Ntau npaum li cas tib neeg ntsuj plig thaum lub sij hawm tsarist Russia?

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Thaum Grand Duchy ntawm Moscow thaum kawg tso nws tus kheej los ntawm Horde dependence, tus nqi sab hauv rau ib tug tub qhe Lavxias nyob ntawm ib mus rau peb rubles. Ib puas xyoo tom qab, los ntawm nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th, ib tug qhev twb kim dua me ntsis - los ntawm ib tug thiab ib nrab mus rau plaub rubles …

Thaum pib ntawm lub reign ntawm Boris Godunov, nyob rau hauv lub ua ntej ntawm lub sij hawm ntawm teeb meem, nyob rau hauv zoo-paub xyoo, tus nqi ntawm ib tug qhev yog plaub los yog tsib rubles, nyob rau hauv tshaib plab ntshiv xyoo nws poob mus rau ob rubles.

Kev tsov kev rog thiab kev ntes ntawm ntau tus neeg raug kaw ib ntus txo tus nqi ntawm cov khoom nyob rau qhov tsawg kawg nkaus. Piv txwv li, thaum lub sij hawm Lavxias teb sab-Swedish ua tsov ua rog ntawm 1554-1557, cov tub rog nyob rau hauv lub commander ntawm lub voivode Peter Shchenyatev yeej lub Swedish pab tub rog nyob ze Vyborg thiab ntes tau ntau tus neeg raug kaw nyob rau hauv Finland thiab Karelia, tus nqi ntawm uas tam sim ntawd poob mus rau ib tug penny nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws. kev nkag siab.

Ib ntawm Lavxias teb sab keeb kwm ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th muab cov nqi no: "Nyob rau hauv lub hryvnia ntawm cov Germans, thiab cov ntxhais nyob rau hauv tsib altyns." Ntawm no, lub hryvnia twb hu ua ib tug dime, ib tug 10 kopeck npib, thiab altyn yog ib tug Moscow peb kopeck npib.

Ntawd yog, ib tug neeg raug ntes Finn, Karelian lossis Swede raug muag los ntawm tus neeg tua phom ntawm boyar Shchenyatev rau 10 kopecks, thiab cov tub ntxhais hluas raug ntes - ntawm 15 kopecks.

Nyob rau hauv 1594, tus nqi nruab nrab ntawm ib tug qhev nyob rau hauv Novgorod yog 4 rubles 33 kopecks, thiab nyob rau hauv lub xeev Novgorod, tus nqi ntawm cov qhev nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm 2 rubles 73 kopecks rau 3 rubles 63 kopecks.

Siberia tau suav hais tias yog thaj tsam ciam teb, thiab kev lis kev cai tau them rau cov khoom nyob hauv yuav los ntawm cov neeg muag khoom txawv teb chaws, nrog rau cov tsiaj txhu thiab lwm yam khoom lag luam.

Tus neeg uas yuav tus qhev them lub "universal" nyob rau hauv tus nqi ntawm yim altyns thiab ob nyiaj (uas yog, 25 kopecks) rau txhua tus, thiab tus neeg muag khoom, them tus nqi "feem kaum", 10% ntawm tus nqi muag. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, tus nqi nruab nrab rau ib tug qhev nyob rau hauv Siberia thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th yog ob rubles thiab ib nrab.

Tus nqi rau cov poj niam zoo nkauj tau ib txwm siab dua. Piv txwv li, "phau ntawv ntawm fortresses" (lub Siberian analogue ntawm enslaving cov phau ntawv uas sau muas nrog tib neeg cov khoom) ntawm lub nroog ntawm Tomsk muaj cov ntaub ntawv uas "1702, Gen. nyob rau 11th hnub," boyar tus tub Pyotr Grechenin xa. lub fortress ntawm kev muag khoom rau "tag nrho zhonka Kyrgyz breeds" (uas yog, ib tug neeg raug txhom los ntawm Yenisei Kyrgyz), uas tau muag rau Grechenin los ntawm Tomsk Cossack Fedor Cherepanov rau tsib rubles.

Tus thawj coj tau sau tseg tias tus neeg yuav khoom tuaj yeem "muab mus ib txhis" thiab "muag thiab qiv nyiaj rau sab ntawm Kyrgyz yug". Ib lub luag haujlwm raug coj los ntawm qhov kev sib pauv no: "Los ntawm kev txiav txim siab ntawm tus huab tais loj, lub luag haujlwm nyiaj los ntawm ruble rau altyn, tag nrho, tsib altyns raug coj mus rau tag nrho cov nyiaj txiag ntawm tus huab tais loj."

Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, ib tug poj niam ntawm "Kyrgyz yug" raug nqi lub nobleman Grechenin 5 rubles 15 kopecks.

Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, cov ntaub ntawv muaj ntau cov pov thawj ntawm kev lag luam hauv Siberian aborigines thiab lawv cov nqi. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv lub tsev loj cuj Berezovsky, ib tug Khanty ntxhais (Ostyachka) nyob rau hauv lub hnub nyoog ntawm xya xyoo tuaj yeem yuav rau 20 kopecks, thiab ib tug me nyuam tub ntawm tib lub hnub nyoog yog tsib kopecks kim dua.

Swedish Lieutenant Colonel Johann Stralenberg, tom qab swb ntawm Poltava, raug ntes thiab xaus rau hauv Siberia. Tom qab ntawd nws tau piav txog nws cov kev soj ntsuam raws li Yakuts, "thaum lawv nyob hauv yasak thiab xav tau nuj nqis, lawv cov menyuam, txog li 10 thiab 12 xyoos, raug muag rau cov neeg Lavxias thiab cov neeg txawv tebchaws rau ob lossis peb txhiab rubles tsis muaj kev hlub tshua."

Tobolsk pov thawj Pyotr Solovtsov piav txog qhov xwm txheej hauv Kamchatka tib lub xyoo: "Kamchadals thiab lwm yam neeg txawv teb chaws tau raug coj mus rau qhov kev hem thawj uas cov niam txiv lawv tus kheej muag lawv cov menyuam rau Cossacks thiab cov neeg lag luam rau ib ruble thiab ib nrab ruble."

Xyoo 1755, Senate hauv nws txoj cai tau tso cai rau cov txiv plig Lavxias, tub lag luam, Cossacks thiab cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lwm cov chav kawm uas tsis yog nom tswv los yuav "cov neeg tsis ntseeg" hauv kev poob cev qhev - Kalmyks, Kumyks, Chechens, Kazakhs, Karakalpaks, Turkmens, Tatars, Bashkirs, Baraba Tatars cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lwm haiv neeg uas lees paub Islam lossis paganism.

Nyob rau hauv 1758, cov nram qab no cov nqi rau cov qhev muaj nyob rau hauv Orenburg: "rau ib lub hnub nyoog (uas yog, ib tug neeg laus) thiab ib tug txiv neej haum rau recruiting" - 25 rubles, rau cov neeg laus thiab cov me nyuam "ib tug txiv neej pw" - los ntawm 10 mus rau 15 rubles., "rau ib tug poj niam pw ua ke" - "rau 15 los yog nyob ntawm tus neeg thiab rau 20 rubles." Cov av yog cov neeg pluag thiab lub xeev, yog li tus nqi rau cov neeg ntawm no tau qis dua nyob rau hauv lub xeev uas muaj neeg coob coob ntawm central Russia.

Nyob rau hauv 1782, nyob rau hauv lub Chukhloma koog tsev kawm ntawv ntawm lub Kostroma tus thawj tswj hwm, raws li kev thov ntawm tus thawj coj ntawm lub thib ob qeb Pyotr Andreevich Bornovolokov, ib tug inventory yog ua los ntawm cov cuab yeej ntawm nws cov nuj nqis, Captain Ivan Ivanovich Zinoviev. Cov tub ceev xwm ua tib zoo piav qhia thiab ntsuas txhua yam khoom - los ntawm cov khoom siv thiab cov tsiaj mus rau serfs:

Nyob rau hauv tib lub vaj ntawm nyuj: ib tug liab gelding, ib tug neeg laus nyob rau hauv lub xyoo, raws li kev kwv yees ntawm 2 rubles, ib tug piebald gelding hnub nyoog 12 xyoo, raws li kev soj ntsuam. 1 RUB 80 kopecks, 9 xyoo gelding - 2 rubles. 25 kopecks, dub mare, neeg laus hauv xyoo - 75 kopecks …

Nyob rau hauv lub tshav puam ntawm lub tshav puam neeg: Leonty Nikitin, 40 xyoo, kwv yees li ntawm 30 rubles. Nws tus poj niam Marina Stepanova yog 25 xyoo, kwv yees li ntawm 10 rubles. Efim Osipov 23 xyoo, kwv yees li ntawm 40 rubles. Nws tus poj niam Marina Dementieva yog 30 xyoo, raws li kev kwv yees ntawm 8 rubles. Lawv muaj menyuam - tus tub ntawm Guryan yog 4 xyoos, 5 rubles, tus ntxhais ntawm Vasilisa yog 9 xyoo, raws li kev kwv yees ntawm 3 rubles, Matryona muaj ib xyoos, raws li kev kwv yees ntawm 50 kopecks. Fedor yog 20 xyoo ntawm qhov kwv yees ntawm 45 rubles. Kuzma, ib leeg, 17 xyoo, kwv yees ntawm 36 rubles."

Tus naas ej keeb kwm ntawm xyoo pua 19th Vasily Klyuchevsky piav txog tus nqi ntawm cov khoom nyob hauv lub xyoo pua dhau los: Thaum pib ntawm Catherine txoj kev kav, thaum tag nrho cov zos yuav ib tug neeg ua liaj ua teb nrog av, feem ntau nws muaj nqis ntawm 30 rubles. bank nyob rau hauv 1786, tus nqi ntawm tus ntsuj plig nce mus rau 80 rubles., txawm hais tias lub tsev txhab nyiaj txais noble vaj tse raws li ib tug collateral rau tsuas yog 40 rubles. rau tus plig.

Thaum kawg ntawm Catherine txoj kev kav, feem ntau nyuaj rau yuav ib qho cuab yeej cuab tam rau tsawg dua 100 rubles. rau tus plig. Hauv khw muag khoom, tus neeg ua haujlwm noj qab haus huv uas tau yuav rau hauv kev nrhiav neeg ua haujlwm raug nqi ntawm 120 rubles. Thaum pib ntawm lub reign thiab 400 rubles nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm nws.

Xyoo 1800, cov ntawv xov xwm "Moskovskie vedomosti" tsis tu ncua tshaj tawm cov ntsiab lus hauv qab no: "Cov neeg hauv tsev tau raug muag ntau dhau: tus tsim khau, 22 xyoo, nws tus poj niam thiab nws tus poj niam ntxhua khaub ncaws. Tus nqi yog 500 rubles.

Lwm tus cutter muaj 20 xyoo nrog nws tus poj niam, thiab nws tus poj niam yog ib tug zoo washerwoman, nws kuj sews linen zoo. Thiab tus nqi yog 400 rubles. Lawv tuaj yeem pom ntawm Ostozhenka, tsis muaj 309 …"

Cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm tau kawm paub meej txog kev tshaj tawm rau kev muag khoom ntawm cov serfs nyob rau hauv "St. Petersburg Vedomosti" nyob rau hauv lub xeem xyoo ntawm lub kaum yim caug xyoo. Qhov nruab nrab, tus nqi rau "cov ntxhais ua haujlwm" yog 150-170 rubles.

Rau "cov tub txib txawj ntse hauv kev xaws khaub ncaws" lawv thov ntau dua, txog li 250 rubles. Tus kws qhia paub txog nrog nws tus poj niam, tus kws ua zaub mov, raug nqi 1000 rubles, thiab ua noj nrog nws tus poj niam thiab tus tub muaj hnub nyoog ob xyoos raug nqi 800 rubles.

Cov tub hluas raug nqi los ntawm 150 mus rau 200 rubles nyob rau nruab nrab. Rau cov tub ntxhais hluas tau kawm nyeem thiab sau ntawv, lawv thov rau 300 rubles.

Tab sis cov no yog precisely tus nqi siab nyob rau hauv lub peev. Nyob rau hauv lub xeev Novgorod nyob sib ze nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, nyob rau hauv ib lub zos nyob deb nroog, ib tug yuav yuav ib tug "neeg pluag ntxhais" rau 5 rubles. Thiab nyob rau sab nrauv ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman, cov neeg feem ntau tau yuav feem ntau los ntawm kev sib pauv.

Yog li thaum Lub Ib Hlis Ntuj xyoo 1758, tus kws sau npe kawm ntawv qib siab Devyatirovsky yuav ib tug tub thiab ib tug ntxhais los ntawm cov neeg Altai hauv cheeb tsam Altai roob, them rau lawv "2 bulls, 2 cib ntawm tshuaj yej, liab tawv thiab plaub (26 litres) cereals." Nyob rau hauv 1760, nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ntawm lub Semipalatinsk fortress, tub lag luam Leonty Kazakov yuav ib tug tsib-xyoo-laus tus tub "rau 9 arshins rau velvet."

Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv Moscow thiab St. Petersburg tus nqi rau ib co serfs yog txhiab rubles. Ib tug kws qhia ntawv zoo thiab cov tub ntxhais hluas ua yeeb yam "zoo saib" feem ntau raug nqi los ntawm ob txhiab rubles thiab ntau dua. Tub huabtais Potemkin ib zaug yuav ib tug tag nrho orchestra los ntawm suav Razumovsky rau 40 txhiab rubles, thiab 5 txhiab rubles tau them rau ib tug "neeg ua yeeb yam".

Nyob rau hauv 1806, tus neeg muag khoom ntawm vodka mus rau lub imperial tsev hais plaub, Aleksey Yemelyanovich Stolypin, muab nws troupe ntawm serf lam rau muag. Qhov no Penza tus tswv av (los ntawm txoj kev, ib tug txheeb ze ntawm kws sau paj lug Mikhail Lermontov thiab politician Pyotr Stolypin) muaj peasants nyob rau hauv lub Penza, Vladimir, Nizhny Novgorod, Moscow, Saratov thiab Simbirsk xeev. Tsuas yog nyob ze Penza nws muaj 1146 tus ntsuj plig.

Tus tswv av Stolypin xav tau 42,000 rubles rau nws cov neeg ua yeeb yam. Tus thawj coj ntawm lub imperial theatre, tus thawj chamberlain (cov thawj coj theem) Alexander Naryshkin, tau kawm txog xws li ib tug lag luam wholesale, tig mus rau Tsar Alexander kuv, pom zoo kom yuav tawm lub muag troupe rau lub imperial ua yeeb yam: muas ntawm no.

Tus huab tais tau pom zoo yuav cov khoom tsim nyog nyob, tab sis suav tias tus nqi siab dhau lawm. Tom qab kev sib tham, Stolypin tau muab nws pab pawg mus rau Lavxias teb sab tsar rau 32,000 rubles.

Me ntsis ua ntej qhov kev yuav khoom vaj ntxwv no, tus tswv av Elena Alekseevna Chertkova, uas yog tswv cuab yeej cuab tam hauv Yaroslavl thiab Vladimir, tau muag tag nrho lub suab paj nruag ntawm 44 tus kws ntaus nkauj rau 37,000 rubles.

Raws li tau hais nyob rau hauv daim ntawv cog lus muag, "los ntawm lawv cov poj niam, menyuam yaus thiab tsev neeg, thiab tag nrho cov kev hloov me ntsis, 98 tus neeg … Ntawm no, 64 yog txiv neej thiab 34 yog poj niam, suav nrog cov neeg laus, menyuam yaus, ntaus suab paj nruag, ncuav qab zib thiab lwm yam khoom siv."

Nyob rau yav tsaus ntuj ntawm Napoleon qhov ntxeem tau ntawm Russia, lub teb chaws tus nqi nruab nrab ntawm ib tug serf tau nce mus txog 200 rubles. Nyob rau hauv lub tom ntej no xyoo, pom meej nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog rau cov nyiaj txiag kev lag luam thiab nyiaj txiag teeb meem raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm ntev thiab nyuaj Napoleonic tsov rog rau Russia, cov nqi rau cov neeg poob rau 100 rubles. Lawv khaws cia nyob rau theem no kom txog rau thaum plaub caug xyoo XIX, thaum lawv pib loj hlob dua.

Interestingly, tus nqi ntawm serfs nyob rau hauv Russia yog qis dua tus nqi ntawm qhev nyob rau hauv Central Asia. Los ntawm nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, qhev nyob rau hauv Khiva thiab Bukhara nqi ntawm 200 mus rau 1000 rubles thiab ntau dua.

Nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo, nyob rau hauv North America, ib tug dub Negro qhev raug nqi ib tug nruab nrab ntawm 2,000-3,000 phaus, uas yog, peb mus rau plaub lub sij hawm kim tshaj tus nqi nruab nrab ntawm ib tug Lavxias teb sab tswv tsev neeg ua liaj ua teb nyob rau hauv ua ntej ntawm lub abolition ntawm serfdom.