Ntoo tais ntawm Slavs - ua li cas peb cov poj koob yawm txwv noj?

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Nws yog ib qho nyuaj hais los ntawm lub sij hawm ntawm lub sij hawm ntawm lub sij hawm tsim cov chiseled ntoo tais diav pib nyob rau hauv Russia. Archaeological pom nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm Novgorod thiab nyob rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm Bulgarian chaw nyob nyob rau hauv lub Volga cheeb tsam qhia tau hais tias lub tshuab dhos twb paub raws li thaum ntxov raws li lub xyoo pua 12th. Nyob rau hauv Kiev, nyob rau hauv qhov chaw zais cia ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj ib feem kaum, ib tug chiseled tais tau pom thaum lub sij hawm excavations. Nyob rau hauv lub XVI-XVII centuries. installation ntawm qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws, thiaj li hu ua hneev nti, tshuab dhos yog muaj rau txhua tus neeg txawj ntse.

Hais txog cov chaw tsim khoom thiab muag kev lag luam ntawm cov khoom siv ntoo tig rau hauv lub xyoo pua 16th - thaum ntxov 17th. muab ntau cov ntaub ntawv rau cov nyiaj tau los thiab cov nuj nqis, phau ntawv kev lis kev cai, kev ua thiab cov khoom muag ntawm cov cuab yeej cuab tam ntawm monasteries. Nws tuaj yeem pom los ntawm lawv tias cov neeg ua liaj ua teb tam sim no ntawm Volokolamsk, Trinity-Sergievsky, Kirilo-Belozersky monasteries, cov neeg txawj ntse ntawm Kaluga thiab Tver xeev, cov neeg nyob hauv nroog Nizhny Novgorod thiab Arzamas tau koom nrog kev tsim cov khoom siv ntoo. Thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th. kev tsim khoom ntawm cov cuab yeej siv ntoo tshuab tau dav. Lavxias teb sab kws txawj tsim cov ntaub ntawv zoo meej: staves, stavchiks, cov kwv tij, tais diav, tais, khob, khob, iav (Fig. 1). Cov khoom siv tes ua qub txeeg qub teg tau txhim kho los ntawm kev muaj tswv yim ntawm txhua tiam neeg.

Ntawm cov tais diav, feem ntau yog cov stavets - lub tais sib sib zog nqus zoo li lub nkoj nrog lub hauv paus tiaj tus thiab lub hau ntim ntim. Ib txhia ntawm lawv muaj curly handles. Stavts muaj ntau qhov sib txawv: staves, stavts thiab ceg txheem ntseeg. stairs thiab staves tau siv ua noj hmo. Cov staves loj tau ua rau cov tais me me thiab cov khoom noj mov. Lub rooj festive tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov kwv tij, tais diav, phaj, khob, khob, ko taw. Kwv tij - ib lub nkoj me me me me uas muaj lub caj dab me me rau saum thiab ib lub npoo me ntsis khoov sab nraud ib txwm ua rau ntawm lub pallet. Tus tijlaug muab dej qab zib rau saum rooj. Ntawm cov tais diav thiab phaj nrog cov npoo dav, tiaj tus sab thiab cov tais puag ncig lossis cov pob nyem, pies, nqaij, ntses, khoom qab zib tau muab rau ntawm lub rooj. Txoj kab uas hla ntawm cov tais diav mus txog 45 cm Cov hom tais diav ntau tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv cov neeg pluag ib puag ncig yog lub tais - lub hemispherical hlab nrog ib tug ncaj ntug, ib tug ca qis puag los yog ib tug me me puag ncig nyem. Cov tais no feem ntau muaj qhov siab rau txoj kab uas hla ntawm 1: 3. Rau kev ruaj ntseg, txoj kab uas hla ntawm lub tais tau muab sib npaug rau qhov siab ntawm lub tais. Txoj kab uas hla ntawm lub tais khiav yog 14-19 cm. Cov tais loj mus txog 30 cm nyob rau hauv txoj kab uas hla, thiab burlak sawv daws yuav 50 cm. Ib qho indispensable accessory rau txhua lub rooj yog ib tug ntsev shaker. Ntsev shakers yog me me, capacious hlab ntsha nrog lub hauv paus qis, ruaj khov, nrog lossis tsis muaj lub hau. Muaj koob meej txij thaum xyoo pua 19th. Khokhloma cov tais diav tau pib siv, uas tau ua ntau hauv Semenovsky koog tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Nizhny Novgorod xeev (Gorky cheeb tsam). Nws tuaj yeem pom tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv Russia, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws ntawm sab hnub tuaj.

Qhov nrov ntawm Khokhloma tableware tau yooj yim los ntawm kev lag luam exhibitions: nyob rau hauv 1853 nws twb xub pom nyob rau hauv lub domestic exhibition, thiab nyob rau hauv 1857 - nyob rau hauv txawv teb chaws. Thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem, nws raug xa tawm mus rau Fabkis, Lub Tebchaws Yelemees, Askiv, North America. Ntau pua xyoo dhau los, hauv cov khoom siv tes ua no, qee yam ntawm cov tais diav ntoo tau tsim thiab txhim kho, uas yog qhov txawv ntawm qhov yooj yim ntawm lub silhouette, nruj ntawm proportions, thiab tsis muaj cov ntsiab lus nthuav dav uas tsoo daim ntawv. Cov neeg ua haujlwm niaj hnub no, siv cov kev coj noj coj ua zoo tshaj plaws ntawm yav dhau los, txuas ntxiv tsim cov tais diav ntoo, uas yog ob qho tib si hauv tsev thiab kev kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm lub tsev.

Hauv cheeb tsam Gorky, muaj ob lub chaw nuv ntses keeb kwm - hauv lub zos Semina, Koverninsky koog tsev kawm ntawv, thiab hauv nroog Semenov. Seminsky cov khoom - loj tais thiab ladles - yog ua nyob rau hauv kev lig kev cai ntawm peasant ntoo tais. Semyonovskaya lauj kaub tais diav yog ntau sophisticated, lawv yog yus muaj los ntawm kev txhim kho cov ntaub ntawv, intricate hau thiab tes. Kev tshawb nrhiav cov khoom tshiab tau coj mus rau kev tsim cov khoom tsis paub yav dhau los thiab cov tais diav. Noj hmo thiab nuv ntses, teeb rau kas fes (Daim duab 2) thiab tshuaj yej teeb, teeb rau zaub xam lav, berries thiab preserves, thiab txuj lom tau txais kev paub dav. Cov teeb, nrog rau cov teeb tsa, feem ntau suav nrog ntau yam khoom - txog li rau lub khob, pawg, tsom iav, saucers, ib tug tij laug loj los yog tureen nrog lub hau, lub lauj kaub kas fes los yog fermentation lauj kaub, lub tais qab zib, creamer, ntsev shaker thiab ib lub lauj kaub kua txob. Feem ntau, cov txheej txheem yog ua tiav los ntawm cov phaj loj - cov tais. Txhua txheej yuav tsum suav nrog diav - tablespoons lossis teaspoons, rau zaub xam lav, ladles. Yeej, utilitarian Khokhloma cov tais diav yog txawv los ntawm cov yas nthuav qhia ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, uas txaus siab hais txog cov artistic zoo ntawm painting decorating nws.

Lavxias teb sab ntoo diav

Cov diav qub tshaj plaws (Daim duab 3), pom tau tias muaj lub hom phiaj kev cai dab qhuas, tau pom nyob rau hauv Gorbunovsky peat bog hauv Urals. Nws muaj ib tug elongated, qe-zoo li tus daus thiab ib tug nkhaus kov xaus nyob rau hauv ib tug noog lub taub hau, uas muab nws cov duab ntawm ib tug ua luam dej noog.

Nyob rau hauv Novgorod lub Great, muaj ntau yam ntoo diav (Fig. 4). Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog noteworthy yog cov diav nrog ib tug me me, zoo li yog tsa rau ib tug zuag, ib tug tiaj tus kov. Novgorod masters dai lawv nrog carvings thiab paintings. Ornament - ib tug braid, ua nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm contour carving, tau siv nrog siv rau tus kov thiab framed lub hniav. Nyob rau hauv Russia nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th. tau paub dos diav ntawm Vologda rooj plaub, ua nyob rau hauv lub Vologda Territory, raws li zoo raws li shadrovy diav nrog cov pob txha, cag nrog pob txha, los yog diav nrog ib tug additive ntawm ib tug hiav txwv hniav, uas yog, inlaid nrog pob txha, walrus tusk.

Txhua haiv neeg ntawm peb lub teb chaws muaj nws tus kheej daim duab diav, tab sis cov nto moo tshaj plaws yog cov diav ua nyob rau hauv lub Volga-Vyatka cheeb tsam (Fig. 5). Muaj ntau tshaj li plaub caug ntau yam ntawm lawv, tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub Gorky cheeb tsam tau ua thiab ua ladders, ib rab diav, zaub xam lav, nuv ntses, nyias, mezheumok, ib nrab daim npog qhov ncauj, Siberian, me nyuam, mustard, jam diav, thiab lwm yam. kov-kov xaus nrog ib tug forging - ib tug thickening nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug txiav pyramid. Kirov diav muaj ib lub qe-zoo li tus daus thiab ib tug ca, me ntsis nkhaus kov. Kev tsim khoom ntawm rab diav twb tau tsim muaj kev lag luam zoo, kev lag luam ramified yav dhau los. Hauv qee lub zos, qhov khoob tau ua, hu ua fragments lossis ntiv tes xoo. Nyob rau hauv ib tug me me stump nrog me ntsis hewn npoo, expanding nyob rau hauv ib feem uas yuav tsum tau los ua ib tug diav, ib tug diav yog tsis tshua muaj guessed. Hauv lwm qhov chaw, lozhkari siv ib qho adze rau roughly hollow tawm kev nyuaj siab, uas yog ces huv si xaiv nrog ib tug crochet cutter. Nrog kev ntseeg siab ntawm riam, lawv txiav tawm qhov dhau los ntawm tus kov, muab nws khoov me ntsis, thiab rab diav tau npaj txhij. Lavxias teb sab craftsmen tau ua hauj lwm tawm cov tswv yim ntawm diav carving mus rau xws li ib tug npaum li cas nws yuav siv sij hawm 15 - 20 feeb los ua nws.

Lavxias teb sab ntoo ladles

Nyob rau hauv Russia, rau ib ntev lub sij hawm, lawv txiav txhua yam ntawm cov duab, qhov ntau thiab tsawg thiab lub hom phiaj ntoo tais: ladles, skopkari, hav thiab lwm yam. Niaj hnub no, ob peb hom tsoos Lavxias teb sab ladles paub: Moscow, Kozmodemyansk, Tver, Yaroslavl-Kostroma, Vologda, Severodvinsk, thiab lwm yam. (Fig. 6).

Rau Moscow thoob, ua los ntawm burls nrog ib tug zoo nkauj qauv ntawm kev ntxhib los mos, lub tais ntawm ib tug ntshiab, txawm exquisite scaphoid puab nrog ib tug ca hauv qab, ib tug taw tes lub qhov ntswg thiab ib tug luv luv kab rov tav kov yog yam ntxwv. Vim qhov ceev thiab lub zog ntawm cov khoom siv, cov phab ntsa ntawm cov hlab ntsha no feem ntau yog tuab li ib qho nutshell. Burl tais feem ntau tau ua nyob rau hauv cov nyiaj thav ntawv. Muaj cov thoob paub txog ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, ncav cuag ib txoj kab uas hla ntawm 60 cm. Kozmodemyansk thoob tau hollowed tawm ntawm linden. Lawv cov duab yog scaphoid thiab ze heev rau cov duab ntawm cov thoob Moscow, tab sis lawv muaj ntau qhov tob thiab loj dua hauv ntim. Ib txhia ntawm lawv mus txog lub peev xwm ntawm ob, peb, thiab qee zaum plaub lub thoob. Tus kov yog kab rov tav tiaj tus nrog ib qho kev sib ntxiv ntawm ib tus cwj pwm hauv zos nkaus xwb - ib lub voj voog nyob hauv qab. Kozmodemyansk kuj yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm me me ladles-scoops, uas tau siv los daus dej los ntawm cov thoob loj. Lawv feem ntau yog scaphoid, nrog ib puag ncig, me ntsis flattened hauv qab. Ib qho yuav luag vertically teeb, ntau-tiered kov nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug architectural qauv txuas mus rau hauv qab yog dai kom zoo nkauj nrog ib tug los ntawm carving xaus nrog cov duab ntawm ib tug nees, tsis tshua muaj ib tug noog.

Tver thoob yog pom txawv ntawm Moscow thiab Kozmodemyansky sawv daws yuav. Lawv originality nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb hais tias lawv yog hollowed tawm ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm ib tsob ntoo. Tuav feem ntau cov duab ntawm ib tug rook, lawv yog elongated nyob rau hauv dav dua nyob rau hauv ntev, uas ua rau lawv tshwm flattened. Lub hneev ntawm lub thoob, raws li feem ntau yog cov ntaub ntawv nrog cov hlab ntsha scaphoid, yog nce siab thiab xaus nrog ob lossis peb lub taub hau nees, uas lub thoob Tver tau hu ua "cov nraug vauv". Tus kov ntawm lub thoob yog ncaj, faceted, lub Upper ntug feem ntau yog dai kom zoo nkauj nrog ornamental carvings. Cov thoob ntawm pawg Yaroslavl-Kostroma muaj qhov sib sib zog nqus sib sib zog nqus, qee zaum flattened scaphoid lub tais, cov npoo ntawm uas yog me ntsis nkhaus sab hauv. Hauv cov thoob ua ntej, lub tais tau tsa rau ntawm lub pallet qis. Lawv cov leeg yog carved nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug curly voj, lawv lub qhov ntswg yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug qaib lub taub hau nrog ib tug ntse beak thiab hwj txwv. Vologda drip-buckets yog tsim los rau rub cov dej haus los ntawm cov thoob loj-khiav thoob thoob. Lawv yog cov yam ntxwv los ntawm ib tug scaphoid puab thiab ib puag ncig spherical hauv qab; raws li txoj cai, lawv tau raug tshem tawm los ntawm ib lub thoob loj. Hook-shaped handles tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog txiav ornaments nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ducks.

Nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab qaum teb, skopkari thoob tau carved los ntawm cov cag ntoo. Ib tug skopkar yog ib lub nkoj scaphoid, zoo ib yam li ib tug ladle, tab sis nrog ob leeg, ib tug yuav tsum nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug noog los yog ib tug nees lub taub hau. Rau tsev neeg lub hom phiaj, skopkari muab faib ua loj, nruab nrab thiab me. Loj thiab nruab nrab - rau haus dej haus ntawm lub rooj, me me - rau ib tug neeg siv, xws li khob me me. Severodvinsk skopkari kuj raug txiav los ntawm cov hauv paus hniav. Lawv muaj lub nkoj zoo li zoo li lub nkoj, cov tes tuav tau ua tiav hauv daim ntawv ntawm lub taub hau thiab tus Tsov tus tw ntawm cov noog, thiab nyob rau hauv tag nrho lawv cov tsos lawv zoo li ib tug waterfowl.

Nrog rau ladles thiab skopkarya, hav los yog "yandovs" yog qhov kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm lub rooj festive. Endova - lub tais qis nrog ntiv taw rau ntws. Cov kwj ha loj tuav txog ib lub thoob dej. Tver thiab Severodvinsk variants paub. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws Tver hav yog txiav los ntawm burl. Lawv sawv cev rau lub tais ntawm lub oval lossis lub voos xwmfab pallet nrog lub qhov dej ntws zoo li lub qhov dej thiab tus kov. Lub endova ntawm Severodvinsk hom muaj cov duab ntawm ib puag ncig lub tais ntawm lub hauv paus qis, nrog me ntsis khoov npoo, nrog ib nrab qhib ntiv taw nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm zawj, qee zaum figuratively carved. Qhov kov yog tsawg heev. Kev pib ua haujlwm ntawm cov khoom piav qhia tau ua tiav nrog rab phom, qhov tob ntawm lub nkoj tau hollowed (xaiv) nrog ib qho adze, ces leveled nrog ib tug scraper. Cov txheej txheem sab nraud kawg yog nqa tawm nrog lub tshuab txiav thiab rab riam. Cov qauv ntawm Lavxias teb sab ntoo tableware qhia tau hais tias siab craftsmanship tsim los ntawm ntau tshaj ib tiam neeg craftsmen.

Nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau hais thaum tsim cov khoom siv ntoo carved pib ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Russia. Qhov kev tshawb pom ntxov tshaj plaws ntawm lub ladle hnub rov qab mus rau xyoo pua 2nd BC. e. Archaeological excavations nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm Kievan Rus thiab Novgorod lub Great qhia tau hais tias zus tau tej cov ntoo tais twb tsim nyob rau hauv lub X-XII centuries. Nyob rau hauv lub XVI - XVII centuries.cov tais diav ua los ntawm ntoo yog ua los ntawm serfs ntawm cov tswv av thiab monastic peasants los yog archers. Kev tsim cov tais diav thiab diav ntoo tau dav tsim nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th, thaum qhov kev thov rau lawv tau nce ob qho tib si hauv nroog thiab hauv nroog. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua XIX. Nrog rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev lag luam thiab cov tsos ntawm hlau, porcelain, earthenware thiab iav tais diav, qhov xav tau ntawm cov tais diav ntoo yog sharply txo. Nws ntau lawm yog khaws cia nyob rau hauv lub nuv ntses cheeb tsam ntawm lub Volga cheeb tsam.

Tam sim no cov thoob, scoops thiab rooj thoob yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom siv kos duab uas nyiam ua los ntawm ntoo. Arkhangelsk craftsmen, khaws cia lub hauv paus ib txwm nyob rau hauv lub North Lavxias teb sab ladle, tsis xav kom varnish lub velvety ntoo nto, me ntsis tinted nyob rau hauv silvery los yog lub teeb xim av tones. Masters ntawm Khotkovo khoom siv tes ua nyob ze Moscow tau tsim lawv tus kheej cov duab ntawm ib tug niaj hnub ladle, ib tug ladle- tais, ib tug ladle-vase decorating lub rooj festive (Fig. 7). Lawv yog cov yam ntxwv los ntawm ib tug haib plasticity ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, ib tug txawv txawv nto uas gleams nrog puab lub teeb thiab ib tug qab ntxiag tone. Lub thoob-sail nrog lub siab-nce, nthuav tawm sail-kawg, uas, raws li txoj cai, ib tsob ntoo ntawm lub npe nrov Kudrinsky ornament yog carved, tau dhau los ua ib txwm siv rau nuv ntses.