Lub Koom Txoos Qub Slavonic: Myths thiab Facts

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Cov lus qub Slavonic tuaj qhov twg los thiab leej twg hais nws. Nws puas yog ib tug yawm txiv ntawm Lavxias teb sab?

Feem ntau qhov chaw tau hnov txog cov lus qub Slavonic, thiab txij li nws yog "laus", thiab txawm tias "Slavic" (zoo li Lavxias nws tus kheej), lawv ua siab tawv xav tias nws, pom tseeb, yog tus yawg koob ntawm "zoo thiab muaj zog". Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj cov neeg uas ntseeg hais tias lub tsev teev ntuj cov phau ntawv tau sau nyob rau hauv lub tsev teev ntuj qub Slavonic, raws li kev pe hawm yog ua niaj hnub no. Cia peb sim xyuas seb qhov kev sib raug zoo ntawm Lavxias thiab Lub Koom Txoos Qub Slavonic yog dab tsi.

Lus dab neeg 1: Nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm cov Slavs hais Qub Church Slavonic

Nws ntseeg tau tias cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm Slavs tuaj rau thaj chaw ntawm Tebchaws Europe hauv xyoo pua II. BC, suav tias yog los ntawm Asia. Qhov no tau lees paub los ntawm kev sib piv ntawm cov lus Slavic niaj hnub nrog Proto-Indo-European - cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm Indo-European hom lus tsev neeg reconstructed los ntawm linguists: Slavic, Romance, Germanic, Iranian, Greek thiab lwm yam lus ntawm tsev neeg no..

Nyob rau hauv lub pre-literary era ntawm lawv lub neej, Slavic pab pawg neeg siv cov lus Proto-Slavic - ib txwm rau tag nrho cov Slavs. Tsis muaj monuments tau muaj sia nyob (lossis tsis tau pom) ntawm nws, thiab ntseeg tias nws tsis muaj lus sau.

Nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau kev ntseeg siab hais txog yam lus no yog li cas (nws suab zoo li cas, seb nws puas muaj cov lus hais, nws cov lus yog dab tsi, thiab lwm yam) - tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv tam sim no tau txais los ntawm cov lus piav qhia vim nws qhov kev tsim kho dua tshiab raws li cov lus qhia. Kev sib piv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas muaj niaj hnub no Slavic thiab lwm yam lus Indo-European, nrog rau cov pov thawj ntawm cov neeg sau ntawv thaum ub piav txog lub neej thiab cov lus ntawm Slavs hauv Latin, Greek thiab Gothic.

Nyob rau hauv lub VI-VII centuries. AD Lub zej zog Proto-Slavic thiab, raws li, cov lus twb ntau dua los yog tsawg kom meej meej muab faib ua peb hom lus (sab hnub tuaj, sab hnub poob thiab yav qab teb), nyob rau hauv uas tsim ntawm niaj hnub Slavic lus coj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntev. Yog li tsis yog, cov Slavs thaum ub ntawm cov ntawv sau ua ntej tsis tau hais lus Laus Slavonic, tab sis cov lus ntawm Proto-Slavic lus.

Lub qub Slavonic tuaj qhov twg los?

Cov Slavs thaum ub yog cov neeg pagans, tab sis nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm keeb kwm thiab kev nom kev tswv, pib los ntawm lub xyoo pua 7th (feem ntau, sab qab teb thiab sab hnub poob - vim yog thaj chaw nyob sib ze thiab muaj zog cuam tshuam ntawm cov nyob sib ze Byzantium thiab Germanic kingdoms) maj mam txais cov ntseeg Vajtswv - Qhov tseeb, cov txheej txheem no tau ncav cuag ntau pua xyoo …

Hauv qhov no, lawv xav tau lawv tus kheej sau ntawv - ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, rau kev tshaj tawm cov ntawv liturgical, nrog rau cov ntaub ntawv hauv lub xeev (kev coj noj coj ua ntawm ib txoj kev ntseeg, uas tau koom ua ke yav dhau los cov pab pawg neeg pagan tawg, ua tiav cov txheej txheem tsim lub xeev. kev tsim ntawm qee cov neeg Slavic - ib qho piv txwv zoo ntawm qhov no yog Russia).

Yog li, txhawm rau daws qhov teeb meem no, nws yuav tsum ua kom tiav ob yam xwm txheej:

• tsim kom muaj ib qho system ntawm cov cim duab rau kev xa cov suab hais lus hauv kev sau ntawv;
• los tsim ib hom lus uas yuav nkag siab tau rau Slavs los ntawm ntau qhov chaw hauv Tebchaws Europe: thaum lub sijhawm ntawd, txhua yam lus Slavic tau nkag siab zoo, txawm tias muaj qhov sib txawv. Nws yog lawv uas tau los ua Qub Slavonic - thawj yam lus ntawm Slavs.

Tsim cov ntawv Slavic

Cov kwv tij Cyril thiab Methodius tau ua txoj haujlwm no. Lawv tuaj ntawm lub nroog Thessaloniki, nyob ze uas ciam teb ntawm Byzantine Empire thiab Slavic thaj av nteg. Tiag tiag, nyob rau hauv lub nroog nws tus kheej thiab nws ib puag ncig, cov lus Slavic tau dav dav, uas, raws li cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm, cov kwv tij tau zoo kawg nkaus.

Lawv muaj keeb kwm zoo thiab tau txais kev kawm zoo heev - ntawm cov xib fwb ntawm cov yau Cyril (Constantine) yog yav tom ntej yawg suab Photius kuv thiab Leo tus kws ua lej, tom qab ntawd, qhia kev xav hauv University of Constantinople, nws yuav tau txais lub npe hu ua Philosopher.

Tus tij laug Methodius tau ua tub rog thawj coj hauv ib cheeb tsam uas nyob hauv Slavs, qhov chaw nws tau paub zoo txog lawv txoj kev ua neej, thiab tom qab ntawd tau los ua tus thawj coj ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj Polykhron, qhov chaw Constantine thiab nws cov thwjtim tuaj tom qab. Lub voj voog ntawm cov neeg tsim nyob rau hauv lub tsev teev ntuj, coj los ntawm cov kwv tij, pib tsim cov ntawv Slavic thiab txhais Greek liturgical phau ntawv rau hauv Slavic lus.

Nws ntseeg tau tias qhov kev xav ntawm qhov xav tau los tsim cov txheej txheem sau ntawv ntawm Slavs ntawm Kirill tau tshwm sim los ntawm kev mus rau Bulgaria hauv 850s. ua ib tug tub txib uas ua kev cai raus dej rau cov pej xeem nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm tus dej Bregalnitsa. Nyob ntawd nws pom tau tias, txawm yog cov ntseeg Vajtswv los, cov neeg no yuav tsis muaj peev xwm ua neej raws li Vajtswv txoj kevcai, vim lawv tsis muaj sijhawm siv phau ntawv teev ntuj.

Thawj cov tsiaj ntawv - Glagolitic

Thawj cov tsiaj ntawv Slavic yog cov tsiaj ntawv Glagolitic (los ntawm "mus rau verb" - hais lus). Thaum tsim nws, Cyril nkag siab tias cov ntawv Latin thiab Greek cov ntawv tsis tsim nyog rau kev xa cov suab ntawm Slavic hais lus. Cov qauv ntawm nws cov keeb kwm muaj ntau yam sib txawv: qee cov kws tshawb fawb tau sib cav tias nws yog raws li kev hloov kho Greek tsab ntawv, lwm tus hais tias daim ntawv ntawm nws cov cim zoo li Georgian pawg ntseeg Khutsuri cov tsiaj ntawv, uas Cyril tuaj yeem paub tseeb.

Kuj tseem muaj qhov kev ntseeg tsis tau lees paub tias ib tsab ntawv runic tau raug coj los ua lub hauv paus rau cov tsiaj ntawv Glagolitic, uas cov Slavs liam tias siv nyob rau hauv pre-Christian era.

Kev faib tawm ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv Glagolitic tsis sib npaug hauv thaj chaw thiab lub cev nqaij daim tawv. Feem ntau loj thiab ntev, Glagolitic tau siv tsuas yog hauv thaj chaw ntawm Croatia niaj hnub no: hauv thaj tsam ntawm Istria, Dalmatia, Kvarner thiab Mezhimurje. Lub nto moo tshaj plaws Glagolic monument yog "Bashchanska plocha" (slab) pom nyob rau hauv lub nroog ntawm Baska ntawm cov kob ntawm Krk, ib tug 12th caug xyoo monument.

Nws yog noteworthy tias ntawm ib co ntawm ntau Croatian Islands tuaj nws muaj mus txog rau thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th! Thiab nyob rau hauv lub nroog ntawm Senj, Glagolitic tau siv ua ntej qhov tshwm sim ntawm Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog II. Lawv hais tias nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv Adriatic koj tseem tuaj yeem ntsib cov neeg laus heev uas paub nws.

Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias Croatia txaus siab rau qhov tseeb keeb kwm no thiab tau nce tsab ntawv Slavic thaum ub mus rau qib ntawm cov khoom muaj nqis hauv tebchaws. Xyoo 1976, Glagolitic Alley tau tsim tsa hauv thaj av Istrian, txoj kev ntev 6 km, ntawm ob sab ntawm cov duab puab uas yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim cov tsiaj ntawv Glagolitic.

Zoo, nyob rau hauv Russia, kev sau ntawv Glagolic yeej tsis tau siv dav (cov kws tshawb fawb tau pom tsuas yog cov ntawv sau ib leeg xwb). Tab sis nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab-hais lus Internet muaj converters ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv Cyrillic mus rau hauv ib tug verb. Piv txwv li, kab lus "Glagolitic - thawj cov tsiaj ntawv ntawm cov Slavs" yuav zoo li no:

Ⰳⰾⰰⰳⱁⰾⰻⱌⰰ - ⱂⰵⱃⰲⰰⱔ ⰰⰸⰱⱆⰽⰰ ⱄⰾⰰⰲⱔⱀ

Cyrillic - tus tsiaj ntawv thib ob?

Txawm hais tias lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm lub npe "Cyrillic" los ntawm lub npe ntawm Cyril, nws tsis yog tus tsim ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv uas peb siv los txog niaj hnub no.

Cov kws tshawb fawb feem ntau xav ntseeg tias cov tsiaj ntawv Cyrillic tau tsim tom qab kev tuag ntawm Cyril los ntawm nws cov tub ntxhais kawm, tshwj xeeb, Clement Ohridsky.

Vim li cas cov tsiaj ntawv Cyrillic hloov cov lus qhia, nws tsis paub meej tam sim no. Raws li ib txhia, qhov no tshwm sim vim hais tias cov ntawv qhia lus dag dhau los sau, thaum lwm tus hais tias qhov kev xaiv ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv Cyrillic tau ua rau kev nom kev tswv.

Qhov tseeb yog tias thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 9th, cov chaw loj tshaj plaws ntawm Slavic sau ntawv tau tsiv mus rau Bulgaria, qhov chaw uas cov thwj tim ntawm Cyril thiab Methodius, raug ntiab tawm los ntawm German txiv plig los ntawm Moravia, nyob. Lub Bulgarian Tsar Simeon, thaum lub sij hawm nws kav lub Cyrillic cov tsiaj ntawv raug tsim, yog ntawm lub tswv yim hais tias tsab ntawv Slavic yuav tsum nyob ze li sai tau rau Greek ib tug.

Lus dab neeg 2: Lub Koom Txoos Qub Slavonic yog poj koob yawm txwv ntawm Lavxias

Cov lus qub Slavonic tau tsim thiab sau tseg hauv kev txhais cov phau ntawv ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv Thessaloniki los ntawm Cyril thiab Methodius yog raws li South Slavic dialects, uas yog qhov tseeb tiag. Thaum lub sijhawm nws tshwm sim, cov lus Lavxias twb muaj lawm - tab sis, ntawm chav kawm, tsis nyob rau hauv nws cov niaj hnub version, tab sis raws li cov lus ntawm lub qub Lavxias teb sab zej zog (sab hnub tuaj ceg ntawm lub Slavs, cov pog koob yawg koob ntawm Russians, Ukrainians thiab Belarusians), nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, sawv cev rau ib phau ntawm Laus Lavxias teb sab dialects - nyob rau tib lub sij hawm nws tsis yog ib tug phau ntawv lus, tab sis lub feem ntau naturally tsim cov lus nyob thiab, tsis zoo li lub tsev teev ntuj qub Slavonic, ua ib tug txhais tau tias ntawm kev sib txuas lus txhua hnub.

Tom qab ntawd, thaum lub tsev teev ntuj kev pab cuam pib thiab cov phau ntawv nyob rau hauv lub tsev teev ntuj qub Slavonic tshwm sim, cov inhabitants ntawm Ancient Rus pib sau nyob rau hauv Cyrillic nyob rau hauv lawv cov lus sib tham, nteg lub hauv paus rau lub keeb kwm ntawm lub qub Lavxias teb sab lus (saib, piv txwv li, sau ntawm Novgorod. Cov ntaub ntawv ntawm birch bark, uas Academician Andrei Zaliznyak kawm tau ntau xyoo).

Nws hloov tawm hais tias ib tug neeg kawm ntawv uas nyob rau hauv ancient Novgorod, Pskov, Kiev los yog Polotsk nyeem tau thiab sau ntawv nyob rau hauv Cyrillic nyob rau hauv ob yam lus zoo sib xws, South Slavic Old Church Slavonic thiab East Slavic haiv neeg lus.

Tswvyim 3: cov kev pabcuam hauv pawg ntseeg niaj hnub no yog ua nyob rau hauv Lub Koom Txoos Qub Slavonic

Ntawm chav kawm, nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm qhov no yog raws nraim li cov ntaub ntawv. Raws li hauv qab no los ntawm tag nrho cov saum toj no, Lub Koom Txoos Qub Slavonic tau tsim kom cov Slavs muaj lub sijhawm los mloog Liturgy hauv ib hom lus lawv nkag siab. Txawm li cas los xij, dhau sij hawm, cov lus ntawm pawg ntseeg cov phau ntawv tau hloov kho, maj mam siv cov suab lus, kev sau ntawv thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov lus hais hauv zos raws li kev cuam tshuam ntawm tib neeg qhov tseem ceeb ntawm tus neeg txhais lus thiab cov kws sau ntawv.

Raws li qhov tshwm sim, lub npe hu ua "kev hloov kho" (cov ntawv hauv zos) ntawm phau ntawv no lus tau tshwm sim, uas, qhov tseeb, tsuas yog cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm lub Koom Txoos Qub Slavonic. Slavists ntseeg hais tias lub Koom Txoos Qub Slavonic tsis muaj nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 10th - pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 11th, thiab pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 11th, kev pe hawm nyob rau hauv Orthodox pawg ntseeg tau nyob rau hauv lub zos versions ntawm lub Koom Txoos Slavonic lus.

Tam sim no, qhov kev nthuav dav tshaj plaws yog kev kho dua tshiab ntawm lub Koom Txoos Slavonic synodal (Novomoskovsky). Nws tau ua zoo tom qab lub tsev teev ntuj hloov kho ntawm Patriarch Nikon nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th thiab rau hnub no yog cov lus tseem ceeb ntawm ROC cov kev pabcuam los saum ntuj los, thiab tseem siv los ntawm Bulgarian thiab Serbian Orthodox pawg ntseeg.

Niaj hnub nimno Lavxias teb sab thiab qub lub tsev teev ntuj Slavonic tej yam muaj nyob rau hauv sib xws?

Lub Koom Txoos Qub Slavonic lus (thiab nws "tus xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv" Lub Koom Txoos Slavonic), tau ua cov lus ntawm cov phau ntawv kev cai dab qhuas thiab kev pe hawm rau ntau tshaj li ib txhiab xyoo, undoubtedly muaj ib tug haib South Slavic cawv rau Lavxias teb sab lus. Ntau lo lus ntawm Qub Slavonic keeb kwm tau dhau los ua ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm cov lus Lavxias niaj hnub no, yog li feem ntau cov neeg hais lus Lavxias zoo ib yam yuav tsis xav ua xyem xyav txog lawv cov keeb kwm keeb kwm Lavxias.

Yuav kom tsis txhob mus rau hauv lub hav zoov hais lus, peb tsuas yog hais tias txawm tias cov lus yooj yim xws li qab zib, khaub ncaws, hnub Wednesday, hnub so, lub teb chaws, kev pab, ib leeg yog lub Koom Txoos Qub Slavonic keeb kwm. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub Koom Txoos Qub Slavonic tau nkag mus rau hauv cov lus Lavxias: piv txwv li, tag nrho cov lus nrog cov lus ua ntej los yog koom nrog cov lus -usch / -ych, -asch / -ych muaj lub ntsiab lus ntawm Lub Koom Txoos Qub Slavonic.