High theem ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm ancient kab lis kev cai ntawm Central Asia

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Cov kws tshawb fawb tshawb fawb tau ntev ntev tau mloog mus rau theem siab ntawm kab lis kev cai uas ib zaug vam meej nyob rau sab qab teb sab hnub poob ntawm Central Asia, nruab nrab ntawm niaj hnub Ashgabat thiab Tejen. Ntawm no thaum kawg ntawm III - pib ntawm II txhiab xyoo BC. e. muaj cov chaw muaj neeg coob coob, cov dej nyab ruins uas nyob thaj tsam ntawm 50-70 hectares.

Tsim cov lauj kaub tais diav thiab metallurgy, bronze thiab nyiaj ntsaws ruaj ruaj - cov cim ntawm cov cuab yeej - tag nrho qhia tias peb tau ntsib nrog cov seem ntawm qee hom kab lis kev cai uas ua ntej tsim ib pawg neeg zej zog, kev vam meej. Nyob rau hauv 1966, excavations ntawm ib qho ntawm cov chaw, Altyn-Depe, coj cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj rau cov tseem ceeb kev vam meej ntawm cov ancient inhabitants ntawm yav qab teb Turkmenistan nyob rau hauv tseem lwm cheeb tsam ntawm sab ntsuj plig kab lis kev cai. Cov tais diav feem ntau suav hais tias yog qhov pom loj tshaj plaws hauv kev sib hais haum. Tab sis qhov tseeb archaeological no tau los ua tus txheeb ze heev: tej zaum qhov pom ntau tshaj plaws ntawm lub xaib yog ntau cov av nplaum poj niam figurines. Nyob rau hauv ib lub caij teb xwb, lawv cov naj npawb tau tshaj 150. Cov duab zoo nkauj tau pom nyob hauv cov tsev nyob, thaj chaw, thiab txawm nyob hauv cov khoom siv faus. Tsis muaj kev tsis ntseeg txog lub hom phiaj ritual ntawm cov mlom no.

Yuav luag txhua tus ntawm lawv muaj cov cim ntawm lawv lub xub pwg nyom thiab nraub qaum, caj npab thiab hauv siab, ua nrog rab riam los yog ib rab riam ntse. Ntau tshaj 20 lub cim tau pom lawm. Lawv cov qauv tsim txawv nyob ntawm tus "sau ntawv" ntawm tus tswv, tab sis ntawm tag nrho lawv tau pom meej meej sib koom ua rau rau pawg loj. Ib pawg ntawm cov paib yog ze heev rau cov ornaments ntawm South Turkmenian pleev xim rau ceramics ntawm lub sijhawm ua ntej

Ntau cov cim qhia, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, zoo ib yam li kev sau ntawv ntawm Ancient Sumer. Tshwj xeeb tseem ceeb zoo sib xws tau pom nrog cov cim ntawm kev sau ntawv hauv Elam. Lub xub ntiag ntawm ib tug ruaj khov system ntawm cult cim nyob rau hauv yav qab teb Turkmenistan yog ib tug indirect qhia hais tias muaj ib tug txheej txheem ntawm tsim ntawm lub zos sau system nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawd, qev ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov cim los ntawm cov advanced kab lis kev cai ntawm lub Ancient East. Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, ib tug terracotta pobzeb tau pom nyob rau ntawm Altyn-Depe, uas qhia peb txawv cim, thiab ib tug ntawm lawv rov qab plaub zaug, zoo li ib tsab ntawv uas sau los ntawm ib tug me nyuam kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav nco ntsoov nws zoo dua. Thiab leej twg paub yog hais tias archaeologists tsis cia siab tias yuav archives ntawm "cov ntaub ntawv av nplaum" nyob rau hauv lub plab hnyuv ntawm lub ntiaj teb, nrog kev pab los ntawm uas ib tug ntawm cov feem ntau ancient sedentary ua liaj ua teb civilizations yuav hais. Ob peb kaum kilometers ntawm lub nroog niaj hnub no ntawm Penjikent, nyob rau hauv ib lub fortress me me ntawm Mount Mug nyob rau hauv 1933, muaj ib tug nplua nuj archive ntawm handwritten ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv cov lus Sogdian.

Lub archive muaj ntau yam ntawv, daim ntawv txais nyiaj, daim ntawv cog lus, daim ntawv cog lus, thiab lwm yam. Feem ntau ntawm cov ntaub ntawv belongs rau Divashtich, tus kav ntawm lub nroog ntawm Penjikent. Thaum lub sij hawm Arab conquest, nyob rau hauv lub 20s ntawm lub xyoo pua 8th, Divashtich tau khiav tawm ntawm Penjikent (cov ntawv no hais txog lub nroog Penjikent) los ntawm kev tsim txom ntawm Arabs mus rau lub fortress. Lub nroog raug puas tsuaj, lub neej nyob rau hauv nws maj mam tuag tawm thiab thaum kawg ceased nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub VIII caug xyoo. Nws yog lub npe hu hais tias lub ancient cheeb tsam ntawm Sogd, los yog Sogdiana, raws li Greek cov ntaub ntawv, nyob rau tag nrho ib ncig ntawm lub hav Zeravshan. Samarkand yog qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm Sogd, thiab Pejikent yog lub xeev "tshwj xeeb" lub nroog nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam foothill. Txij li thaum 1946, lub Academy ntawm Sciences ntawm lub USSR, ua ke nrog lub Academy ntawm Sciences ntawm lub Tajik SSR, tau excavating lub ancient kev sib haum xeeb ntawm Penjikent, uas nyob rau sab nrauv ntawm lub niaj hnub nroog.

Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm ntau xyoo ntawm excavations, lub topography ntawm lub nroog tau tshwm sim, qhov chaw ntawm txoj kev, thaj chaw thiab industrial vaj tse, tuam tsev, palaces, suburban vaj tse thiab ib tug necropolis. Monumental paintings adorned lub tsev ntawm noble neeg; nyob rau hauv lub ceremonial halls, ntau yam epic, banquet thiab sib ntaus sib tua scenes tau piav nyob rau hauv tiers. Murals npog cov phab ntsa thiab vaulted ceilings ntawm txoj kev loj, me sanctuaries thiab cov chav sab hauv

Cov ntoo charred ntawm ntau lub tsev tau muaj sia nyob. Thaum lub sij hawm hluav taws kub, uas tsis muaj sij hawm los hlawv tag nrho, lawv tawg thiab smoldered, npog nrog fragments ntawm cib. Yog li nws muaj peev xwm tsim tau tias cov ntoo hauv cov chaw ua koob tsheej - txhua kab, cov peev, hauv paus, kab teeb, thiab lwm yam - tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov nplua nuj carvings. Tag nrho cov ntoo mlom, cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov duab puab, thiab lwm yam tau pom. Nyob rau hauv ib lub tuam tsev luxurious, ib tug av nplaum sculptural vaj huam sib luag tau pom, muab rau cov deities dej, thaj, Zeravshan River. Thaum lub caij nplooj zeeg xyoo 1966, ib qho tshiab ntau xim fresco tau pom nyob rau sab hauv ntawm lub tsev - ib tug tub rog nyob rau hauv ib tug ntev saw mail ntaus tus yeeb ncuab nrog ib tug dagger. Ib daim ntawv sau ua lus Sogdian kuj pom ntawm no, tawm tswv yim, pom tseeb, ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm daim duab. Lub hav Vakhsh tau nyob hauv tib neeg txij li lub sijhawm Paleolithic. Ntawm no cov kws tshawb fawb tau sau npe thiab kawm ntau yam monuments. Tab sis qhov nthuav tshaj plaws ntawm lawv nce 12 mais ntawm lub nroog Kurgan-Tyube. Excavations tau ua ntawm no tau ntau xyoo.

Kaum peb centuries dhau los, ib tug loj loj monastery tau ua nyob rau ntawm no, ib tug monastery-fortress, cov phab ntsa uas yog yuav luag 2.5 meters tuab, qhov nkag mus rau tag nrho cov chav yog los ntawm lub tshav puam. Lub monastery muaj ob halves. Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ib feem, ib tug lossis loj ntau-tiered qauv ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj tseem ceeb sawv - ib tug stupa, ib yam ntawm cov mausoleum - ib tug repository ntawm cov seem ntawm vajtswv, neeg dawb huv thiab cov nuj nqis tseem ceeb ntawm Buddhism

Muaj ntau chav nyob ib ncig ntawm lub stupa: me me square sanctuaries, L-shaped corridors (txog 16.5 meters ntev), cov phab ntsa thiab ceilings uas tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog paintings. Cov plag tsev ntawm cov chav no tau raug tshem tawm ntawm qhov tob ntawm 6 meters ntawm qhov chaw niaj hnub. Twb tau nyob rau hauv thawj xyoo ntawm kev ua hauj lwm, thaum clearing thawj sanctuary, archaeologists tuaj hla pedestals. Tab sis lawv tau khoob. Txuas ntxiv tshem tawm ze ntawm cov pedestals, cov kws tshawb fawb pom cov duab puab tawg tag rau hauv pem teb. Tom qab ntawd, thaum lawv qhib ob peb chav ntxiv, lawv tau tshem tag nrho cov duab puab liab qab: cov duab ntawm Buddha nws tus kheej thiab cov cim ntawm Buddha pantheon. Muaj ntau ntawm lawv raug tua nrog amazing craftsmanship. Cov duab puab txawv: los ntawm cov me me uas haum rau hauv xib-teg ntawm koj txhais tes mus rau cov loj heev, 1, 5-3 npaug loj dua li tib neeg daim duab. Nyob rau xyoo 1965-1966, archaeologists muaj hmoo txaus los nrhiav tau ib tug loj loj. Nws pw ntawm nws sab xis nyob rau hauv ib qho ntawm txoj kev uas nyob ib ncig ntawm lub stupa, nyob ze ntawm lub phab ntsa ntawm ib tug pedestal. Lub caj npab sab xis yog khoov thiab lub xib teg coj mus rau hauv qab lub taub hau, thiab sab laug yog txuas nrog lub cev. Daim duab yog hnav khaub ncaws liab folded, lub dab teg yog ci dawb, thiab lub teeb khau khiab pleev xim daj yog nyob ntawm ko taw.