Cov txheej txheem:

Lub USSR puas tau npaj rau Kev Tsov Rog Loj Loj?
Lub USSR puas tau npaj rau Kev Tsov Rog Loj Loj?

Video: Lub USSR puas tau npaj rau Kev Tsov Rog Loj Loj?

Video: Lub USSR puas tau npaj rau Kev Tsov Rog Loj Loj?
Video: BF webinar series - Visualise translation of bacteria and viruses at single nucleotide resolution 2024, Kaum ib hlis
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Hais txog kev npaj ua tub rog-technology ntawm USSR rau kev ua tsov ua rog, nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau nrhiav tau cov ntaub ntawv tseeb ntawm qhov ntau thiab zoo ntawm riam phom. Kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub teb chaws cov tub rog-kev lag luam complex txawv: los ntawm thoob plaws "kev ua tsov ua rog ntes tau USSR los ntawm surprise" mus rau "cov rog ntawm ob tog yog kwv yees li sib npaug." Tsis yog ib qho los yog qhov thib ob tsis muaj tseeb: ob qho tib si USSR thiab lub teb chaws Yelemees, tau kawg, tau npaj ua tsov rog.

Nyob rau hauv lub Soviet Union, nws yog tsim nyog los tsim tag nrho cov kev lag luam rau qhov no, uas slows down lub pace los ntawm cov thawj coj.

Armaments Commission

Nyob rau hauv 1938, nyob rau hauv lub Defense Committee ntawm lub Council of People's Commissars ntawm lub USSR, cov tub rog-Industrial Commission (MIC, Ameslikas lub Permanent Mobilization Commission) tau tsim, uas tau los ua lub ntsiab lub luag hauj lwm rau mobilizing thiab npaj kev lag luam rau kev tsim thiab muab khoom. ntawm riam phom rau Red Army thiab Navy.

Nws suav nrog cov thawj coj ntawm cov tub rog, kev lag luam thiab cov koom haum kev ruaj ntseg, thiab thawj lub rooj sib tham tau koom nrog Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Tiv Thaiv Kliment Voroshilov, Cov Neeg Sawv Cev ntawm Internal Affairs Nikolai Yezhov, Cov Neeg Commissar ntawm Kev Lag Luam Hnyav Lazar Kaganovich, Thawj Tus Lwm Thawj Coj ntawm Cov Neeg Sawv Cev. USSR Navy Pyotr Smirnov, Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm Lub Xeev Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Npaj Nikolai Voznesensky, Tus Thawj Coj ntawm Cov Neeg Ua Haujlwm ntawm Red Army Mikhail Shaposhnikov thiab lwm tus.

Cov thawj coj muaj lub zog dav, tab sis cov kev cai hauv qab uas nws ua haujlwm suav nrog ntau theem: sau cov ntawv thov los ntawm cov tub rog commissariats (thiab tsis tsuas yog rau kev tsim riam phom, tab sis kuj rau khaub ncaws, zaub mov thiab txawm veterinary rations), lawv tsom xam, kev pom zoo, tshuaj xyuas., teeb tsa cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev sib koom ua ke, thiab lwm yam. Lub kaw lus pib plam thaum ntxov.

Kev tsim kho ntawm TM-1-14 artillery railroad transporter nrog rab phom 356-mm, 1932
Kev tsim kho ntawm TM-1-14 artillery railroad transporter nrog rab phom 356-mm, 1932

Kev sau "Soviet tub rog-kev lag luam complex: teeb meem ntawm kev tsim thiab kev loj hlob (1930-1980s)" muab ib qho kev qhia excerpt los ntawm ib tsab ntawv los ntawm lub taub hau ntawm lub koom haum mobilization ntawm ib txoj kev engineering cog nyob rau hauv Rybinsk: "Qhov ua tiav stagnation ntawm mobilization ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no. peb cov nroj tsuag muab txoj cai rau kev ntseeg stagnation ntawm lwm cov factories, Glavkas thiab Tib neeg Commissariats … Cov lus thov ntawm peb cov nroj tsuag rau Glavk ntawm qhov teeb meem no tau txais yuav luag tsis muaj lus teb. Thaum lub sijhawm ua lag luam mus rau Moscow, ob qho tib si hauv Lub Tsev Haujlwm Tshwj Xeeb ntawm Koj Tus Thawj Coj Lub Tsev Haujlwm thiab hauv Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Tub Rog ntawm NKMash, koj tau hnov tias cov phiaj xwm mob tshiab tau raug kos thiab tsuas yog, tsis muaj ntxiv los ntawm qhov chaw. Cov kev sib tham no tau rub mus yuav luag ib xyoos, tab sis tej yam tseem nyob ntawd. Nws tsis zoo ua haujlwm li ntawd."

Cov thawj coj tau ua, tab sis cov duab pom zoo los ntawm nws yuav tsum tau hloov kho, raws li lawv hais, raws li txoj kev. Yog li, nyob rau hauv 1938, ib txoj kev npaj tau tsim rau cov tsim ntawm aircraft nyob rau hauv tus nqi ntawm 25 txhiab ib xyoo. Thiab cov txiaj ntsig ntawm xyoo 1939 tau zoo li tias tsuas yog 8% ntawm lub hom phiaj tau ua los ntawm cov tsheb sib ntaus sib tua. Kev tsim kho ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom, uas yuav tsum tau muab cov ntim loj heev, tau mus qeeb dua li qhov tau npaj tseg.

Tab sis kev sib tw ua tsov rog ua ntej muaj lwm yam teeb meem ib yam. Tshwj xeeb, lawv txhawj xeeb txog kev kho tshiab ntawm cov cuab yeej siv, uas kuj tsis ua raws li cov kev xav tau ntawm cov tub rog.

Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov - dav hlau

Keeb kwm Gennady Kostyrchenko ntseeg hais tias qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb ntawm Soviet aviation thaum pib ntawm 1940s yog qhov tsis muaj kev siv tshuab niaj hnub. Cov kws tsav dav hlau muaj cov qauv ntawm nruab nrab-1930s ntawm lawv qhov chaw pov tseg, thiab lawv tau pom tseeb qis dua rau cov neeg German, tab sis tsis muaj cov foob pob tawg thiab tawm tsam lub dav hlau.

IB Bomber SB-2, 1939
IB Bomber SB-2, 1939

Cov kauj ruam tau coj los daws qhov teeb meem no: lawv tau hloov ntau lub lag luam mus rau Cov Neeg Ua Haujlwm Kev Lag Luam ntawm Kev Lag Luam Kev Lag Luam ntawm USSR (ntawm cov uas tseem muaj cov tsis tseem ceeb, piv txwv li, cov tsev kawm ntawv lossis cov chaw ua haujlwm ntawm cov twj paj nruag), pib koom tes nrog lub Tebchaws Meskas (kev cuam tshuam tom qab pib ua tsov rog nrog Finland) thiab nrog lub teb chaws Yelemees. Cov Germans, los ntawm txoj kev, tsis zais lawv cov novelties, lawv txawm muag ntau tshaj 30 lub tsheb niaj hnub rau lub USSR.

Lawv tsis ntshai ntawm kev sib tw, vim hais tias qhov zoo ntawm German aircraft kev lag luam yog pom tseeb: 80 aircraft tau tsim nyob rau hauv ib hnub, thiab nyob rau hauv lub USSR - 30. Ntau lawm volumes nce los ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm Joseph Stalin, tab sis cov no yog cov qub qauv. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, thaum pib ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog, ntau tshaj 80% ntawm lub dav hlau ntawm lub Soviet Air Force twb tsis siv los yog tsuas yog ploj mus.

Siab ceev ua ntej

Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov tub rog tau txiav txim siab los ntawm kev npaj cais. Yog li, thaum lub sij hawm tsib xyoos ntawm 1938-1942, nws tau npaj kom muaj cov nkoj loj loj, vim tias yuav luag txhua lub nkoj muaj nyob hauv chav kawm no tau tsim txawm tias ua ntej lub kiv puag ncig. Tab sis thaum kev hem thawj ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog tau tshwm sim, kev tsim khoom tau hloov mus rau submarines, destroyers, minesweepers, thiab torpedo nkoj. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, muaj 219 lub nkoj ua haujlwm (xws li 91 submarines thiab 45 destroyers), thiab nyob rau hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm xyoo 1941, muaj txog 60 ntawm lawv tau muab tso rau hauv kev ua haujlwm, thiab cov nkoj tseem tshuav tau ua tiav thaum tsov rog, thiab qee qhov tsis tau muaj sij hawm los koom ua tub rog, ib yam dab tsi yeej tsis tiav. Thaum Lub Rau Hli 1941, lub nkoj tau hloov kho tsuas yog 30%.

Qee lub nkoj feem ntau tsis tuaj yeem ua haujlwm. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv lub USSR Navy tsis muaj ib tug niaj hnub minesweepers tsim nyog rau kuv clearance (thiab tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub Dawb thiab Barents Seas, lub Germans xa yuav luag 52 txhiab mines), tsis muaj tshwj xeeb tsim minelayers, tsaws khoom, thiab tsis muaj txaus pab. nkoj.

Submarines ntawm hom "Pike"
Submarines ntawm hom "Pike"

Tab sis kuj tseem muaj kev vam meej: nyob rau xyoo 1930s, lawv tau tsim ib qhov Project 122 naval ciam teb nkoj nkoj thiab tswj kom tso ob peb chav; Cov Navy tau siv lawv ua cov nkoj tua nkoj submarine. Thaum kawg ntawm 1938, ib tug qauv ntawm ib pab tub rog high-ceev minesweeper tshwm sim (txoj haujlwm 59), ntawm uas 20 twb tau nteg nyob rau hauv thaum pib ntawm tsov rog, thiab 13 submarines ntawm Shch hom - nto moo Shchuk - kuj tau. tso.

Puas yog peb lub tank ceev?

Thawj lub tank ntawm kev loj hlob hauv tsev yog suav tias yog MS-1 (me me, tom qab - T-18). Nws tau tsim los ntawm cov qauv txawv teb chaws ntawm FIAT thiab Renault rov qab rau xyoo 1920, thiab qee qhov piv txwv tau koom nrog Kev Tsov Rog Loj Loj. Tab sis, ntawm chav kawm, cov qauv tshiab thiab kev lag luam niaj hnub xav tau: nyob rau hauv lub USSR muaj teeb meem nrog rau zus tau tej cov cav tank, bearings, armor, lem.

Nyob rau hauv 1930-1931, cov thawj coj ntawm Red Army pib txiav txim siab, yuav cov qauv ntawm cov tank siab heev nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws United States thiab England - tus qauv American J. Christie thiab British Vickers-Armstrong tank. Nyob rau hauv lub USSR, lub Vickers tau los ua lub T-26 tank, thiab lub Christie tank los ua lub BT tsheb (lub high-speed wheeled-tracked tank). Lawv tau los ua cov qauv nrov tshaj plaws. Cov tso tsheb hlau luam me me (T-37/38), nruab nrab T-28 thiab hnyav T-35 kuj tau tsim, tab sis tsis muaj ntau npaum li ntawd.

Nws yuav zoo li tias muaj ob qho tib si niaj hnub qauv thiab kev nkag siab tias cov tub rog xav tau lub tank, tab sis tsis muaj cov neeg ua haujlwm tsim nyog txaus. Thiab qhov no ua rau qeeb qeeb ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev lag luam thiab ua rau muaj feem pua ntawm kev tsis lees paub. Tsis tas li ntawd, tsis muaj lub cav txaus rau cov tso tsheb hlau luam hauv tsev: piv txwv li, cov qauv BT nrov tau nruab nrog Asmeskas cov cav tsis ua haujlwm los ntawm aviation. Kev txhim kho hauv tsev lag luam poob qab cov phiaj xwm kho dua tshiab.

Tank T-34 qauv 1941
Tank T-34 qauv 1941

Nyob rau hauv 1940, lub serial zus tau tej cov loj loj T-34 tank, tsim los ntawm tus tsim chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm Kharkov cog, pib. Nws tshaj cov qauv zoo sib xws hauv kev muaj peev xwm hla teb chaws, kev ua haujlwm, kev txav mus los. Txawm hais tias muaj kev vam meej, kev khiav tawm ntawm xyoo 1941 cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau lub xeev ntawm kev lag luam tank: nws tsis tuaj yeem ua tiav cov haujlwm ntawm kev txhim kho ntau tus qauv, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau maj mam tso cov tsheb tshiab los hloov cov neeg ploj hauv thawj hnub ntawm tsov rog.

Hauv cov lus ntawm cov lej

Yog li nws puas tuaj yeem teb cov lus nug ntawm ntau npaum li cas thiab cov riam phom zoo li cas rau Red Army thaum Lub Rau Hli 22, 1941? Cov kws tshawb fawb ntawm lub koom haum ntawm Tub Rog Keeb Kwm ntawm Ministry of Defense ntawm Lavxias Federation nco ntsoov tias tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv ntseeg tau tshwj xeeb rau hnub no. Cov ntaub ntawv uas tau npaj rau cov ntaub ntawv ntawm qhov teeb meem no feem ntau tau muab rov qab ua dua, uas txhais tau hais tias lawv tsis tuaj yeem suav tias yog kev tso cai tag nrho. Lub koom haum ntawm Tub Rog Keeb Kwm ua haujlwm nrog cov duab rau Lub Rau Hli 1.

Tsis tas li ntawd, los ntawm lub sijhawm ua tsov rog pib, ntau cov qauv ntawm cov cuab yeej raug txiav tawm, tab sis tseem nyob hauv kev pabcuam. Qhov no ua rau muaj teeb meem hauv kev ua haujlwm thiab kho. Yog li, kev tsim cov BT-2 thiab BT-5 tso tsheb hlau luam raug tso tseg, thiab muaj tag nrho ntawm 450 units hauv cov tub rog. Tib yam siv rau T-37 tank (kwv yees li 1500 units), T-28 thiab T-35 (txog 350 lub tsheb nyob rau hauv tag nrho). Muaj ib qho teeb meem zoo sib xws nrog lub dav hlau: I-15 tsis tau tsim, tab sis muaj txog 700 units hauv kev pabcuam, tib yam rau I-16 (txog 3700 pabcuam), DB-3 (txog 1000), SB (txog 3400) thiab AR-2 (txog 130 lub dav hlau pabcuam tau nyob hauv tub rog). Yog li ntawd, tag nrho cov naj npawb ntawm qee hom riam phom tsis hais txog qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm nws txoj kev siv tag nrho.

Qhov zoo ntawm qhov chaw ua si phom loj thaum Lub Rau Hli 1941 tsis tuaj yeem ntsuas txhua. Cov kws tshawb fawb ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Tub Rog Keeb Kwm tau sau tseg tias cov ntaub ntawv txhim khu kev qha kawg uas pom hauv cov ntaub ntawv khaws tseg ntawm cov ncauj lus no hnub tim txij lub Ib Hlis 1, 1941, thiab, raws li lawv, rab phom txuas ntxiv mus ua haujlwm, suav nrog cov tsim tawm xyoo 1915 thiab txawm tias ntxov dua. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias cov teeb meem uas tsis tuaj yeem tshwm sim nrog lawv txoj haujlwm.

Tus naj npawb ntawm lub zog ntawm Red Army thiab Navy:

Cov neeg (cov neeg):

- Cov tub rog nquag: 2 742 881

- PIB: 618 745

- Cov tub rog tsis muaj zog: 2 073 103 *

Tub rog:

Cov tub rog me (cov tub rog nquag, cov tub rog tsis muaj zog, cia): 7 983 119

artillery armament (cov tub rog nquag, cov tub rog tsis muaj zog, cia): 117 581

Tank:

hnyav: 563 (feem ntau siv tau)

nruab nrab: 1,373 (kev pabcuam - 1,183)

Lub teeb: 19864 (serviceable - 15 882)

Cov tso tsheb hlau luam tshwj xeeb thiab cov khoom siv tus kheej: 1,306 (kev pabcuam - 1,077)

Lub dav hlau:

Sib ntaus sib tua: 18 759 (kev pabcuam - 16 052)

suav nrog cov foob pob hluav taws - 5912, cov neeg tua hluav taws - 8611, tua dav hlau - 57

Lwm lub dav hlau: 5,729 (kev pabcuam - 4,978)

Navy:

warships, nkoj, submarines: 910

Cov tub rog ntawm Germans, tsom rau kev tawm tsam ntawm USSR, muaj txog 4,050,000 tus neeg (3,300,000 hauv av thiab SS rog, 650,000 hauv aviation thiab txog 100,000 hauv tub rog). Tsis tas li ntawd, 43,812 phom thiab mortars, 4,215 tanks thiab phom phom, thiab 3,909 lub dav hlau tau ua haujlwm. Thaum Lub Rau Hli 22, 1941, Lub Tebchaws Yelemees cov phoojywg kuj tau coj 744,800 tus neeg, 5,502 phom thiab mortars, 306 lub tank thiab 886 lub dav hlau mus rau ciam teb ntawm USSR.

Barbarossa txoj kev npaj
Barbarossa txoj kev npaj

Txawm li cas los xij, cov nuj nqis no tsuas yog hu ua qhov taw qhia. Muaj ntau ntau nuances tom qab txhua tus ntawm lawv. Yog li, piv txwv li, qhov sib piv ntawm cov dav hlau los ntawm USSR thiab lub teb chaws Yelemees mus rau qhov pib ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog yog li 4: 1. Thiab nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm German Air Force tsis muaj kev ntseeg siab. Kev cob qhia: qhov nruab nrab ntawm kev cob qhia ntawm Soviet aces yog 30-180 teev, thiab German - 450 teev. Txhua hom riam phom muaj nws tus kheej nuances.

Txawm li cas los xij, thaum Lub Rau Hli 22, nruab nrab ntawm 7 txog 8 teev sawv ntxov, Txoj Cai No 2 ntawm Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Tiv Thaiv tau tsim, uas xav tau: "Cov tub rog los ntawm txhua txoj kev thiab txhais tau tias tua cov yeeb ncuab rog thiab rhuav tshem lawv hauv thaj chaw uas lawv tau ua txhaum cai. Soviet ciam teb." Nws siv ntau lub hlis los ua kom tiav. Kev tsov rog uas xav tau pib tam sim ntawd.

Pom zoo: