Champollion thiab paub tsis meej ntawm Egyptian hieroglyphs

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Lub npe ntawm Jean-Francois Champollion paub rau txhua tus neeg kawm ntawv. Nws raug suav hais tias yog leej txiv ntawm Egyptology, txij li nws yog thawj tus kws tshawb fawb uas muaj peev xwm nyeem tau cov ntawv sau Egyptian thaum ub. Txawm tias thaum ntxov hluas, pom cov hieroglyphs, nws nug: dab tsi yog sau ntawm no?

Thaum tau txais cov lus teb tias tsis muaj leej twg paub qhov no, nws tau cog lus tias nws yuav nyeem tau lawv thaum nws loj hlob tuaj. Thiab - kuv ua tau. Tab sis nws coj nws tag nrho nws lub neej …

Jean-Francois Champollion tau hnov txog tim lyiv teb chaws thaum nws tseem yog menyuam yaus. Nws tus tij laug Jacques, uas muaj kev mob siab rau tshwj xeeb rau kev kawm ntawm cov khoom qub, tau zoo siab nrog nws. Nws tsis pom tim lyiv teb chaws nrog nws tus kheej ob lub qhov muag, nws tsis tau koom nyob rau hauv lub Egyptian phiaj los nqis tes ntawm Napoleon, tab sis cov kab lis kev cai no zoo nkaus li rau nws ntau nthuav ntau dua Ancient tim Nkij teb chaws thiab Rome.

Ob kwv tij

Me ntsis Jean-François muaj kev lom zem me ntsis. Niam yog ib tug neeg ua liaj ua teb yooj yim thiab tsis paub nyeem ntawv li cas, txawm tias kuv txiv yog tus muag phau ntawv, tab sis, zoo li feem ntau cov neeg sawv cev ntawm peb lub cuab yeej cuab tam, nws yog tus muag khoom ntau dua li cov kws tshawb fawb. Thiab lub luag hauj lwm ntawm tus cob qhia mus rau tus tij laug, Jacques-Joseph. Jacques yug 12 xyoo ua ntej tshaj Jean-François. Thiab Jean-François yog tus yau tshaj plaws - tus menyuam kawg hauv tsev neeg.

Nws tuaj yeem lees paub rau Jacques-Joseph tias nws tau coj thiab qhia lub siab ntawm nws tus kwv yau hauv txhua txoj hauv kev thiab yog thawj tus neeg nkag siab txog qhov uas tus tub tshaj lij loj hlob hauv Champollion tsev neeg. Thiab cov tub ntxhais hluas Champollion yeej yog ib tug menyuam yaus tshwj xeeb. Nws tus kheej tau kawm nyeem ntawv thaum nws muaj tsib xyoos, sib txuas cov suab ntawm nws hom lus nrog cov ntawv luam tawm hauv cov ntawv xov xwm, thiab tsim nws tus kheej txoj hauv kev los txhais cov lus hais rau hauv kev sau ntawv. Thiab, thaum nyuam qhuav kawm nyeem ntawv, nws tsis tuaj yeem rhuav tshem nws tus kheej ntawm cov ntawv. Hmoov zoo, muaj ntau qhov zoo no hauv cov neeg muag ntawv lub tsev. Cov kwv tij, tau kawg, tau sib cais los ntawm qhov tob tob thaum muaj hnub nyoog 12, tab sis Jacques-Joseph yog tus siab mos siab muag thiab ua siab ntev. Nws hlub tus hluas heev, thiab tom qab ntawd, thaum Jean-François cov txuj ci tau nthuav tawm tag nrho, nws suav tias yog ib tus neeg txawj ntse.

Hluas genius

Jean-François lub peev xwm hais lus tau tshwm sim thaum ntxov. Thaum muaj cuaj xyoos, nws nyeem ntawv luv luv hauv Latin thiab Greek, nws lub cim xeeb yog qhov zoo, thiab nws tuaj yeem hais cov nplooj ntawv los ntawm qhov nws nyeem. Tab sis ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv uas nws raug xa mus kawm, tej yam mus tsis zoo heev.

Tus tub yuav tsum raug xa mus rau tsev kawm ntawv. Thiab tom qab ntawd txhua yam ua haujlwm tawm. Nrog nws tus kws qhia ntawv, Canon Kalme, nws taug kev ncig ib puag ncig ntawm Fizha thiab ua kev sib tham. Jean-François tau txais kev paub zoo li daim txhuam cev. Tsis ntev, nws tus tij laug coj nws mus rau nws qhov chaw nyob hauv Grenoble, qhov chaw uas nws ua hauj lwm ua ib tug neeg ua hauj lwm, thiab txuas nws ib txhij mus rau ib lub tsev kawm ntawv thiab mus kawm ntawv ntiav nrog Abbot Dyuser, uas tus me nyuam tub pib kawm phau Vajlugkub - Hebrew, Aramaic thiab Syriac. Nws nyob ntawm no, hauv Grenoble, uas Jean-François pom cov khoom cuav ntawm Egyptian coj los ntawm Cairo los ntawm Prefect Joseph Fourier.

Thaum lub lyceum qhib nyob rau hauv lub nroog, Jean-Francois tam sim ntawd pom nws tus kheej ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm - cov tub ntxhais kawm lyceum tau qhia ntawm cov nuj nqis ntawm lub xeev. Tab sis rau cov tub ntxhais hluas Champollion, nyob ntawm Lyceum tau dhau los ua qhov kev sim nyuaj: ib txwm muaj lub sijhawm rau feeb, thiab nws tsis nyob ntawd rau cov lus Arabic thiab Coptic. Cov tub ntxhais kawm lyceum pored dhau cov lus qub thaum hmo ntuj thiab xav txog kev khiav tawm. Jacques-Joseph tswj kom tau txais kev tso cai tshwj xeeb rau nws los ntawm Minister of Education. Champollion Jr. tau muab peb teev los xyaum ua tsis raws cai.

Kev sib raug zoo nrog cov phooj ywg nyuaj rau nws, nws ntxub kev qhuab qhia, tab sis xyoo 1807 nws kawm tiav los ntawm Lyceum nrog kev qhuas. Kev vam meej hauv kev tshawb fawb tshawb fawb tuaj yeem txiav txim los ntawm qhov tseeb yooj yim. Tom qab ntawv tshaj tawm ntawm 16-xyoo-laus Champollion ntawm Grenoble Academy ntawm Sciences, nws tau raug xaiv tam sim ntawd nws cov tswv cuab sib raug zoo.

Los ntawm me ntsis Grenoble nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo, nws tau mus rau hauv ib tug txawv kev coj noj coj ua ib puag ncig - Paris, qhov chaw uas nws tau ntsib Sylvester de Sacy, uas tab tom kawm Rosetta pob zeb.

Rosetta Pob Zeb Artifact Riddle

Lub pob zeb Rosetta, coj los ntawm cov neeg Askiv los ntawm tim lyiv teb chaws, yog qhov zoo vim tias tib cov ntawv ntawm nws tau sau tsis yog hauv Egyptian hieroglyphic thiab demotic cov ntawv, tab sis kuj muaj cov lus Greek thaum ub. Yog tias tsis muaj leej twg tuaj yeem nyeem cov ntawv Egyptian, ces tsis muaj teeb meem nrog Greek thaum ub. Tom qab ntawd nws tau ntseeg tias Egyptian hieroglyphs qhia tag nrho cov lus, thiab yog li nws tsis tuaj yeem txiav txim siab rau lawv.

Champollion xav txawv, txawm tias tsuas yog pib decipher, uas yuav ua rau nws nto moo, nws pom cov qauv ntawm cov lus, txawm hais tias nws tseem tsis tau nkag siab tias qhov no yuav pab tau nws li cas los tsim cov lus nws tus kheej. Hauv kev sau ntawv demotic ntawm Egypt, nws pom cov cim ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv Coptic. Ua haujlwm ntawm kev txiav txim siab thiab ua haujlwm ntawm keeb kwm ntawm tim lyiv teb chaws, ob xyoos tom qab ntawd nws tau tawm hauv Paris thiab tau los ua tus xibfwb hauv University of Grenoble. Nws muaj 18 xyoo.

Syllabic sau ntawv

Thaum pib, cov tub ntxhais kawm lus Askiv ntseeg tias kev sau ntawv hieroglyphic tau tsim los ntawm lub hauv paus hauv xov tooj. Nws tsuas yog nyob rau xyoo 1818 uas Jean-François tau tso tseg lub tswv yim no, thiab xyoo 1822 nws tau nthuav tawm tsab ntawv ceeb toom uas tau piav qhia txog cov txheej txheem rau kev txiav txim siab cov ntawv Egyptian. Txog tam sim no, peb tau tham txog 11 lub cim ntawm kev sau ntawv hieroglyphic. Hieroglyphs, nws hais tias, tsis yog tag nrho ideographic lossis phonetic cim, tab sis yog ib qho kev sib txuas ntawm ob qho tib si. Cov ntawv hieroglyphic ntawm Rosetta Pob Zeb yog sau nyob rau hauv ib tug sib tov ntawm ideograms thiab phonograms.

Thaum xub thawj, nws muaj peev xwm nyeem tau cov npe ntawm cov thawj coj nyob rau hauv cartouches ntawm Rosetta pob zeb - Ptolemy thiab Cleopatra, paub los ntawm Greek ntawv nyeem, thiab tsis ntev nws muaj peev xwm twb nyeem cov npe ntawm cartouches rau lwm yam artifacts, uas yog tsis yooj yim sua. kwv yees - Ramses thiab Thutmose. Kev sau ntawv Egyptian tau dhau los ua cov lus, thiab cov suab, ib yam li lwm yam lus Middle Eastern, tsis tuaj. Qhov no tsim teeb meem loj hauv kev txhais lus, txij li kev hloov pauv ntawm cov lus tsis raug tuaj yeem cuam tshuam lo lus nws tus kheej.

Champollion tam sim ntawd muaj ob tus neeg txhawb nqa hnyav thiab ntau tus yeeb ncuab.

Cov codebreakers uas tuaj mus rau qhov zoo sib xws yuav luag ib txhij nrog nws tau ua txhaum, cov uas nws siv zog nws thuam tau ua txhaum, cov neeg Askiv tau ua txhaum, vim hais tias "tsis muaj Frenchman yuav ua tau ib yam dab tsi tsim nyog," tus Fabkis, vim hais tias "Champollion yeej tsis tau mus rau tim lyiv teb chaws thiab. tsis ua dab tsi tseem ceeb kiag li.”

Nrog kuv tus kheej ob lub qhov muag

Lub Louvre tseem tsis tau muaj lub tsev Iyiv! Tab sis nyob rau hauv ltalis muaj ob loj collections ntawm Egyptian antiquities - yav tas los Napoleonic consul nyob rau hauv Egypt Drovetti thiab lub qub British consul nyob rau hauv Egypt ntsev. Lawv cov ntawv sau tau zoo heev. Txoj kev rov qab los ntawm ltalis coincided nrog kev teem caij ntawm Jean-François ua tus saib xyuas ntawm Louvre's Egyptian artifacts. Ua ke nrog nws tus tij laug, Champollion tau teeb tsa Egyptian cov khoom qub qub hauv plaub lub tsev khaws puav pheej.

Xyoo 1828, thaum kawg nws tau mus xyuas tebchaws Iziv. Hauv tebchaws Iziv Upper, nws tau mus xyuas Elephantine, Philae, Abu Simbel, Valley of the Kings, txawm kos nws lub npe rau ntawm obelisk ntawm Karnak. Tom qab rov qab mus rau nws lub tebchaws, nws tau raug xaiv tsa tus xibfwb ntawm keeb kwm thiab archaeology ntawm Collège de France.

Tab sis nws tsuas yog nyeem peb lo lus qhuab qhia thiab tsaug zog los ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev nyuaj siab ntawm Egyptian ntoj ke mus kawm. Nws tuag ntawm apoplectic stroke nyob rau lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav xyoo 1832 thaum muaj hnub nyoog 42 xyoos. Nws tus tij laug, uas muaj hnub nyoog 88 xyoo, tau sau tag nrho cov haujlwm uas tsis tau tshaj tawm ntawm Jean-François, kho lawv thiab luam tawm lawv. Alas, posthumously.