Yuav ua li cas cov khw muag khoom noj tau thab neeg yuav ntau xyoo

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Nyob rau hauv 1902, tus thawj coj ntawm lub Bureau of Chemistry ntawm US Department of Agriculture, Harvey Wiley, tau tsim "Poison Squad" - ib pab pawg neeg tuaj yeem pab dawb uas nws tau sim cov teebmeem ntawm ntau yam dyes, sweeteners thiab lwm yam khoom noj khoom haus additives.

12 tus neeg ua haujlwm pab dawb tau sim txhua yam ntawm lawv tus kheej - suav nrog ntau hom tshuaj tiv thaiv tshiab: borax, salicylic acid, benzoate thiab formaldehyde. Txhua tus neeg koom tau ua tib zoo tshuaj xyuas: nws qhov hnyav, qhov kub thiab txias tau raug kaw. Lawv cov quav thiab zis tau txheeb xyuas. Qhov no yog ib pab tub rog ntawm "martyrs of science."

Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov kev sim no, Lub Chaw Tswj Xyuas Khoom Noj thiab Tshuaj (FDA) tau tsim nyob rau xyoo 1906, nws txoj haujlwm yog los tawm tsam kev sib kis ntawm cov tshuaj thiab cov khoom uas muaj kev phom sij rau kev noj qab haus huv. Nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo, ib txoj cai tau dhau los tswj kev lag luam zaub mov. Txij no mus, cov chaw tsim tshuaj paus tau yuam kom qhia tag nrho cov additives siv, thiab kuj yuav qhia tsuas yog nyob rau hauv cov khoom tiag tiag ntawm cov khoom.

Txhawm rau kom nkag siab txog qhov yuav tsum tau tswj hwm kev lag luam khoom noj, koj yuav tsum xav txog qhov xwm txheej hauv khw muag khoom noj. Khoom noj khoom haus lom, kab mob sib kis, tsuas yog ua rau kev noj qab haus huv - qhov no yog tus nqi uas tib neeg them rau lub siab xav noj tastier thiab pheej yig dua. Yog tias cov neeg pluag tuag los ntawm cov kab mob tsis huv thiab lwm yam khoom siv tsis zoo tiv thaiv keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm kev tsis huv, cov nplua nuj raug rhuav tshem los ntawm cov kws tshaj lij ntawm cov kws ua zaub mov. Thaum noj mov, nws yuav tsum ua rau cov qhua xav tsis thoob nrog cov tais diav, thiab qee tus kws ua zaub mov tau sim nrog cov xim kom muab cov tais diav xim txawv txawv. Hauv particular, vinegar-tooj liab ntsev (yar-tooj liab taub hau) tuaj yeem xim nqaij los yog kev ua si hauv cov xim zoo nkauj ntawm ntsuab, thiab tib lub sij hawm xa khoom noj rau lub toj ntxas.

Qee cov neeg ua lag luam medieval tau dag ncaj qha. Cov qhob cij dawb yog kim thiab tau suav tias yog cov khoom lag luam rau cov nom tswv thiab cov neeg nplua nuj hauv nroog. Bakers uas xav kom txuag nyiaj ci ci rye cij nrog txiv qaub los yog chalk. Txawm li cas los xij, cov neeg dag ntxias uas tuaj hla tau ntsib kev ua pauj hnyav. Hauv Switzerland, piv txwv li, cov neeg ua noj tsis zoo thiab cov neeg ua mov ci tau muab tso rau hauv lub tawb, uas tau dai rau ntawm lub pas dej.

Ib qho kev lag luam tag nrho tau tshwm sim hauv tebchaws Askiv, muab cov khoom cuav lossis cov khoom tsis zoo me ntsis, uas ib txwm pom lub khw. Xyoo 1771, tus kws sau ntawv Scottish Tobias Smollett tau sau txog nws qhov kev paub dhau los hauv lub nroog Askiv: "Cov khob cij uas kuv noj hauv London yog qhov sib xyaw ua ke ntawm chalk, alum thiab pob txha plua plav, tsis muaj saj thiab tsis noj qab haus huv. Cov neeg zoo paub zoo txog tag nrho cov tshuaj ntxiv no, tab sis lawv nyiam cov qhob cij zoo li no rau cov qhob cij zoo tib yam vim tias nws yog xim dawb. Yog li ntawd, lawv txi cov saj thiab lawv tus kheej noj qab haus huv nyob rau hauv lub npe ntawm tsos, thiab bakers thiab millers yuav tsum tau tshuaj lom rau lawv tus kheej thiab lawv tsev neeg kom tsis txhob poob lawv cov nyiaj khwv tau los."

London cov neeg ua mov ci ntxiv av nplaum, qos yaj ywm peelings, thiab sawdust rau lub khob cij kom cov ncuav hnyav dua. Yog hais tias lub khob cij tau ci los ntawm cov hmoov tsis lwj, cov qaub saj tau tshem tawm los ntawm kev ntxiv ammonium carbonate. Txawm li cas los xij, cov brewers tuaj yeem muab cov neeg ua mov ci ntau pua lub ntsiab lus ua ntej. Strychnine tau ntxiv rau npias kom ua tiav qhov zoo nkauj iab saj.

Xyoo 1820, German chemist Friedrich Akkum, uas nyob hauv London, tau luam tawm ib phau ntawv uas ua rau nws xav tsis thoob. Nws tau xav txog cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov zaub mov muag ntawm txoj kev ntawm lub nroog British. Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev tshawb fawb tau ua rau nws ntshai heev.

Tus kws tshawb fawb, tshwj xeeb, pom tau tias ntau tus neeg lag luam London tshuaj yej plam twb tau siv tshuaj yej nplooj rau cov neeg siv khoom, muab kev nthuav qhia rau lawv. Cov neeg lag luam lag luam tau siv tshuaj yej nplooj hauv tsev so thiab cafes, thiab tom qab ntawd muab nws rau kev ua haujlwm nyuaj. Ua ntej, cov tshuaj yej nplooj tau boiled nrog hlau vitriol thiab yaj dung, ces muaj dyes ntxiv - Prussian xiav thiab Yar-copperhead, raws li zoo raws li zoo tib yam soot. Cov nplooj qhuav "secondary" zoo li zoo li tshiab thiab mus rau lub txee. Qee cov tub lag luam txawm muag tshuaj yej, uas muaj cov nplooj uas tsis yog tshuaj yej.

Tsis tas li ntawd, Akkum pom tias cov neeg tsim khoom ntawm cov npias tsaus siv cov khoom hu ua "iab" los txhim kho cov saj ntawm cov dej haus, uas muaj tib yam hlau vitriol, cassia nplooj thiab ib tug xov tooj ntawm lwm yam inedible additives. Cov hmoov nplej, raws li nws muab tawm, yog tov nrog hmoov txhuv nplej siab, thiab liab cawu cub yog tinted nrog blueberry los yog elderberry kua txiv. Tab sis qhov phem tshaj yog cov khoom qab zib xws li lollipops thiab jellies. Cov neeg tsim khoom feem ntau ntxiv cov hmoov txhuas, tooj liab lossis mercury rau lawv kom lawv muaj xim zoo nkauj. Qhov no yog to taub, vim hais tias cov khoom qab zib yuav tsum saib txaus nyiam rau cov menyuam yaus.

Xyoo 1860, Parliament tau dhau txoj cai Food Additives Act, uas tau txwv tsis pub muaj kev txaus ntshai tshaj plaws nrog zaub mov.

Hauv Tebchaws Meskas, qhov xwm txheej tau tsim nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev zoo sib xws, tab sis cov neeg Amelikas tau thov kom muaj kev daws teeb meem ntau dua rau qhov teeb meem. Tus kws sau ntawv, neeg sau xov xwm, thiab socialist Upton Sinclair tau siv xya lub lis piam incognito nyob rau hauv lub npe nrov Chicago slaughterhouses, ces luam tawm Jungle nyob rau hauv 1905, nyob rau hauv uas nws tau piav nyob rau hauv lub darkest cov ntsiab lus ntawm peculiarities ntawm cov zaub mov kev lag luam, nrog rau tej yam kev mob tsis zoo thiab tsis tu ncua sim txuag nyiaj ntawm zoo. Txij li thaum luam tawm ntawm phau ntawv, kev noj nqaij hauv Tebchaws Meskas tau yuav luag ib nrab.