Nyob rau xyoo 1920, cov neeg Soviet xav tau so zoo li hauv qab tsar

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Soviet leisure nyob rau hauv lub 1920s xyaum tsarist lub sij hawm, tshwj tsis yog hais tias cov pej xeem ntawm lub nroog chaw hloov me ntsis. Thiab yog li ntawd - tag nrho cov tib theaters, taverns thiab seev cev.

"Txhua yam yog ua ntej": cov neeg xav so, raws li nyob rau hauv cov vaj ntxwv

Xyoo 1921, tsoomfwv Soviet tau lees paub tias Tsov Rog Communism tau ploj mus lawm. Lub sijhawm tau los rau NEP - txoj cai tshiab kev lag luam thiab kev pib ua lag luam.

Leon Trotsky hais tias: "Peb tso dab ntxwg nyoog ua lag luam rau hauv qhov kaj." Thiab "dab ntxwg nyoog" tsis ntev los no - nws pom ob qho tib si qhob cij thiab circuses. Tam sim ntawd, cov neeg ua lag luam qub thiab tshiab, "Nepmen", tau nqis los ua lag luam: lawv qhib txhua lub khw, cov khw muag khoom sib koom tes (txawm tias cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub), cov plaub hau, bakeries, khw pastry, ateliers, kev lag luam, khw kas fes … Cov khoom xa rov qab ntau dua., uas lawv ua npau suav ntawm Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb - khob cij dawb, kas fes, ice cream, ncuav, txawm npias thiab champagne. Peb tuaj yeem hais dab tsi txog kev haus luam yeeb, kev ua si, khoom noj siv mis, zaub thiab tshuaj ntsuab, khoom qab zib …

Txawm tias cov yeeb yaj kiab tau muag hauv khw, thiab nws tau yuav los ntawm ob qho tib si bohemians thiab tub ceev xwm. Cov neeg siv khoom rustled dua thiab banknotes rustled nyob rau hauv tes ntawm businessmen. Ntawm cov paib thiab cov ntawv tshaj tawm ntawm cov chaw ua si lom zem, lawv cov tswv tau zoo siab los qhia meej: "Txhua yam zoo li yav dhau los." Qhov ntawd yog yuav luag.

NEP tsis txawv ntau ntawm kev lag luam kev lom zem ua ntej thiab kev ua noj. Ntawm qhov tseem ceeb tshiab - tej zaum muaj kev sib txuas ntawm lub xeev cov tsev noj mov thiab cov chaw ua noj ua haus (tib lub tsev noj mov, tab sis zoo dua qub), thiab txawm tias cov neeg ua haujlwm thiab cov koom haum Komsomol, uas lawv nyeem cov lus qhuab qhia thiab paj huam, seev cev, ua si thiab muab concerts ntawm amateur ua yeeb yam.

Nrog kev rov ua kom muaj zog, xinesmas, qhov nrov tshaj plaws ntawm kev lom zem ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas, pib ua haujlwm: xyoo 1925, kev tshawb fawb tau ua nyob rau hauv Leningrad, thiab 75% ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas teb tau teb tias lawv nyiam xinesmas rau tag nrho lwm yam kev lom zem. Cov neeg ua yeeb yam txawv teb chaws ("Louis on the Hunt", "Kuv Tus Ntxhais Taug Kev") tau ua tiav zoo, tab sis thaum kawg ntawm xyoo 1920. thiab Soviet filmmakers pib tua ntau cov yeeb yaj kiab ua tiav. Cov neeg tuaj saib tau mus rau hauv tsev cia puav pheej (tshwj xeeb yog cov tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm "lub neej zoo"), thiab ua yeeb yam, thiab circuses.

Cov nees rov zoo siab thiab poob siab cov neeg tuaj saib mus rau hippodrome, kev cai lij choj thiab underground casinos thiab electrolyto tau qhib. Cov neeg nyob hauv nroog nco txog lub caij ntuj sov tsev - ib yam li ua ntej kev hloov pauv, lawv tau xauj tsev lossis chav nyob hauv cov tsev neeg ua liaj ua teb nyob hauv lub tebchaws. Cov neeg yos hav zoov tau nqa phom, cov neeg ncaws pob nqa dumbbells, cov kws ntaus nkauj hauv txoj kev coj guitars thiab accordions, zoo, thiab cov seev cev … lawv tsuas yog tsis muaj suab paj nruag. Feem ntau, NEP tau coj txhua yam uas tau coj los ua ua ntej lub Kaum Hli Ntuj.

Plastic dance troupe, 1920s. Tau qhov twg los: russianphoto.ru

"Lub suab nrov thiab din nyob rau hauv no creepy lair": tsev noj mov binge

Raws li ib txwm muaj thiab txhua qhov chaw, hauv USSR thaum lub sijhawm NEP xyoo, tsev noj mov, cafes thiab tuav tau nyob ib qho chaw tshwj xeeb ntawm kev lom zem. Twb tau nyob rau xyoo 1922 Yesenin muaj ib qho chaw nyeem paj huam rau cov niam ntiav, thiab haus cawv nrog cov tub sab. Hauv Moscow, cov qub taverns rov pib ua haujlwm thiab cov tshiab tau qhib, tib yam tshwm sim txij li xyoo 1921 hauv lwm lub nroog Soviet. Los ntawm xyoo 1923, muaj 45 lub tsev noj mov hauv Petrograd, thiab qhov tseeb ntau lub tsev noj mov thiab kas fes tau qhib. Thiab cov npe yog cov feem ntau bourgeois - "Sanssouci", "Ltalis", "Palermo" … Nyob rau hauv Moscow tib yam - "Astoria" los yog, hais tias, "Lame Joe".

Nyob rau hauv 1925, tus neeg tsiv teb tsaws chaw Vasily Vitalievich Shulgin tau mus ncig ua si rau Soviet Union thiab taug kev nrog cov neeg paub raws txoj kev ntawm Kiev, Moscow thiab Leningrad. Nws tau hais tias "Txhua yam zoo li nws yog, tab sis phem dua," nws hais. Tseem muaj cov kab ke, cov nqi tau siab dua ua ntej, tib neeg tau dhau los ua neeg pluag - qhov no tau hnov txhua qhov chaw thiab txhua yam. Tab sis cov Islands tuaj ntawm cov khoom kim heev tseem pom nyob hauv USSR. Leningrad Gostiny Dvor ua tim khawv rau qhov no: “Txhua yam nyob ntawm no. Thiab muaj cov khw muag khoom kim heev.

Txhua yam ntawm cov nplhaib, brooches ci ntsa iab nrog kub thiab pob zeb. Pom tseeb, cov neeg ua haujlwm yuav cov poj niam ua teb, thiab cov neeg ua liaj ua teb yuav cov poj niam ua haujlwm."Shulgin sau hais tias "Thiab cov cim yog muag," hauv cov khaub ncaws kim, thiab hla, txhua yam koj xav tau. (…) Kuj tseem muaj tsheb xauj nyob ze ntawm Gostiny.” "Yog tias koj tsuas muaj nyiaj, koj tuaj yeem nyob zoo hauv nroog Lenin," tus neeg tsiv teb tsaws chaw xaus.

Shulgin kuj poob rau hauv cov chaw lom ze. Txhua yam nyob rau hauv lub tsev noj mov hloov mus rau ib tug heev paub: "Cov neeg pluag, raws li nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm, bowing respectfully thiab kev ntseeg siab, nyob rau hauv ib tug maj mam bass persuas yaum kom nws coj no los yog hais tias, thov hais tias hnub no "tus neeg nyob rau hauv zoo heev." Txawm tias cov zaub mov, raws li nyob rau hauv lub tsar, yog tag nrho ntawm consommé, a la buffet thiab turbot. Shulgin thiab nws tus khub noj vodka nrog caviar thiab salmon. Lawv tsis noj champagne - nws kim heev. Nyob rau hauv lwm lub tsev noj mov muaj ib tug rho npe, thiab Shulgin yeej ib tug chocolate bar.

Lub bar kuj tau ua txhua yam zoo: Lub pub ntawm no yog tag nrho cov duab. Ib txhiab thiab ib lub rooj, uas zoo kawg li tus kheej, xws li idiotically belching, los yog gloomily qaug dej qaug cawv. Lub suab nrov, kev ntxhov siab xav tau. (…) Txhua yam ntawm cov ntxhais hluas tau dai ntawm lub rooj, muag pies lossis lawv tus kheej (…).

Txij lub sij hawm, ib tug neeg saib xyuas dhau los ntawm cov neeg qaug cawv no, phom nyob hauv tes. " "Yog hais tias ib tug neeg Lavxias teb sab xav haus, ces nws muaj ib qho chaw mus rau Leningrad," interlocutor hais. Muaj qhov twg mus thiab rau kev twv txiaj. Ib lub tsev twv txiaj uas muaj neeg tuaj tos Shulgin nrog lub suab nrov zoo siab. Cov neeg coob ntawm no tau lom zem los ntawm cov kws ua yeeb yam, hu nkauj thiab seev cev. Cov qhua los ntawm txawv teb chaws tau hais tias ib feem ntawm cov se los ntawm cov twv txiaj yuam pov no mus rau pej xeem kev kawm.

Cov ntaub thaiv ntawm lub rooj muag khoom kaw thiab qhov kawg ntawm NEP

Shulgin tsis mus rau "lub tsev sib tham" - nws tsis nyiam qhov twv txiaj yuam pov ib yam, thiab nws tsis tau caw (thiab nws paub meej tias qhov twg nyob ntawd). Nws pom tau hais tias cov neeg nyob rau hauv lub Soviets tau kos rau ib txwm muaj kev xyiv fab, thiab Bolsheviks yuav tsum tau muab tso rau - rau tam sim no. Cov Napman tau ua tiav lawv lub luag haujlwm, coj kev txhawb siab rau kev lag luam uas raug kev puas tsuaj los ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog, thiab maj mam lub zog pib los ntawm lawv.

Qhov tseeb, cov khw noj mov tsis yog rau txhua tus txij thaum pib. Cov neeg ua haujlwm tsis tshua noj nyob ntawd - kim me ntsis! Lub xeev tau them se siab rau Nepmen, yog li ntawd cov neeg ua haujlwm yuav luag raug txiav tawm los ntawm "kev ua tsis zoo" cuam tshuam ntawm cov neeg ua lag luam me - thiab qhov no yog li cas cov neeg lag luam tau sawv cev hauv cov ntawv xov xwm. Yog li ntawd, "bourgeois debauchery" ntawm cov khw noj mov tau nyiam los ntawm Nepmen lawv tus kheej thiab lawv cov neeg ua haujlwm. Nov yog qhov NEPman Leonid Dubrovsky tau hais tias: “Cov nyiaj tau los tau nchuav rau peb los ntawm NEPmen. Peb txiav lawv. Peb lub tsev noj mov tau kim heev rau cov neeg ua haujlwm. Raws li cov nyiaj tau los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd, lawv tsuas tsis ci nrog peb."

Tau ntev, cov tub ceev xwm tsis tuaj yeem sawv ntawm bourgeois tus ntsuj plig ntawm NEP hauv lub tebchaws socialist. Xyoo 1928, tau sim ua kom yuam cov chaw noj mov kom ua rau lawv cov chaw tsim khoom lag luam. Piv txwv li, "Nikolaev cabbage kua zaub" nyob rau hauv cov ntawv qhia zaub mov yuav tsum tam sim no hu ua "shchi los ntawm shredded cabbage", thiab "consomme Royal" - "broth nrog mis nyuj scrambled qe". Nyob zoo, grilled sturgeon thiab de-yuav cutlets!

Tab sis tsis ntev cov khw noj mov pib kaw tag nrho. Strangled nrog se. Tib txoj hmoo tau tshwm sim rau lwm lub lag luam ntawm Nepmen, txawm tias cov khw txiav plaub hau. Maj mam, lub xeev tau tuav txhua yam. Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo 1930, yuav luag tsis muaj dab tsi tseem tshuav ntawm NEP - tsis yog bourgeois revelry, los yog nees nkaum hom khob cij ntawm lub rhawv, lossis txhua yam kev ywj pheej.