Is Nrias teb: Mysterious Barabar Qhov tsua

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Txog 40 km sab qaum teb sab hnub tuaj ntawm lub nroog Gaya hauv Indian xeev Bihar, nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm ib qho tiaj tiaj daj-ntsuab tiaj, muaj cov pob zeb me me nce txog peb mais ntev. Hauv cov pob zeb ntawm lub roob no, muaj Barabar qhov tsua monastery - qhov qub tshaj plaws khaws cia hauv Is Nrias teb. Plaub lub qhov tsua, carved (?) nyob rau hauv lub pob zeb, hnub tim ntawm King Ashoka lub Great, thawj huab tais tau txais kev cai dab qhuas kev cai dab qhuas.

Barabar Monastery yog keeb kwm kev ntseeg. Nws koom nrog Ajivika sect, uas yog lub ntsiab sib tw ntawm Buddhism thaum lub sij hawm huab tais Ashoka. Lub qhov tsua lawv tus kheej yog khoom plig los ntawm Vaj Ntxwv Ashoka rau pawg ntseeg no, raws li cov ntawv sau rau ntawm ib phab ntsa hais.

Qhov loj tshaj tsis meej ntawm Barabar qhov tsua yog cov phab ntsa zoo kawg nkaus polished ntawm qhov tseeb semicircular duab.

Hauv nws qhov chaw nruab nrab muaj ib pawg pob zeb roob uas paub txog nws lub qhov tsua neeg thaum ub hauv Is Nrias teb, uas hu ua Barabar (Banawar) Hill. Kwv yees li ntawm ib thiab ib nrab mais ntawm lawv mus rau sab hnub tuaj yog lwm qhov chaw ntawm cov qhov tsua zoo sib xws uas yog tib lub sijhawm keeb kwm xws li Barabar - lub roob pob zeb ntawm Nagarjuni (Nagarjuni Hill).

Feem ntau, ob qho tib si ntawm qhov chaw no raug xa mus rau hauv ib lub npe dav dav: "Barabar Caves" (Barabar Qhov tsua).

Pawg Barabar muaj plaub lub qhov tsua, thiab pawg Nagarjuni muaj peb. Lub qhov tsua hnub rov qab mus rau lub sijhawm ntawm Mauryan lub teb chaws Ottoman: lawv tau tsim thaum lub sijhawm huab tais huab tais Ashoka (268-232 BC) thiab nws tus kav Dasharatha (232-225 BC). Nrog rau ob tug Tub Bhandar Qhov tsua hauv Rajgir, lawv yog cov tuam tsev qub tshaj plaws hauv Is Nrias teb.

Ib qho tshwj xeeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov pob zeb no yog tias lawv tsis yog cov neeg ntseeg, lossis Hindu, lossis Jain, tab sis tau koom nrog tam sim no tsis raug cai Shraman sect ntawm Ajivik ascetic philosophers. Lub qhov tsua Barabar yog tib tus qauv cuam tshuam nrog cov kev cai dab qhuas thiab kev xav uas ploj mus - Ajiviki

Qhov thib peb unorthodox sect, uas tau tshwm sim ib txhij nrog Buddhism thiab Jainism, yog Ajiviks - ib pab pawg neeg ntawm ascetics, khi, zoo li cov Jains, los ntawm kev qhuab qhia hnyav thiab kuj tsis kam txais txhua yam khaub ncaws.

Cov lus qhia ntawm tus tsim ntawm pawg ntseeg, Goshala Mascariputra, muaj ntau txoj hauv kev nco txog cov tswv yim ntawm nws niaj hnub Mahavira, uas ib zaug yog nws tus phooj ywg. Zoo li Mahavira, nws ua raws li cov lus qhia ntawm cov kws qhia yav dhau los thiab cov koom haum ascetic, ntxiv thiab txhim kho lawv.

Ob qho tib si Buddha thiab Jain cov peev txheej hais tias nws yog ib tsev neeg zoo tib yam, nws tuag txog ib xyoos ua ntej Buddha, uas yog, xyoo 487 BC. e., tom qab muaj kev sib cav sib ceg nrog Mahavira hauv nroog Shravasti. Nws cov thwjtim, pom tau tias, koom ua ke nrog cov thwj tim ntawm lwm cov xibhwb, xws li antinomian Purana Kashyapa thiab atomist Pakudha Katyayana, thiab tsim lub Ajivik sect.

Lub sect tau vam meej thaum lub sijhawm Mauryan - nws paub tias Ashoka thiab nws tus neeg ua tiav Dasharatha tau nthuav tawm cov tuam tsev hauv qhov tsua rau Ajiviks. Txawm li cas los xij, tom qab ntawd, pawg ntseeg tau pib poob kev cuam tshuam sai sai, khaws cov neeg coob coob hauv thaj tsam me me ntawm East Mysore thiab thaj chaw nyob sib ze ntawm Madras, qhov chaw uas nws tseem nyob mus txog rau xyoo pua XIV, tom qab ntawd tsis muaj dab tsi ntxiv. nws.

Cov ntawv ntawm Ajiviks tsis tau mus txog peb, thiab peb paub txog lawv tsuas yog los ntawm cov ntseeg thiab Jain polemics tawm tsam pawg ntseeg no. Cov lus qhia ntawm Ajiviks yog qhov tsis ntseeg tsis ntseeg Vajtswv thiab ua tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev txiav txim siab zoo ib yam. Cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm karma, raws li koj paub, thov hais tias ib tug neeg tus mob yog txiav txim los ntawm nws yav dhau los ua; nrog rau qhov no, tus neeg nws tus kheej tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nws txoj hmoo tam sim no thiab yav tom ntej - nrog kev pab ntawm tus cwj pwm raug. Cov Ajiviks tsis kam lees qhov no. Lawv ntseeg hais tias muaj ib tug impersonal cosmic lub hauv paus ntsiab lus (niyati, uas yog, txoj hmoo), uas txiav txim siab txhua yam nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no, mus rau qhov tsawg tshaj plaws cov ntsiab lus. Yog li ntawd, feem ntau nws yog tsis yooj yim sua kom cuam tshuam cov txheej txheem ntawm transmigration.

Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias ib tug neeg tsis muaj peev xwm cuam tshuam nws lub neej yav tom ntej nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev, cov hauj lwm ntawm lub Ajivik sect indulged nyob rau hauv hnyav asceticism, piav qhia txog qhov no los ntawm lub preestination ntawm txoj hmoo. Txawm li cas los xij, adherents ntawm kev sib tw creeds liam lub Ajiviks licentiousness thiab immorality.

Cov Ajiviks ntawm Dravidian sab qab teb tau tsim lawv cov lus qhia nyob rau hauv ib qho kev taw qhia ze rau qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm "lub tsheb loj loj" Buddhism. Goshala tau los nrog lawv ib qho kev ntseeg tsis raug, zoo li Buddha nyob rau hauv Mahayana system, thiab cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm kev ua ntej tau hloov mus rau hauv cov lus qhuab qhia uas nco txog cov kev xav ntawm Parmenides: lub ntiaj teb no nyob mus ib txhis thiab tsis muaj zog, thiab kev hloov pauv thiab kev txav mus los tsuas yog kev dag ntxias. Muaj qee qhov zoo sib xws nrog cov lus qhia ntawm Nagarjuna txog "emptiness"

Txawm li cas los xij, qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm Barabar Qhov tsua yog tsis yog lawv cov cim qub qub, tsis yog ib qho kev paub tsis meej ntawm Shraman sect uas tau ploj mus ntev, tsis yog qhov tseeb ntawm cov geometry ntawm cov chav thiab qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm polishing ntawm granite phab ntsa thiab vaults, tab sis qhov tseeb tias cov qauv txawv txawv no tau tsim tshwj xeeb thiab tsim ua lub qhov tsua acoustic rau kev xav.

Thawj peb lub qhov tsua yog carved rau hauv ib lub pob zeb ntev, sib npaug, ncab 200 meters los ntawm sab hnub tuaj mus rau sab hnub poob, thiab xav tsis thoob tias zoo ib yam li lub nkoj loj heev uas tawm hauv av ncaj qha. Lub pob zeb ntawm pob zeb yog gneiss (khoom metamorphic pob zeb sab nraud thiab hauv nws cov khoom zoo ib yam li granite, yog li txij li tam sim no kuv yuav ib txwm siv lo lus "granite" thiab "granite").

Txoj kev mus rau sab qaum teb ntawm lub pob tsuas, qhov twg ib lub qhov tsua nyob - Karan Chaupar.

Lub qhov tsua rov qab mus rau 244 BC. Nyob rau ntawm qhov nkag muaj ib tug inscription hais tias lub qhov tsua no tau tsim nyob rau hauv 19 xyoo tom qab accession mus rau lub zwm txwv ntawm Emperor Ashoka.

Lub qhov tsua muaj ib qho yooj yim nkag mus, uas tam sim ntawd attracts mloog nrog nws cov geometry kiag li thiab zoo meej workmanship.

Lub qhov tsua yog peculiar heev, tej zaum tsis muaj ib yam dab tsi zoo li nws ntawm lub cult vaj tse nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no: tsis muaj ib tug kos duab, bas-relief, pej thuam, thiab lwm yam nyob rau hauv.

Hloov chaw, muaj ib chav nrog zoo kawg nkaus geometric qhov ntev thiab zoo kawg nkaus polishing (Kuv nco ntsoov koj tias tag nrho cov no yog carved nyob rau hauv granite monolith nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 3rd BC), thiab impressive loj qhov ntev: 10.4 m, dav: 4.3 m, qhov siab. ib: 3.3. m (phab ntsa 1.42 m thiab vault 1.84 m).

Nov yog yam uas cov neeg taug kev sau:

Tom qab ntawd qhov xav tsis thoob tshaj plaws yog: tus neeg saib xyuas mus rau qhov kawg ntawm lub qhov tsua thiab qw nrov nrov ob peb lo lus, tom qab ntawd lub qhov tsua tau ntim nrog qee lub suab zoo sib xws, ntau yam tau hais meej meej tshiab, tsis hais txog dab tsi tus neeg saib xyuas. tau hais.

Tseem me ntsis dumbfounded, peb tus kheej pib xyaum ua suab nrov, hais lus nrov nrog cov intonations sib txawv thiab ib ntus, los yog npuaj tes. Thaum koj ua tiav koj cov kab lus, koj raug kaw tam sim los ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm ntau lub suab: qee qhov zoo li kev sib tham tsis sib haum, exclamations, suab nrov ntawm txoj kev, thiab lwm yam, lwm tus neeg ua rau qee tus paub, tab sis nyuaj rau kev sib koom ua ke.

Qhov tshwm sim ntawm qee qhov tsis meej thiab txawm tias qhov kev xav txawv txawv tau ua rau nthuav dav thiab xav tsis thoob: koj tab tom sawv hauv qhov tsua tsaus nti (cov ces kaum thiab phab ntsa tsis tshua pom), thiab tag nrho "qhov no" zoo li palpably "ya" nyob ib ncig ntawm koj. Qee yam ntawm psychedelic.

Los ntawm txoj kev, tag nrho cov qhov tsua yog tsaus heev. Tag nrho cov teeb pom kev zoo yog nruab hnub nrig los ntawm kev qhib nkag thiab ib lub tswm ciab uas tus neeg saib xyuas teeb rau hauv lwm lub qhov tsua. Cov duab tau coj nrog lub teeb (autofocusing ntawm tus txij nkawm nrog lub tswm ciab) thiab tom qab ntawd ua kom zoo zoo.

Qhov tshwm sim ntawm peb qhov kev tawm dag zog yog tias tus txij nkawm tseem paub tseeb tias hauv lub qhov tsua nws hnov cov suab nrov txhua hnub ntawm lub zos hauv qab no: lub suab ntawm tib neeg, lub suab ntawm nyuj, luag ntawm cov menyuam yaus, thiab lwm yam, thiab hais tias "nws" tau nyob rau hauv los ntawm qhov nkag los yog ua li cas. Tag nrho kuv qhov kev sim ua rau nws tsis txaus siab nrog kev pab ntawm physics thiab logic kom deb li deb tsis tau coj mus rau ib yam dab tsi - ib qho kev sib cav tsis muaj zog yog tias ib tug neeg tau hnov "qhov no".

Yog hais tias koj xav txog yuav ua li cas, nyob rau hauv lub qhov tsua tsaus nti nrog xws li acoustics, nws tig mus rau lub sij hawm, tawg mus rau hauv harmonics thiab intertwining dua rau lwm yam, ib puag ncig lub suab los ntawm rov qab nrog ib tug tej yam atherosclerosis thiab intonation rau txawv suab: "Om-m-m!" - tsuas yog Frost ntawm daim tawv nqaij.

Thaum kuv xav txog qhov xwm txheej ntawm qhov txuj ci tseem ceeb no, kuv tu siab heev uas kuv tsis tau ua ntau qhov kev ntsuas ntawm qhov attenuation los ntawm lub stopwatch ntawm lub moos thiab tsis tau sim mloog ntau dua rau cov suab yooj yim lwj (vowel, pop, thiab lwm yam). Kuv tsuas tuaj yeem hais tias kev ua tiav ntawm lub suab tshwm sim li ntawm 5-6 vib nas this.

Kuv tsis muaj kev xav tias txhua lub qhov tsua ntawm Barabara thiab Nagarjuni tau tsim los ua cov acoustic Halls tshwj xeeb. Pom tau tias cov neeg tsim kho thaum ub paub zoo yuav ua li cas, los ntawm dab tsi thiab qhov twg los tsim thaj chaw nrog xws li ib qho amazing reverberation: tag nrho cov qhov tsua yog carved rau hauv ib tug monolith; muaj yuav luag tib qhov loj thiab geometry sab hauv; cov phab ntsa, vault thiab pem teb tau polished kom zoo tshaj plaws. Txawm tias qhov qhib qhov qhib hauv txhua lub qhov tsua yog tib yam - tej zaum muaj qee qhov kev nkag siab hauv qhov no (tej zaum lawv tau ua haujlwm ua qhov resonator qhov).

Kuj tsis muaj qhov tsis ntseeg tias lawv tau npaj tsuas yog rau kev xav lossis ib qho kev ua yeeb yam zoo sib xws, thiab cov ascetics lawv tus kheej nyob ib puag ncig.

Los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb niaj hnub no sau dab tsi, ib tus tuaj yeem nkag siab tias tsawg heev paub txog Ajiviks lawv tus kheej (saib saum toj), thiab tsis muaj dab tsi txog lawv cov kev coj ua.

Yog li ntawd, tej zaum peb yuav tsis paub tias yog vim li cas Shraman sect ntawm ascetic atheists xav tau los tsim xws li "high-tech", thiab qhov tseem ceeb tshaj, insanely zog-intensive "lub thawv suab paj nruag." Ob lub qhov tsua ntxiv nyob rau ntawm qhov ntxeev sab, sab qab teb ntawm pob tsuas. Txhawm rau kom tau mus rau lawv, koj yuav tsum tau nce lub pob zeb ntawm lub pob zeb ntaiv uas nyob ib sab ntawm qhov nkag mus rau Karan Chaupar, thiab nqis mus rau sab nraud.