Tiara Saitaferna: yuav ua li cas cov neeg Yudais Lavxias tau rub tawm qhov kev dag ntxias loj

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub no ua rau muaj kev thuam nyob hauv Fabkis. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws xav tsis thoob rau tag nrho cov kev tshawb fawb thiab tsev cia puav pheej hauv Tebchaws Europe. Russia kuj tau raug rub mus rau hauv qhov kev npaj txhij txog ntawm kev tshwm sim, txij li nws tau nyob ntawm no tias ib qho ntawm cov kev dag ntxias nrov tshaj plaws thaum lub sijhawm xyoo 19th-20th tau xeeb thiab ci ntsa iab. Thiab nws yog ntuj hais tias nws tshwm sim nyob rau sab qab teb ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws.

Lub xyoo pua 19th yog lub sijhawm ntawm romantics thiab adventurers, ci ntsa iab cov tub ntxhais hluas generals thiab ua lag luam ua tau zoo, cov kws tshawb fawb zoo thiab thawj cov kiv cua kiv cua. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws tau dhau los ua ib puas xyoo ntawm cov cuab yeej cuab tam tub sab thiab cov neeg taug txuj kev nyuaj nrog lawv. Qhov no tshwm sim rau ob qho laj thawj.

Hnub nyoog ntawm cov khoom muaj nqis yos hav zoov thiab taug txuj kev nyuaj

Cov tub ceev xwm uas rov qab mus rau Russia tom qab kev tsov kev rog Napoleonic coj nrog lawv cov nyiam European nyiam nyob rau hauv cov khoom qub qub. Nyob rau sab qab teb ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman, qhov chaw uas muaj ntau lub nroog qub thiab thaj chaw nyob tau muaj sia nyob, kev khawb av tau pib thiab lub teb chaws thawj zaug kev tshawb fawb thiab cov tsev khaws puav pheej archaeological tau tshwm sim. Nws tau dhau los ua fashionable ntawm aristocracy mus sau classical antiquities thiab kom muaj private collections. Thiab qhov kev thov ib txwm ua rau muaj khoom.

Nyob rau hauv thawj theem, cov collections raug coj los ntawm cov teb chaws Europe. Tab sis qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm barrow kub ua rau muaj qhov tsis tau pom dua ua ntej uas dov zoo li lub log hnyav thoob plaws lub tebchaws.

Kev yos hav zoov spontaneous tau dhau los ua qhov dav heev uas tsoomfwv raug yuam kom tshaj tawm ntau txoj cai tshwj xeeb, rau kev ua txhaum ntawm ntau yam kev lav phib xaub tau muab, txog rau lub txim tuag.

Feem ntau ntawm cov khoom muaj nqis uas pom nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19 tau plundered los ntawm random discoverers - feem ntau yog neeg peasants thiab excavating neeg ua hauj lwm. Cov kev tshawb pom tau muab rau cov neeg khaws nyiaj nplua nuj thiab txawm tias tsev cia puav pheej. Qhov kev lag luam tsis raug cai no tau vam meej thiab tsis tuaj yeem ua tsis tiav los nyiam cov neeg nyiam taug txuj kev nyuaj.

Nyob rau lub sijhawm luv luv, ntau tus neeg muag khoom tau tshwm sim nyob rau sab qab teb ntawm Russia, tsim thiab muag cov khoom cuav. Ib tug ntawm lawv yog cov kwv tij Shepsel thiab Leiba Gokhman, uas nws lub khw nyob rau hauv Odessa thiab Ochakov, ib lub nroog nyob ze uas excavations ntawm ancient Olbia tau ua.

Cov tub lag luam guild thib peb no tau pib lawv cov haujlwm tsis raug cai los ntawm forging marble slabs, tab sis tom qab ntawd hloov mus rau cov khoom lag luam muaj txiaj ntsig zoo dua. Nws yog xav tias lawv tau tswj kom muag ib lub nkoj nyiaj mus rau Moscow tsev cia puav pheej, thiab lub tsev khaws puav pheej archaeological hauv Odessa tau txais lawv daim npog ntsej muag. Tab sis qhov no tsis yog qhov lawv tau ua nto moo rau.

Lub hnub yug ntawm ib tug dab neeg

Nws yog cov kwv tij Gokhmans uas tuaj nrog lub tswv yim ntawm kev tsim lub tiara ntawm Saytafarn (Saytaferna) - ib tug huab tais Scythian uas lub Greek colony lub nroog Olbia them tribute ntau zaus nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 3 BC.

Qhov teeb meem tau mus kom meej. Raws li lub hauv paus ntawm Olbian decrees, ib zaj dab neeg tau tsim: supposedly no tiara yog tsim los ntawm Greek jewelers, thiab nws tau nthuav tawm nrog rau lwm yam khoom plig rau ib tug neeg zej zog warlike. Thiab nws tau raug liam tias pom thaum lub sijhawm khawb av ntawm huab tais thiab nws tus poj niam. Rau kev ntseeg tau, lub tiara tau dented, zoo li yog los ntawm lub tshuab nrog rab ntaj.

Raws li qhov tseeb, lawv tsis tuaj nrog tiara-diadem, tab sis yog lub kaus mom domed 17.5 cm siab, 18 cm inch thiab hnyav 486 grams.

Nws tag nrho minted los ntawm ib tug nyias kub sawb thiab muab faib ua ob peb kab rov tav txoj siv. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv, tsuas yog rau lub hauv paus, yog ornamental. Lub hauv paus frieze qhia txog plaub qhov xwm txheej los ntawm Homeric epic, thaum lwm tus qhia txog kev yos hav zoov ntawm Scythian huab tais rau cov tsiaj nyaum tis, cov duab ntawm equestrian Scythians, bulls, nees thiab yaj.

Lub tiara tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog pommel nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug nab curled nyob rau hauv ib lub pob thiab tsa nws lub taub hau. Rau kev ntseeg siab, nyob nruab nrab ntawm txoj siv thib ob thiab thib peb hauv cov lus Greek thaum ub, tau sau ib tsab ntawv sau tseg: "Tus Vaj Ntxwv ntawm Saitofernes zoo kawg thiab invincible. Council thiab cov neeg ntawm Olviopolites." Lub tiara yog amazingly delicately tua thiab, thaum xub thawj siab ib muag, corresponded rau tag nrho cov kab lig kev cai ntawm ancient kos duab.

Tab sis nws tshwm sim tsuas yog ua tsaug rau txoj kev npaj ntawm Gokhmans. Nws yog lawv uas nrhiav tau ib tug craftsman-jeweler los ntawm lub me me Belarusian lub zos ntawm Mozyr, thiab nyob rau hauv 1895 kom nws ua ib tug rarity. Lub npe ntawm tus tswv yog Ixayees Rukhomovsky. Qhov no tsis paub nugget yeej tsis tau kawm painting lossis kawm keeb kwm ntawm ancient art.

Tab sis yim lub hlis thiab ob peb monographs thiab albums ntawm ancient Greek kab lis kev cai tau txaus rau nws kom ua tiav qhov kev txiav txim. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg hais tias Rukhomovsky tsis yog ib tug swindler, thiab nws twb siv blindly - zoo li yog hais tias nws tab tom npaj ib tug zoo-paub Kharkov xib fwb. Rau nws txoj haujlwm, nws tau txais 1,800 rubles.

Thaj, nws tsis yog qhov xwm txheej uas nyob rau xyoo 1895 ib daim ntawv luv luv tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ib qho ntawm Viennese cov ntawv xov xwm uas cov neeg ua liaj ua teb Crimean tau tshawb pom txawv txawv, tab sis tau khiav tawm, ntshai tsam tsoomfwv yuav txeeb lawv txoj kev nrhiav.

Thiab twb thaum pib ntawm 1896, cov Hohmans tau xa tawm cov tiara tiav mus rau Tebchaws Europe. Thaum xub thawj nws tau muab rau London Tsev khaws puav pheej, tab sis cov neeg Askiv, paub txog kev lis kev cai nyob rau sab qab teb ntawm Russia, tsis txawm pib ntsib nrog cov neeg muag khoom. Tom qab ntawd lawv sim muag qhov nrhiav mus rau Vienna Imperial Tsev khaws puav pheej, uas cov kws tshaj lij tau lees paub nws qhov tseeb.

Txawm li cas los xij, lub tsev khaws puav pheej tsis pom qhov tsim nyog, txij li cov Gohmans tau tshwm sim los ntawm qhov xaus ntawm kev tshawb fawb luminaries, nug ntau dhau rau tiara.

Qhov kev lees paub ntau dua ntawm tiara qhov tseeb tau txais los ntawm cov tub lag luam, qhov siab dua lawv tau tsa tus nqi. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, xyoo 1896 Parisian Louvre tau yuav nws rau 200 txhiab francs (kwv yees li 50 txhiab rubles) - ib qho zoo heev rau lub sijhawm ntawd! Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas cov neeg txhawb nqa tau pab sau nws, txij li kev faib nyiaj rau pej xeem xav tau kev tso cai tshwj xeeb los ntawm Fab Kis cov thawj tswj hwm. Lub tiara tau nthuav tawm nrog pomp nyob rau hauv lub tsev ntawm ancient art. Txawm li cas los xij, lub suab ntawm cov neeg tsis ntseeg siab sai sai.

Tawm thiab scandal

Lavxias teb sab archaeologists yog thawj zaug qhia lawv tsis ntseeg, tab sis lawv tsis quav ntsej nyob rau hauv Fabkis. Tab sis thaum tus naas ej German archaeologist thiab historian ntawm ancient kos duab Adolf Furtwängler los xav txog qhov nrhiav, lawv mloog nws lub tswv yim.

Tus kws tshawb fawb venerable ua tib zoo kawm cov tiara thiab tuaj txog qhov tsis meej: nws tus tsim tsis tuaj yeem qhia cov yas qub qub thiab ua qhov yuam kev loj, kos cov dab cua (Boreas, Nota, Zephyr thiab Evra) nrog cov menyuam yaus, thaum lawv nyob ib puag ncig. portrayed li cov neeg laus ncaws pob. Nws kuj pom qhov twg cov motifs tau theej los ntawm: nws tau dhau los ua vases los ntawm yav qab teb Ltalis, cov khoom los ntawm Kerch, lub caj dab los ntawm Taman thiab qee qhov pom los ntawm Louvre.

Txawm li cas los xij, cov ntawv tshaj tawm txog kev tshawb fawb rau lub sijhawm ntev tseem yog ntau ntawm cov zej zog kev tshawb fawb nqaim xwb.

Tab sis xya xyoo tom qab, ib tug sculptor los ntawm Montmartre, ib tug tej yam Rodolphe Elina, tshaj tawm hais tias nws yog nws tus uas ua lub tiara. Lub sijhawm ntawd, nws twb nyob rau hauv kev tshawb nrhiav rau kev dag ntxias ntawm cov duab, tab sis tsis kam lees txhua qhov kev foob. Txawm li cas los xij, rau qee qhov laj thawj nws tau ua rau nws tus kheej tsim "Scythian tiara", hu nws "lub crown ntawm Semiramis." Cov ntawv xov xwm zoo siab tshaj tawm qhov kev thuam, thiab Louvre tsis tuaj yeem tsis quav ntsej txog keeb kwm ntawm qhov kev yuav khoom kim. Tom qab Elina cov lus tshaj tawm, lub tsev khaws puav pheej tau mus xyuas ntau dua 30 txhiab Parisians hauv peb hnub xwb.

Nyob rau hauv teb, cov ntawv xov xwm Le Matin luam tawm ib tsab ntawv los ntawm ib tug emigrant los ntawm Odessa, Livshits, uas tau thov hais tias lub tiara tau ua los ntawm nws tus phooj ywg Rukhomovsky. Lub Louvre tsis ntseeg Livshits, txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau hauv kev ntxhov siab los ntawm cov pej xeem, lub tiara raug tshem tawm ntawm lub rooj nthuav qhia, thiab tsoomfwv tau tsim ib lub koom haum tshwj xeeb los tshawb xyuas qhov teeb meem.

Nyob rau hauv lem, cov ntawv xov xwm Le Figaro tau thov rau Odessa thiab tau txais ib tug unequivocal nqe lus los ntawm Rukhomovsky hais tias nws yog tus sau ntawm lub tiara thiab ua pov thawj qhov no nws yog npaj txhij los mus rau Paris.

Yog li ntawd, cov Fabkis them lawv txoj kev, thiab tsis ntev lub jeweler tshwm nyob rau hauv Paris. Nws coj nrog nws kos duab, duab thiab tiara daim ntawv ntawm nws tus kheej ua hauj lwm. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws tau hu ua qhov sib xyaw ntawm cov hlau thiab pom zoo rov qab ib qho ntawm cov khoom ntawm lub cim xeeb, uas nws tau ua nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm cov neeg tim khawv nyob rau hauv 1903.

Qhov kawg tau muab tso rau lo lus nug ntawm qhov tseeb ntawm qhov nrhiav! "Tiara Saitafarna" tau tsiv tawm ntawm cov khoom qub mus rau Louvre lub tsev kos duab niaj hnub, thiab tus thawj coj ntawm Fabkis lub teb chaws cov tsev khaws puav pheej raug yuam kom tawm ntawm nws txoj haujlwm vim yog kev thuam.

Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas Rukhomovsky nws tus kheej tsis raug coj mus rau kev ncaj ncees, txij li thaum nws ua lub tiara ua khoom plig thiab tsis tau muag rau lub Louvre. Ntxiv mus, nws tau txais khoom plig kub ntawm Salon of Decorative Arts rau nws txoj haujlwm tshwj xeeb. Nws txoj hmoo ntxiv tau zoo heev.

Nyob rau hauv 1909, Rukhomovsky thiab nws tsev neeg tau tsiv mus nyob rau Fabkis, qhov chaw uas nws tsim ib tug ntau yam ntawm cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub rau Baron Rothschild. Tab sis lawv tau txiav txim siab khaws nws lub cim xeeb hauv Odessa thiab Ochakov, qhov chaw nco txog cov plaques tau teeb tsa rau ntawm lub tsev uas nws ua haujlwm.