuav kawm tiav hauv tsev kawm qib siab tau ua "Lub Tebchaws N Kev Tshawb Fawb" thiab, raws li cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm cov chaw qhib, tau tsim ib qhov project foob pob ua haujlwm hauv tsawg dua peb xyoos. Hmoov zoo, feem ntau cov neeg tawm tsam nyob deb ntawm qhov kev kawm ntawd, thiab mus los ntawm ib qhov project mus rau ib qho khoom tiav, koj xav tau tsawg kawg roj centrifuges kom tau txais uranium, uas yuav tsum tau loj, txaus ntshai thiab complex ntau lawm.

Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm pom kev tawg nuclear tsis tau ploj mus. Txawm tias ib qho kev tsis ua haujlwm ntawm lub foob pob hluav taws ceeb toom tuaj yeem ua rau lub tswv yim ntawm kev ua tsov rog loj yam tsis muaj kev xav ntau los ntawm cov neeg sib tw, tsis txhob hais txog tag nrho cov lus bellicose los ntawm cov nom tswv ntawm ob sab dej hiav txwv. Yuav ua li cas yog hais tias nws los txog rau nuclear tawg nyob rau hauv lub nroog?

Thib ob

Qhov feem ntau "advanced" nuclear warhead uas cov neeg nyob hauv Russia tuaj yeem ntsib yog Asmeskas W88 nrog lub peev xwm ntawm 475 kt. Qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm nws cov detonation thaum muaj kev cuam tshuam rau cov nroog yog hais txog 1840 m. Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, ib tug high-altitude flash yuav tshwm sim, lub suab yuav tuaj nrog ib tug zoo ncua sij hawm. Pom nws, koj yuav tsum tsis txhob yig. Ib feem peb ntawm lub zog ntawm nuclear tawg mus txog peb li lub teeb thiab infrared tawg, lub ncov ntawm nws lub hwj chim yog mus txog nyob rau hauv ib tug thib ob tom qab tawg. Txawm li cas los xij, lub ci nws tus kheej kav ntev dua tsib vib nas this, thiab yog tias koj maj nrawm rau npog tam sim ntawd, feem ntau ntawm cov hluav taws xob yuav tsis ua mob rau koj.

Qhov chaw nyob ceev (lossis tsawg kawg qhov tsis zoo "fold ntawm struts") yuav tsum tau xaiv ntawm qhov deb ntawm tsis ntau tshaj peb kauj ruam, thiaj li mus txog qhov ntawd nrog ib qho pov tseg. Txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj plaws kom dim ntawm kev tawg nuclear yog dhia mus rau hauv qhov kwj ntawm sab ntawm txoj kev deb tshaj plaws ntawm qhov tawg. Hauv qhov xwm txheej hnyav, koj tuaj yeem pov koj tus kheej mus rau hauv av pem hauv ntej, lub taub hau los ntawm kev tawg, thawb koj txhais tes hauv qab koj lub cev. Yog tias muaj lub hood, rub nws hla koj lub taub hau thaum lub caij nplooj zeeg. Nyob rau lub caij ntuj no, koj tuaj yeem tig lub dab tshos lossis tsuas yog rub lub tsho sab nraud ntawm koj lub taub hau.

Ib zaug nyob rau hauv lub tsheb, nres kom nres tag nrho, muab tso rau ntawm tus brake, sim kom tsis txhob nce saum kab ntawm lub qhov rais. Los ntawm txoj kev, tsis txhob hnov qab kaw koj lub qhov rais tsheb. Nyob rau hauv ib chav tsev lossis chaw ua haujlwm, nkaum hauv qab lub rooj ze tshaj plaws hauv qab lub qhov rais kab, thiab nyob rau hauv qhov xwm txheej hnyav, khob nws kom lub ntsiav tshuaj tiv thaiv los ntawm kev kub hnyiab los ntawm kev tawm tsam nuclear.

Ntawm daim tawv nqaij uas tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv, W88 hluav taws xob tuaj yeem ua rau kub hnyiab thib peb ntawm qhov kev ncua deb txog li 8,76 km ntawm qhov chaw nruab nrab. Qhov no yog qhov feem ntau "ntev" qhov ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj ntawm riam phom nuclear hauv huab cua tawg, thiab tseem yog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg: kev tuag sai ntawm cov paj hlwb dulls qhov hnov mob. Tsis pom qhov swb, koj tuaj yeem kov tau yooj yim ntawm qhov kub hnyiab thiab ua rau nws puas.

feeb

Yog tias koj hnov cov lus ceeb toom txog kev tiv thaiv pej xeem - thiab nws yuav yog 5-10 feeb ua ntej ntawm kev tawg nuclear - txhua yam yuav tsum tig tawm zoo dua. Koj yuav tau mus rau qhov chaw nkaum yog tias koj saib xyuas seb nws nyob qhov twg ua ntej, lossis koj yuav khiav mus rau hauv qab daus - qhov no, tau kawg, yog tias nws qhib hauv koj lub tsev. Yam tsawg kawg nkaus, ntxoov ntxoo lub qhov rais thiab muaj sijhawm los nkaum.

Ib nrab ntawm lub zog ntawm nuclear tawg mus rau hauv ib qho kev poob siab. Yog tias koj nyob ze dua 5 km rau qhov tawg, feem ntau cov tsev nyob yuav tawg tsawg kawg ib nrab. Lub wreckage ntawm lub tsev yog lub ntsiab txaus ntshai nyob rau hauv no scenario. Los ntawm 340 txhiabtsawg dua 80 txhiab tus neeg nyob hauv Hiroshima raug tua hauv qhov tawg, txawm hais tias yuav luag 70% ntawm cov tsev raug puas tsuaj. Yog vim li cas rau qhov no yog qhov yooj yim: ib txwm Japanese lub tsev nrog lub teeb ntoo thav duab thiab cov ntawv phab ntsa tsis nyob ze li qhov txaus ntshai. Pob zeb hauv nroog "birdhouses" yog li dhau los ua qhov chaw nkaum tsawg dua.

Hauv qab daus yog qhov chaw nyab xeeb hauv qhov kev hwm no. Ib tug neeg nyob hauv Hiroshima Eizo Nomura tau muaj sia nyob hauv qab daus, ua 170 meters los ntawm qhov chaw ntawm qhov chaw tawg. Nws kuj tseem yuav pab tau hluav taws xob: txawm hais tias Nomura tau muaj mob hluav taws xob, nws nyob tau ntau xyoo lawm thiab tuag thaum muaj hnub nyoog siab heev. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov neeg uas tseem nyob ntawm qhov chaw thiab ib mais ntawm qhov tawg tau tuag los ntawm kev mob hluav taws xob. Nws yog qhov ua tau tias qhov nkag mus rau hauv qab daus yuav thaiv thiab koj yuav tau tos kev pab ob peb hnub. Khaws cov dej npaj thiab kaw cov qhov rais thiab cov qhov crevices kom tsis txhob muaj cov plua plav hluav taws xob nkag mus rau hauv.

Raws li lub zog ntawm lub taub hau taub hau nce, thaj tsam ntawm kev puas tsuaj txuas ntxiv los ntawm kev tawg nuclear loj hlob sai, tab sis thaj chaw cuam tshuam los ntawm kev nkag mus rau hluav taws xob nthuav dav ntau qeeb. Gamma photons muaj qhov luv luv wavelength, yog li lawv tau zoo absorbed los ntawm huab cua. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog xav tias qhov muaj zog ntau dua cov mos txwv, qhov siab dua qhov siab ntawm nws cov detonation saum lub nroog. Hauv Hiroshima nws yog 600 meters, rau W88 daim duab no yog peb zaug ntxiv. Yog li ntawd, W88 yuav muab lub zog hluav taws xob puas tsuaj (los ntawm 5 sievert) nyob rau hauv ib lub vojvoog ntawm 1.22 km, thiab "Kid" hauv Hiroshima ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv ib lub vojvoog ntawm 1.2 km. Qhov sib txawv tsuas yog me ntsis ntau dua 10%, thiab hauv kev xyaum, qhov kev faib ua feem ntawm cov neeg tuag los ntawm kev mob hluav taws xob yuav tsawg dua li xyoo 1945.

Qhov tseeb yog tias thaum lub sij hawm tawg nuclear hauv Hiroshima, lub vojvoog ntawm thaj tsam ntawm kev puas tsuaj loj (> 0.14 MPa, kev puas tsuaj ntawm 100% ntawm cov tsev) tsuas yog 340 m, qhov nruab nrab kev puas tsuaj (> 0.034 MPa, kev puas tsuaj ntau tshaj ib nrab ntawm cov cov tsev) tsuas yog 1,67 km. Tab sis los ntawm W88 hla Moscow, lub vojvoog ntawm kev puas tsuaj hnyav yuav yog 1.1 km, nruab nrab - 5, 19 km. Tsis tshua muaj ib lub tsev nyob yuav sawv hauv qhov chaw tawg hluav taws xob (1, 32 km). Nyob rau hauv txoj hauj lwm no, koj nyob hauv qab daus, muaj sia nyob thiab tiv thaiv los ntawm hluav taws xob, lossis twb paub tias tuag lawm. Cia peb ua siab ncaj, nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm kev puas tsuaj loj, hluav taws xob los ntawm W88 tsuas yog txaus ntshai rau cov neeg uas muaj sia nyob.

moos

Yog tias kev ua tsov rog nuclear pib, nws yuav muaj tseeb tom qab qee yam kev cai txawv teb chaws aggravation. Koj tau xav txog qhov tsis zoo siab tshaj plaws thiab mloog xov tooj cua ntev. Qhov no tseem yog txoj kev ntseeg siab tshaj plaws: SMS ceeb toom rau kev xa ntawv loj thoob plaws lub tebchaws yuav tsis tuaj yeem tiv taus. Yog li, koj hnov cov lus ceeb toom hauv 5-10 feeb. Cia peb ua siab ncaj: dhau xyoo tom qab-Soviet, feem ntau ntawm cov chaw nyob tau degraded thiab tau tso tseg tsis muaj chaw nyob. Yog li yog tias feeb dhau los tom qab tawg, thiab koj nyob ze, tab sis tseem muaj sia nyob, feem ntau koj yuav nyob hauv qab daus zoo tib yam. Tom ntej no yog dab tsi?

Qhov kev xaiv zoo tshaj plaws yog tsis ua dab tsi tsawg kawg ib hnub, thiab yog tias muaj dej, ces ob peb hnub. Feem ntau, tsis muaj hluav taws kub hem koj. Hauv Hiroshima, tom qab muaj kev tawm tsam nuclear, qhov hluav taws kub hauv nroog tiag tiag nrog cua daj cua dub kub hnyiab, tab sis nws tau tshwm sim los ntawm cov tsev uas ua los ntawm cov ntoo thiab ntawv, ignited los ntawm imperfect hluav taws xob thaiv thiab qhib hluav taws. Peb cov kav xa hluav taws xob puas tuaj yeem ua rau tawg, hluav taws kub - tsis tshua muaj. Cov phab ntsa pob zeb, nyob rau hauv cov khib nyiab uas feem ntau ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob yuav raug faus, yuav tsis tso cai rau hluav taws kub nyhiab tawg. Txawm nyob hauv Nagasaki, qhov hluav taws kub hauv nroog yeej tsis tshwm sim.

Tseem, puas muaj ib qho tseem ceeb hauv kev zaum hauv qab daus rau hnub kom muaj sia nyob qhov tawg tawg? Muaj, thiab tseem ceeb heev, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tias koj nyob hauv Moscow. Tseeb tiag, nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb thoob ntiaj teb, nws yog qhov tseeb ntawm lub peev uas yuav raug ntaus los ntawm ntau lub taub hau ntau dua li lwm lub nroog hauv ntiaj teb. Cov chaw ua haujlwm tseem ceeb nyob hauv Moscow, suav nrog kev tiv thaiv missile. Yuav tsum tau lav kom ncav cuag lawv, tus yeeb ncuab raug yuam kom tsom ntau lub foob pob hluav taws, nrog cov npoo.

Moscow yuav raug rau ntau qhov kev tawm tsam nuclear, thiab qee qhov ntawm lawv feem ntau yuav nyob hauv av thiaj li yuav tau faus qhov chaw dawb huv rau cov tub rog-kev nom kev tswv cov neeg tseem ceeb. Lub zog ntawm cov tawg no yog absorbed sai sai los ntawm lub ntiaj teb nto, uas ua rau lawv feem ntau tsis tshua muaj kev puas tsuaj - qhov tseeb, lawv tsuas yog siv los tua cov hom phiaj sib sib zog nqus. Txawm li cas los xij, kev tawg hauv av tsim ib pawg ntawm cov hmoov av uas ntog tawm hauv cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob - lub npe nrov "fallout".

Yog li ntawd nws tsim nyog zaum hauv qab daus. Cov khoom hnyav tshaj plaws yuav poob sai sai, ntxiv rau, cov isotopes txaus ntshai lawv muaj feem ntau luv luv. Twb tau tom qab 7 teev, koob tshuaj nyob rau hauv qhov chaw cuam tshuam yuav poob kaum npaug, tom qab 49 teev - 100 zaug, thiab tom qab 14 hnub - ib txhiab. Tom qab 14 lub lis piam, txawm nyob rau hauv lub qub "liab" cheeb tsam, nws yuav muaj peev xwm taug kev nrog yuav luag tsis muaj kev pheej hmoo rau lub neej. Yog li thawj ob peb hnub tom qab tawg nuclear, nws yog qhov zoo dua los nyob hauv qab daus, thiab yog tias muaj dej thiab zaub mov, ces nws tsim nyog nyob rau lub lis piam. Los ntawm lub sijhawm no, tej zaum, kev pab yuav tuaj txog.

Dab tsi raug rhuav tshem?

Feem ntau ntawm peb, pom lub teeb nyob rau hauv lub ntuj, yuav zoo dua pib ntsia nws nyob rau hauv surprise dua nrhiav cover. Cov ntaub ntawv nws tus kheej tau ua xws li mini-kev tawm dag zog, vim tias nws yuav luag tsis tuaj yeem pom qhov txawv ntawm qhov tawg ntawm lub hnub qub los ntawm lub hnub qub tawg hauv qhov chaw. Xws li lub pob hluav taws tawg dhau Chelyabinsk hauv 2013 thiab tau nrog ntau yam tsis nkag siab, thiab tsis tshua muaj leej twg cuam lawv tus kheej mus rau hauv av. Nyob rau hauv qhov kev tshwm sim ntawm ib tug nuclear tsov rog (los yog lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm ib tug asteroid me ntsis loj dua lub Chelyabinsk ib tug), xws li lovers ntawm gazing yuav poob lawv lub qhov muag, rhiab heev ntawm lub ntsej muag ntawm daim tawv nqaij, thiab tej zaum cov tawv nqaij nws tus kheej.

Yog li, yuav ua li cas hauv kev tawg nuclear - luv luv:

1. Nkaum ntawm lub teeb hluav taws xob sai sai. Yog tias tsis muaj qhov twg los nkaum, pw pem hauv ntej, nrog koj txhais taw ntawm kev tawg. Tiv thaiv daim tawv nqaij nrog khaub ncaws.
2. Yog tias koj muaj sij hawm los nkaum hauv lub tsev, khiav mus rau ntawd. Yog tias ua tau, nqa dej thiab zaub mov nrog koj, qhov no yuav pab koj nyob ntawm qhov chaw tsis muaj kab mob ntev li ntev tau.
3. Siv koj lub sijhawm tawm ntawm qhov chaw nkaum lossis hauv qab daus. Nco ntsoov tias qhov koob tshuaj ntawm cov hluav taws xob tau txo qis txhua hnub. 14 hnub tom qab tawg nuclear, txawm nyob rau hauv lub qub "liab cheeb tsam" nws yuav muaj kev nyab xeeb.

Lub sij hawm rau optimism

Cia peb ntxiv qhov kev cia siab me ntsis ntxiv. Raws li cov qauv theoretical qhia, ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm cov pej xeem yuav muaj sia nyob thawj zaug kev tawm tsam ntawm lub nroog. Contrary to the story of radioactive tshauv, nws kwv yees tias Teb Chaws Asmeskas yuav muaj sia nyob ntawm 60%. Nyob rau hauv Russia, vim muaj ntau dua cov neeg coob coob thiab cov tsev siab siab, qhov feem pua ntawm cov ciaj sia yuav tsawg dua, tab sis tseem muaj zog heev. Tab sis li cas txog qhov kawg ntawm lub ntiaj teb no, nuclear lub caij ntuj no, kev tshaib kev nqhis thiab hordes ntawm mutants?

Hmoov tsis zoo, kev tsom xam ntawm nroog pej xeem tsis yog ib feem ntawm peb txoj haujlwm. Yog li ntawd, cia li nco ntsoov: hauv kev xyaum, lub caij ntuj no nuclear yuav tsis tshwm sim. Lub tswv yim hais txog nws tau ua raws li qhov kev xav ntawm kev tsim hluav taws kub cua daj cua dub hauv nroog ignited los ntawm nuclear ntaus. Nrog lawv, soot tuaj yeem ncav cuag lub stratosphere, siab dua cov huab cua zoo tib yam, thiab nyob twj ywm rau xyoo. Txawm li cas los xij, niaj hnub no cov kws tshaj lij pom zoo tias qhov xwm txheej zoo li no tsis zoo rau lub nroog niaj hnub no, thiab txawm tias muaj hluav taws kub sib txawv tshwm sim, lawv lub zog yuav tsis txaus los nqa cov av rau hauv stratosphere. Thiab los ntawm troposphere, nws yuav poob nrog nag lossis daus hauv ib lub lis piam thiab yuav tsis tuaj yeem tiv thaiv lub hnub ci los ntawm kev ncav cuag lub ntiaj teb nto rau lub sijhawm ntev.

Tsis tas yuav xav kom muaj kev tshaib kev nqhis thoob ntiaj teb: yuav luag tsuas yog cov neeg nyob hauv nroog yuav tuag - uas yog, cov neeg siv khoom, tsis yog cov neeg tsim khoom noj. Kev kis kab mob ntawm thaj chaw yuav nyob nruab nrab thiab hauv zos, vim tias kev tawm tsam yuav tsis siv rau thaj chaw muaj neeg nyob deb nroog. Thiab tom qab qhov tawg ntawm lub foob pob tawg, muaj ob peb lub isotopes nyob ntev sab laug: qhov hnyav ntawm cov teeb meem fissile hauv lub foob pob me dhau. Xyoo tom ntej tom qab muaj kev tawm tsam nuclear, hluav taws xob hauv thaj teb yuav tsis tshua muaj kev hem thawj txaus ntshai.

Kev tshwm sim tom qab pib Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib peb yuav nyuaj heev. Tab sis yog tias koj tsis muaj hmoo txaus kom tuag tom qab thawj lub tshuab, yooj yim thiab yooj yim, ces koj yuav tau sim ua neej nyob.