TOP-10 X-ray tsheb ntawm engineer Fedoritsky

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Epigraph:

"Tsis muaj cov khoom siv xoo hluav taws xob hauv kev ua tsov rog Russia ua ntej … Thaum lub sijhawm ua tsov rog imperialist, tau sim ua kom tsim cov khoom X-ray ntawm Saxe cog hauv Moscow thiab cov khoom X-ray. Cov kav dej ntawm Fedoritsky cog hauv Leningrad. Tab sis cov kev sim no tsis tau muab cov txiaj ntsig loj …"

Great Medical Encyclopedia, 1936

Xyoo 1901 Nobel nqi zog tau muab tsub rau Wilhelm Konrad Roentgen rau cov rays pom tsis tau ntawm lub qhov muag, uas nws nrhiav tau nyob rau hauv 1895 thiab hu ua X-rays. Roentgen tau luam tawm tsuas yog peb tsab ntawv tshawb fawb txog cov khoom ntawm cov duab tshav nws pom. Cov kev tshawb fawb tau ua tiav kom huv si hauv 12 xyoo tom ntej, cov kws tshawb fawb tsis tuaj yeem ntxiv yam tshiab. Hauv ib qho ntawm Roentgen cov ntawv, thawj daim duab X-ray tau luam tawm, uas txhais tes ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb tus poj niam raug ntes. Kev kuaj X-ray tau dhau los ua ib feem ntawm kev kho mob txhua hnub. Qhov kev tshawb pom yog qhov tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb rau cov tshuaj ua tub rog: tam sim no tus kws phais neeg muaj lub cib fim pom txoj hauj lwm ntawm cov mos txwv thiab cov shrapnel hauv lub cev. Nrhiav thiab khaws lawv tau ua lub hom phiaj, thiab kev txom nyem ntawm cov neeg raug mob tau ploj mus. Twb tau nyob rau xyoo thaum ntxov ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum, ntau lub tuam txhab European tsim cov khoom siv rau kev kuaj mob siv x-rays. Thawj qhov kev siv x-rays hauv kev ua tub rog nrog kev pab los ntawm lub xov tooj ntawm tes X-ray apparatus, pom tau tias, tshwm sim thaum lub sij hawm East Asian (Suav) ntoj ke mus kawm nyob rau hauv 1900-1901. Cov tub rog German tau nruab nrog Siemens-Halske portable devices. Lawv tau nyob rau ntawm lub tsheb "hom phom" nees, uas muaj lub dynamo (alternator) thiab lub cav roj av uas siv nws.

Kev tshaj tawm ntawm lub tuam txhab K. Krümmel - tus muag khoom ntawm Hotchkiss tsheb.

Keeb kwm ntsiab lus

Hauv kev tshwm sim ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib ib, cov kws kho mob tub rog ntawm ntau lub tebchaws tau pib siv Roentgen qhov kev tsim khoom. Thiab yog hais tias nyob rau hauv lub German pab tub rog mobile X-ray cov cuab yeej tseem nyob rau hauv nees-drawn tsheb, ces nyob rau hauv lub Fabkis pab tub rog kuaj cov cuab yeej tau muab tso rau hauv lub tsheb.

Nyob rau hauv cov tub rog Lavxias teb sab, thaum pib ntawm tsov rog, qhov teeb meem ntawm kev npaj mobile "flying" chav X-ray nyob rau hauv lub teg num ntawm xib fwb NA Velyaminov tau tham nyob rau hauv lub All-Lavxias teb sab Red Cross Society, uas ua si ib colossal lub luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub koom haum. thiab nrhiav chaw kho mob, tsev kho mob, tsheb thauj neeg mob tsheb thauj neeg mob thiab tsheb detachments.

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Kev tsim qauv ntawm lub tsheb-X-ray chav tsev yog npaj los ntawm engineer Nikolai Alexandrovich Fedoritsky. Hluav taws xob engineers, tus txheej txheem engineers, tiag tiag lub xeev council Fedoritsky yog ib tug ntawm feem ntau txawj ntse engineers Lavxias teb sab. Ua tsaug rau nws txoj kev loj hlob, Lavxias teb sab fleet, uas yog revived tom qab lub yeej nyob rau hauv lub Russo-Japanese tsov rog, siv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tshiab. Txawm tias cov npe ntawm Fedoritsky txoj kev txhim kho yog qhov zoo siab: lub tshuab hluav taws xob xov tooj rau Novik-class destroyers, artillery fire control devices for battleships of the Evstafy type, a differential clutch in the vertical rudder drive, uas ua hauj lwm ceev ceev hloov ntawm hluav taws xob tswj mus rau phau ntawv tswj. rau Decembrist-class submarines, hluav taws xob tsav ntawm rudders thiab thauj tog rau nkoj mechanisms rau kev sib ntaus sib tua cruisers ntawm hom "Izmail". Cov neeg kho tshuab Fedoritsky sib txawv tseem siv nyob rau hauv kev sib kis ntawm lub log pem hauv ntej tsav tsheb.

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Tsis tas li ntawd, Fedoritsky tau ua qhov kev sim nrog cov pa roj tsawg rau ntau tshaj 10 xyoo, ua tsaug rau nws muaj peev xwm tsim lub X-ray raj "thawj zaug hauv tebchaws Russia, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog los ntawm Lavxias cov ntaub ntawv thiab kev ua haujlwm Lavxias." X-ray raj tsim los ntawm Nikolai Aleksandrovich tau hloov mus ua tsis muaj phem tshaj li txawv teb chaws, thiab nyob rau lub Tsib Hlis 1, 1913, nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg, ntawm 165 Fontanka embankment, qhov chaw uas nws rhiav nyob, nws qhib ib tug me me Hoobkas nyob rau hauv ob chav.. Thaum kawg ntawm xyoo 1913, Fedoritsky thawj zaug tau nthuav tawm nws cov kav dej ntawm kev nthuav qhia ntawm kev phais lub rooj sab laj ntawm Pirogov Tsev khaws puav pheej (tam sim no ib feem ntawm kev nthuav tawm ntawm Tub Rog Tub Rog Tsev khaws puav pheej hauv St. Lub rooj cob qhia tau txais kev txiav txim, thiab kev tsim khoom pib nthuav dav me ntsis, sim ua kom tau raws li qhov xav tau loj hlob.

Thaum Lub Xya Hli 1914, Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib Ib tau tshwm sim, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob xoo hluav taws xob, uas tau ua los ntawm lub teb chaws Yelemees, tau nres, thiab qhov kev thov rau cov hlab ntsha vim qhov ntws ntawm qhov raug mob tau nce ntau heev. Fedoritsky tau raug caw mus rau Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv thiab Kev Cuam Tshuam, Tub Vaj Ntxwv Alexander Petrovich Oldenburgsky. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm lub rooj sib tham, cov nroj tsuag tau faib nyiaj qiv rau kev nthuav dav ntawm kev tsim khoom thiab kev ua tub rog. Tsis pub dhau ob lub lis piam, qhov kev tsim khoom tau nrawm nrawm thiab hloov mus rau Thawj Lavxias Roentgen Tubes Cog. Lub cim ntawm cov nroj tsuag yog pentagram (tsib lub hnub qub) nyob rau hauv ib lub voj voog, cov ntawv nyob ib ncig ntawm lub hnub qub: ПРЗРТ.

Fedoritsky tsis tuaj yeem nrhiav qhov chaw tsim nyog sai sai, thiab nws yuav tsum tau ntiav thiab hloov kho rau kev tsim khoom 5 chav tsev ntiag tug, suav nrog 26 chav thiab nyob ntawm peb pem teb. Kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov nroj tsuag ua rau muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb nrog cov neeg xauj tsev uas tseem nyob hauv tsev. Kuv kuj tau siv hluav taws xob kim los ntawm lub nroog network. Nws yog tsis yooj yim sua rau nruab koj tus kheej lub tshuab hluav taws xob hauv cov chav uas twb muaj lawm, thiab ntau lub zog yuav tsum tau ua cov kav dej, uas ua rau cov nqi ntau lawm. Qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb yog cov neeg ua haujlwm - nws tsis tuaj yeem ua cov yeeb nkab yam tsis tau siv cov khoom siv tes ua los ntawm lub iav blower. Tom qab ntawd cov tib neeg tau kawm tshwj xeeb ntawm iav tshuab los ntawm cov hnub nyoog ntxov, lawv yog cov kws tshwj xeeb tsawg thiab tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo. Txoj haujlwm muab los ntawm Fedoritsky yog qhov tshiab thiab nyuaj. Tom qab kev yaum ntau, nws tau tswj xyuas kom pom cov iav tshuab hluav taws xob uas, nyob rau hauv lawv lub sijhawm dawb, sim xaiv cov iav muaj pes tsawg leeg uas X-ray permeable thiab tiv taus cov cua sov hauv zos ntev, thiab ua haujlwm tawm cov thev naus laus zis ntawm soldering electrodes rau hauv lub khob iav yam tsis siv cov enamel.

Lwm qhov teeb meem yog kev txhim kho los ntawm kos cov thev naus laus zis rau kev tsim cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, uas yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo sib tsoo thiab polishing ntawm qhov chaw, thov cov txheej nyias ntawm platinum ntawm tooj liab lossis nyiaj. Ntau qhov kev sim xav tau kom tau txais lub tshuab nqus tsev tsim nyog hauv cov raj, tsim nrog kev pab ntawm lub tshuab nqus tsev twj ntawm tus qauv tsim ntawm S. A. Borovik, tsim ntawm cov nroj tsuag ntawm nws tus kheej. Yog li, tag nrho cov txheej txheem nyuaj ntawm kev tsim cov raj X-ray los ntawm cov khoom siv iav thiab hlau blanks coj qhov chaw raws li thawj cov thev naus laus zis ntawm cov nroj tsuag.

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Cov kav dej tiav tau raug sim, cov txiaj ntsig tau sau tseg rau hauv cov ntawv tshwj xeeb, qhia txog keeb kwm ntawm kev tsim ntawm txhua lub yeeb nkab. Cov raj tau ntim rau hauv cov thawv qub nrog ob lub hau ntsaws rau sab nraud. Lub anode thiab cathode ntawm lub raj tau txuas nrog cov ntsia hlau los ntawm cov neeg xyuas pib, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm los saib xyuas nws cov kev ua tau zoo yam tsis tau tawg lub pob. Lub Hoobkas tau txais kev tuav pov hwm ntawm cov kav dej thaum xa ntawv mus rau cov neeg siv khoom, lav kev hloov cov yeeb nkab inoperative yog tias lub pob tsis qhib. Ntau lawm tau loj hlob, thiab los ntawm 1915 Fedoritsky cov nroj tsuag tau tsim ntau tshaj li ib txhiab X-ray raj uas tau ua haujlwm thoob plaws hauv Russia.

Ntxiv nrog rau cov raj, cov nroj tsuag tsim cov ntxaij vab tshaus, tawg, capacitors, tripods thiab lwm yam khoom siv rau chav X-ray. Raws li qhov kev thov ntawm ND Papaleksi, lub taub hau ntawm kev sim sim ntawm ib qho ntawm thawj Lavxias teb sab xov tooj cua factories (tom qab ntawd ib tug kws qhia ntawv), zus tau tej cov xov tooj cua raj ("cathode relays" nyob rau hauv lub terminology ntawm lub sij hawm) tau mastered nyob rau hauv lub Fedoritsky cog nyob rau hauv lub tsev. Xyoo 1916.

X-ray txee ntawm tsheb tsim los ntawm NA Fedoritsky tau txais nyiaj txiag los ntawm Lavxias teb sab Red Cross Society, thiab lawv tau sib sau ua ke nyob rau hauv nws cov thawj coj ntawm Baltic Shipbuilding thiab Mechanical Plant ntawm Marine Department, qhov chaw uas nws ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv parallel nyob rau hauv kev txaus siab ntawm lub fleet. Txhawm rau ua kom tiav qhov kev txiav txim, rau lub tsheb Fabkis Hotchkiss tau yuav ntawm Petrograd tuam txhab Krümmel - plaub lub tsheb nrog 12 hp engine. thiab ob - 16 hp. Lub teeb thiab ruaj khov van tau teeb tsa rau ntawm lub tsheb, lub nraub qaum ob lub qhov rooj uas muaj iav qhov rais nrog nqa lub qhov rooj. Lawv ua kom nws tuaj yeem nruab cov duab thaij duab teeb pom kev zoo hauv cov cassettes thiab txhim kho hauv qhov tsaus ntuj. Cov khoom siv rau lub tsheb tau yuav sai sai hauv ntau qhov chaw, yog li nws yog qhov tsim nyog los hloov cov khoom siv nyob ruaj ruaj thiab siv ntau yam inductors thiab dynamos. Lub tom kawg yog nyob rau ntawm lub footboard thiab tau tsav los ntawm ib txoj siv tawv, uas tsuas yog muab pov tseg ntawm lub pulleys thaum lub tsheb txav. Ib qho yooj yim thiab zoo xav-tawm cov cuab yeej ua rau nws tuaj yeem nqa lub tsheb los ntawm qhov chaw stowed mus rau txoj haujlwm ua haujlwm hauv 10 feeb. Qhov hluav taws xob ntawm lub dynamo tau tswj hwm tshwj xeeb los ntawm lub cav ceev, uas siv lub throttle lever ntawm lub kauj. Cov cuab yeej tswj hwm - ammeter thiab voltmeter - tau nyob rau hauv tus tsav tsheb lub zeem muag. Ntxiv rau kev muab lub zog rau lub tshuab X-ray, lub dynamo tuaj yeem muab tam sim no rau lub teeb ua haujlwm nrog plaub lub teeb "100 tswm ciab txhua" ntawm lub rooj ntoo folding. Nws muaj peev xwm tua ob qho tib si ntawm txoj kev thiab hauv thaj chaw ntawm lub tsev kho mob.

Ntxiv rau cov tsheb uas tau hais los saum toj no, ob lub tsheb ntxiv tau tsim nrog cov nyiaj pub dawb hauv Petrograd, qee qhov txawv ntawm kev tsim. Hauv particular, lub dynamo tau tsav los ntawm lub cav los ntawm cov iav log.

Nyob rau hauv Moscow, qhov chaw uas muaj coob tus neeg raug mob nyob, creation ntawm X-ray tsheb mus rau txoj kev ywj pheej. Kev sim "ntawm kev hloov kho chav X-ray rau kev thauj mus los ntev (100 versts thiab ntau dua)" tau pib hauv chav kuaj ntawm xibfwb P. P. Lazarev tom qab nws tsab ntawv ceeb toom rau All-Lavxias teb sab Zemstvo Union. Ib tug neeg ua haujlwm ntawm chav kuaj N. K. Shchodro. Txhawm rau txuag roj thiab txo tus nqi ntawm kev ua haujlwm, lub tsheb tau nruab nrog lub tshuab hluav taws xob ntxiv, uas tau siv los tsav lub dynamo. Lub tshuab X-ray tau muab tso rau hauv ib lub thawv ntoo uas muaj tes tuav, lub 48-meter hluav taws xob cable txuas lub tsheb nrog lub tshuab X-ray tau raug mob rau ntawm ib qho tshwj xeeb ncej thiab muab cov xov tooj xaim kom cov neeg ua haujlwm khaws cia. kov ntawm lub tsheb-chaw ua haujlwm thiab chaw nres tsheb tawm mus rau hauv tsev kho mob.

Tsib lub hlis ntawm kev paub tau tso cai rau peb txhim kho tus qauv tsim. Lub tshuab X-ray tom ntej, ua los ntawm Muscovites, tau ua kom yooj yim dua thiab sib dua, thiab lub tsheb nrog chav X-ray kuj tau sib dua. Rau kev ua haujlwm, tsis tas yuav tsum muaj chav tsev lossis lub zog hluav taws xob, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm ua kom muaj hluav taws xob ua tau zoo hauv lub tsev kho mob zemstvo. Tus nqi ntawm lub txee nrog tag nrho cov fixtures yog kwv yees li ntawm 7 txhiab rubles, uas kuj muaj xws li 4,5 txhiab rubles. tus nqi ntawm lub chassis. Txhua qhov kev txhaj tshuaj, tsis suav nrog cov khoom siv poob qis, raug nqi 2 rubles.

Cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv lub tsheb muaj peb tus neeg: tus kws tshaj lij hluav taws xob, tus neeg tswj hwm thiab tus neeg tsav tsheb. Thaum ua haujlwm hauv tsev kho mob, 2 qhov kev txiav txim siab ntxiv tau tso siab los pab cov neeg coob. P. G. Mezernitsky (1878-1943, Lavxias teb sab kws kho mob-physiotherapist, ib tug ntawm cov founders ntawm hluav taws xob kho nyob rau hauv Russia) muab txheeb cais ntawm lub lag luam ntawm ib tug mobile X-ray chav tsev nyob rau hauv Kiev. Txij lub Plaub Hlis 29 txog Lub Yim Hli 5, 1915, lub chaw ua haujlwm tau ua haujlwm 21 lub tsev kho mob (tsev kho mob), qhov twg 684 x-rays thiab 160 daim duab tau ua hauv 50 hnub ua haujlwm.

Unsolved paub tsis meej

Hmoov tsis zoo, nws tsis tuaj yeem nrhiav pom yuav ua li cas txoj hmoo ntawm tus kws tshaj lij engineers thiab tus neeg ua haujlwm zoo kawg nkaus Nikolai Alexandrovich Fedoritsky tau tsim kho tom qab Lub Kaum Hli Revolution.

Xyoo 1921, tsob ntoo N. A. Fedoritsky tau pauv mus rau thaj chaw ntawm lub teb chaws cog qoob loo ntawm Lavxias Society of Wireless Telegraphs thiab Xov Tooj (ROBTiT), qhov twg, xyoo 1923, kev tsim cov raj xa hluav taws xob tau pib ntawm "Electrovacuum Plant".

X-ray chav "Moscow hom" ntawm Hotchkiss chassis - qhov kev xaiv thib ob hauv txoj haujlwm ua haujlwm

Cov ntawv nyeem

Kuhn B. N. Thawj Lavxias teb sab cog ntawm Roentgen kav kav engineer-tech. N. A. Fedoritsky, Petrograd, 1915.

Mezernitsky P. G. Kev kho lub cev. T. 2. X-ray diagnostics thiab X-ray therapy, Petrograd, 1915.

Mikhailov V. A. Lub koom haum tshawb fawb "Vector" yog lub tuam txhab xov tooj cua qub tshaj plaws hauv tebchaws Russia. Xyoo 1908-1998 SIB, 2000.

Borisov V. P. Lub tshuab nqus tsev: los ntawm lub tswv yim ntuj mus rau diffusion twj. M., 2001.

Vernadsky V. I. Daim ntawv teev npe. Xyoo 1935-1941. Phau ntawv 1. 1935-1938. M., 2006. S. 56.

Yuferov V. B. Evgeny Stanislavovich Borovik // "Problems of Atomic Science thiab Technology" (VANT), 2004, No. 6. P. 65–80.

Nyob rau hauv lub cim xeeb ntawm Andrei Stanislavovich Borovik-Romanov // Uspekhi fizicheskikh nauk, 1997, ntim 167, no. 12, pp. 1365-1366.

Stepanov Yu. G., Tsvetkov I. F. Destroyer "Novik", Shipbuilding, 1981.

L. A. Kuznetsov Eustathius // Gangut, nr 10.

A. V. Pub Encyclopedia ntawm nkoj.