Cov txheej txheem ntawm tub ceev xwm ua hauj lwm nrog tub sab thiab tub lag luam nyob rau hauv Russia nyob rau hauv lub XIX-XX centuries

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Nws tsis paub meej thaum cov lus hais tias "Yog tias koj tsis khib, koj yuav tsis muag" tshwm sim, tab sis qhov teeb meem no, cov tub lag luam hauv tsev tau ua tiav daim duab tsis tau pom dua. "Hauv kev lag luam yam tsis muaj kev dag ntxias, thiab nws yog tsis yooj yim sua … Tus ntsuj plig yuav tsis ua siab ntev! Los ntawm ib qho nyiaj npib, los ntawm ob qho tib si, thiab nws mus ntev. Peb tus neeg muag khoom tau qhia txog kev lag luam no tau tsib xyoos," tus kws paub tsis paub philosophized ib puas xyoo dhau los.

Cov neeg muag khoom cunning tau tswj hwm - tsis muaj tsawg cunning nroog thiab tub ceev xwm. Hais txog yuav ua li cas kev sib raug zoo ntawm tub ceev xwm thiab tub sab thiab tub lag luam tau tsim - nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm sketches ntawm lub "Budget" magazine.

Nws yog unbelievable, tab sis muaj tseeb: nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th nyob rau hauv Moscow rau 400 txhiab inhabitants tsuas muaj 5-6 murders, 2-3 robberies, txog 400 kev dag thiab txog 700 tub sab. Thiab tag nrho cov no hauv ib xyoos. Ob feem peb ntawm kev ua txhaum cai raug daws. Tab sis lub sij hawm tshiab tau los: tom qab tshem tawm ntawm serfdom, ib pawg ntawm cov neeg tau maj nrawm mus rau Moscow, thiab thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum nws cov pejxeem tau loj hlob mus rau 1 lab tus tib neeg. Tus naj npawb ntawm cov neeg "dashing" kuj tau nce.

Thiab dhau ntawm kev sib tsoo, tsis muaj txuj ci tseem ceeb

Ua ntej kev txiav txim plaub ntug ntawm nruab nrab-60s. Lub xyoo pua puas xyoo tau cuam tshuam nrog cov neeg ua txhaum cai rau pej xeem yooj yim heev. Drunken los yog lwm yam ua txhaum, coachmen, cooks, serfs raug xa los ntawm lawv cov tswv mus rau tub ceev xwm, qhov twg lawv, nyob ntawm seb qhov kev thov sau tseg nyob rau hauv daim ntawv txuas, tau flogged nrog rods. Lawv tau ua ib yam nrog cov neeg dawb los ntawm cov bourgeoisie thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv lub hoobkas. Nws yog qhov xav paub tias cov kev tua no tau pom zoo los ntawm cov neeg ua txhaum lawv tus kheej, vim tias qhov kev ua phem ntawd tau tso lawv los ntawm kev txiav txim plaub ntug liab thiab raug kaw rau kev ua txhaum me. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias tej kev rau txim no feem ntau yog ib tug pej xeem xwm thiab aroused undisguised kev pom zoo thiab txaus siab rau cov neeg zoo tib yam.

Lub xyoo pua puas xyoo tau muab peb qhov tseeb ntawm ib lub koomhaum tsis tshua muaj tub ceev xwm thiab cov tub lag luam. Thaum Lub Kaum Hli 12, 1861, cov tub ntxhais kawm tuaj rau hauv lub tsev ntawm Moscow tus thawj tswj hwm nrog kev thov kom tso lawv cov phooj ywg uas tau raug ntes yav dhau los. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv lub dispersal ntawm kev ua qauv qhia, nrog rau cov tub ceev xwm thiab lub mounted gendarmes ua lub luag hauj lwm, lub khw muag khoom ntawm Hunt Riders nquag koom nyob rau hauv no "kev tshwm sim". Cov lus tshaj tawm Muscovites hu ua qhov kev tua neeg tua neeg no "Kev Sib Tw ntawm Dresden", raws li nws tau tshwm sim ze ntawm Dresden Hotel ntawm Tverskaya Square, tawm tsam tus Thawj Kav Tebchaws Lub Tsev.

Txhua-Russian txoj cai

Cov nyiaj hli tsis txaus ntawm cov tub ceev xwm tub ceev xwm yeej ib txwm yog "kev zam txim" rau lawv kev xiab nyiaj. Tus tub ceev xwm hauv 1900 tau txais 20-27 rubles. ib hlis twg, nyob ntawm qhov ntev ntawm kev pabcuam. Cov nqi, ntawm chav kawm, kuj txawv: 1 kg ntawm nqaij nyug nqi 21 kopecks, thiab qos yaj ywm - 1.5 kopecks.

Nov yog yam uas niaj hnub sau thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th: "Lub Ministry ntawm Internal Affairs yog heev sov. Cov neeg tsis paub tab xav tsis thoob: tub ceev xwm tau txais tsis kub, tab sis lawv nyob zoo tag nrho, lawv ib txwm hnav nrog ib rab koob. twb yog demigods; lawv saib yam tsawg kawg yog teb marshal, thiab aplomb, kev zoo nkauj ntawm gestures!.. Tailors, bookbinders, shoemakers - tag nrho cov rhiav ua hauj lwm tsis muaj dab tsi rau tub ceev xwm: qhov no yog ib tug tag nrho-Lavxias txoj cai - koj tsis tuaj yeem hla nws !"

Kev kho mob

Kev nug nyob rau hauv cov teeb meem txhaum cai feem ntau yog ua nrog yuam kev ua phem. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov neeg ntseeg cov tub ceev xwm tawm tsam, tsis xav tias lawv muaj peev xwm ua kom qias neeg. Thiab, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, nws ntshai cov neeg nug lus zoo li hluav taws, uas tsis stoop rau beatings, tab sis sim ua kom paub txog lwm txoj hauv kev: lawv pub herring, tom qab ntawd lawv tsis pub haus, lossis muab tso rau hmo ntuj. nyob rau hauv kaw tag nrho ntawm bedbugs, nyob rau hauv uas tsis muaj ib tug ntawm cov neeg raug liam yuav pw tsaug zog tsawg kawg yog ib feeb. Cov neeg tau zam cov neeg soj ntsuam zoo li no nrog tag nrho lawv lub peev xwm thiab sim mus rau lwm qhov chaw tub ceev xwm, qhov chaw tau ua "ua kom raug", uas yog, lawv tsis pub dab tsi tshwj tsis yog kev tua neeg.

Nyob rau tib lub xyoo, muaj lwm txoj kev qub qub ntawm kev rau txim rau tub sab tub nyiag. Tus tub ceev xwm muaj cai txwv tsis pub rub tus tub sab mus rau hauv tub ceev xwm chaw nres tsheb, tab sis rub tus ntoo khaub lig hauv lub voj voog ntawm nws nraub qaum nrog chalk thiab, tau muab ib rab chais, yuam txoj kev taug kev ntawm qhov chaw ntawm qhov kev ua txhaum kom ua pauj. Muaj ntau tus neeg sweepers rau hnub so, thaum tub sab ntawm ob qho tib si poj niam txiv neej, qee zaum hnav ris tsho zoo nkauj, seev cev ntawm cov neeg coob coob ntawm kev taug kev thiab cov neeg yuav khoom. Cov tub ceev xwm, uas paub ntau tus neeg dag ntxias los ntawm qhov pom, tsis doze. Thiab cov dandies thiab luxuriously hnav khaub ncaws poj niam nrog brooms nyob rau hauv lawv txhais tes thiab crosses pleev xim rau tom qab ntawm cov khaub ncaws kim, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog aroused lub witticisms thiab tso dag ntawm cov neeg siv, uas npaj tag nrho cov festivals nyob ib ncig ntawm lawv.

Lub teb chaws kev txaj muag feem ntau tshwm sim mus txog thaum tsaus ntuj, tom qab ntawd tus tub ceev xwm coj cov tub sab, khi los ntawm tes nrog txoj hlua, zoo li ntawm txoj hlua khi, mus rau tub ceev xwm chaw nres tsheb. Hnub tom qab lawv tshee hnyo lub pav nyob ze ntawm tsoom fwv chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm cheeb tsam no, thiab nyob rau hauv yav tsaus ntuj, tom qab ua hauj lwm, lawv nkag mus rau cov npe tub sab thiab raug tso tawm tsev. Yog li, "kev sim" ua ke nrog kev pabcuam ntawm kab lus tsis pub dhau ib hnub. Tom qab cov thawj tswj hwm lub tsev hais plaub nrog "kev coj noj coj ua" kev cai lij choj pib pib hauv xyoo 1866, lawv zoo li cov neeg "hackneyed".

Kev ua pej xeem

Lwm hnub Sunday nyob rau lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav lossis lub caij ntuj sov, lub suab nrov nrov tau hnov los ntawm txoj kev ntawm Moscow, thiab cov duab hauv qab no zoo li xav paub: ib pab tub rog thiab ib tug tub ceev xwm ua raws li tus ntaus nruas, ua raws li ob tug nees rub lub platform pleev xim dub., nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm ob los yog plaub tus neeg raug kaw feem ntau zaum ntawm lub rooj ntev zaum - txiv neej lossis poj niam hauv lub tsho grey, ntawm lawv lub hauv siab dai cov plaques dub nrog cov ntawv sau hauv cov ntawv dawb loj: "Rau kev tua neeg," "Rau hluav taws," "Rau tub sab, " thiab lwm yam. Ib tug txiv neej hauv lub tsho liab tau taug kev ntawm ib sab ntawm lub tsheb loj - tus tua neeg … Qhov no tau coj mus rau Korovya Square (hnub no nws yog thaj chaw ntawm Oktyabrskaya metro chaw nres tsheb ntawm Moscow metro chaw nres tsheb), tshem tawm los ntawm lub tsev hais plaub ntawm tag nrho cov cai ntawm lub xeev ntawm cov neeg ua phem txhaum cai, raug txim mus rau lub zog ua hauj lwm los yog nyob rau hauv Siberia. rau qhov kev tua ntawm "rite of civil execution" tshaj lawv.

Thaum tuaj txog ntawm lub xwmfab, tus neeg ua phem raug coj mus rau hauv ib lub rooj ntoo ua thaum hmo ntuj thiab muab tso rau hauv tus ncej. Tus pov thawj tau ntuas nws thiab cia nws hnia tus ntoo khaub lig, tom qab ntawd cov lus txiav txim tau nyeem nrov nrov (yog tias tus neeg txiav txim siab yog ib tug neeg muaj koob muaj npe, rab ntaj tau tawg hla nws lub taub hau). Ces ib tug drumbeat twb hnov, thiab tus neeg raug kaw raug chained rau kaum feeb mus rau ib tug pillory. Cov neeg nyob hauv nroog tau sib sau ua ke ntawm cov nyiaj npib tooj liab uas npaj rau tus neeg txiav txim siab mus rau hauv lub scaffold, thiab qee zaum tau sau ntau ntau. Yog li, tsis zoo li cov neeg nyiam hais txog Moscow thiab kua muag, cov neeg ntawm Moscow qhia kev hlub tshua, tab sis rau cov neeg txhaum, tab sis tseem yog ib tug neeg tsis muaj hmoo.

Txawm li cas los xij, kev hlub tshua Muscovites feem ntau poob rau cov tub sab, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau sab nrauv ntawm lub nroog. Nyob ntawd, nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19, raws li contemporaries, cov roj teeb hluav taws kub hnyiab heev vim lub fact tias cov firefighters nyob rau hauv lub luag hauj lwm ntawm lawv mas siv hemp roj rau teeb pom kev zoo nrog porridge. Yog li ntawd, thaum hmo ntuj ntawm txoj kev tsaus ntuj tau nrov nrov nrov: "Pab, lawv yog tub sab!" Qee tus txiv neej siab tawv tau khiav tawm hauv tsev los pab, cov uas tsis muaj siab tawv tau qhib lub qhov rais thiab qw tias "Cia peb mus!" Raws li kev qhuas thiab nrov nrov li sai tau.

Khaws koj qhov deb

Yog tias leej twg xav tias tsis muaj tub ceev xwm tsheb khiav ib puas xyoo dhau los, nws yog qhov yuam kev loj heev. Ntawm no yog cov txheej txheem ntawm tub ceev xwm ua hauj lwm nrog cabbies: yog hais tias ib tug tub ceev xwm nyob rau hauv lub post pom qhov kev ua txhaum me ntsis ntawm tus neeg tsav tsheb cab, piv txwv li, qhov deb ntawm 3 fathoms (1 fathom - 2, 1 m) tsis tau pom los yog tsis muaj ob tug nyob ntawd. yog peb tus neeg nyob hauv lub laub, nws tau muab nws phau ntawv me me thiab sau cia muaj tus lej ntawm lub tsheb tavxij, uas tau them nyiaj nplua ntawm 3 rubles.

Txhawm rau kom tsis txhob raug nplua ntau heev, tus neeg tsav tsheb tau cuam tshuam ob-kopeck hauv qab ko taw ntawm tus tub ceev xwm hauv nroog, lossis ntau dua, thiab tib lub sijhawm qw: "Ceev faj!" Tus tub ceev xwm nkag siab qhov kev quaj nrov nrov, ntsia ntawm nws txhais taw thiab, pom lub npib, imperceptibly sawv ntawm nws nrog nws khau raj. Ua ntej tus nees tram, thiab tom qab ntawd lub tsheb ciav hlau pib tshem tawm cabbies los ntawm txoj kev hauv nroog, cabbies cov nyiaj tau los, txawm tias txhua yam kev quab yuam, tau zoo heev. Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum, muaj txog 20 txhiab cabs nyob rau hauv St.

Koj qhov kev tshaj tawm tuaj yeem nyob ntawm no

Cia peb taug kev raws Moscow txoj kev ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th lig thiab nyeem cov cim (spelling khaws cia): "Pastry bartender - nrog ib lub hau rau lub tsev nyob rau hauv cov ntaub pua rooj, melkhivor thiab txhua yam tais diav ntawm nws lub rooj rau ob puas los yog ntau tshaj cov qhua. ua kev zoo siab rau kev ua tshoob kos, pob thiab kev ua koob tsheej nco txog, tsuas yog nug tus pianoforte, cov tub rog dav dav thiab violin orchestra ntawm Mr. Brabanz. Cov neeg hnav khaub ncaws, hnab looj tes thiab hauv txhua qhov xwm txheej."

Cia peb piav qhia lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev tshaj tawm kev tshaj tawm hnub rov qab mus rau 70s. xyoo pua ua ntej kawg. Melkhivor yog, ntawm chav kawm, cupronickel; cov neeg nyob hauv tailcoats thiab stockings yog waiters. Tus thawj tub rog yog ib tug laus laus, ib txwm hnav khaub ncaws thiab nrog txhua qhov kev txiav txim, uas cov tub lag luam tsis muaj txiaj ntsig tau caw kom them nqi rau ntau yam kev ua koob tsheej, dhau los ua ib tus neeg paub zoo. Tab sis kuj muaj cov sijhawm tsis txaus ntseeg heev. Nws tsis yog ib txwm muaj peev xwm mus nrhiav tau, es tsis txhob ntawm general, yam tsawg kawg yog ib tug thawj coj ntawm lub thib ob qeb, zoo li ib tug classic, thiab ib tug soeutenant los yog ib tug artist feem ntau, ntawm chav kawm, nyob rau hauv fake attire, raug caw mus ua qhua. ntawm hwm.

Thaum lub sij hawm piav nyob rau hauv lub nroog ntawm Ivanovo-Voznesensk, ib tug tub luam lub tshoob yog ua si, uas tau mus koom los ntawm ib tug "neeg txheeb ze-general", dai kom zoo nkauj nrog tsib (!) Loj shining hnub qub ntawm Persian (!) Order of the tsov ntxhuav thiab lub Hnub. Ib sab ntawm nws, ntawm lub hauv ncoo tshwj xeeb, tau sib npaug ntawm cov khoom plig cuav uas tsis haum rau nws lub hauv siab thiab lub plab. Qhov "General" no tau tawm ntawm kev ncig xyuas los ntawm lub nroog, thiab cov rooj sib tham pom zoo thiab farewells tau npaj rau nws ntawm qhov chaw nres tsheb nrog kev koom tes ntawm pawg neeg sawv cev nrog lub cim thiab qhob cij thiab ntsev, ib pab tub rog, tub ceev xwm tub ceev xwm, cov neeg tua hluav taws thiab cov nplaim taws. Ib nrab ntawm lub nroog tau khiav mus saib "General", thiab cov neeg ua lag luam sib tw ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm tshoob kos poob lawv lub taub hau los ntawm kev ntxhov siab thiab kev khib. Los ntawm txoj kev, "General", tau nkag mus rau hauv lub luag haujlwm, suav hais tias nws tus kheej tau ua txhaum los ntawm cov nyiaj them poob haujlwm thiab thov kom them nyiaj ntxiv los ntawm cov tub lag luam hauv kev sau ntawv. Uas tau muab rau nws tawm ntawm kev ntshai ntawm scandal thiab tshaj tawm.

Kazenki

Kev lag luam tau tsom mus rau tus kheej tes, tshwj tsis yog kev muag khoom ntawm vodka, uas yog tsarist monopoly. Muaj cov khw tshwj xeeb hauv xeev cov cawv - kazenki. Lawv nyob hauv txoj kev ntsiag to deb ntawm pawg ntseeg thiab cov tsev kawm ntawv - qhov no yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua los ntawm tub ceev xwm cov cai. Vodka tau muag nyob rau hauv ob ntau yam, uas txawv nyob rau hauv cov xim ntawm sealing ciab. Qhov pheej yig dua, nrog "lub taub hau liab", raug nqi 40 kopecks. Ib lub raj mis ntawm vodka (0.6 litres) ntawm qib siab tshaj nrog "dawb taub hau" - 60 kopecks. (1910). Khiav (120 grams) thiab neeg phem (60 grams) kuj raug muag. Cov nyiaj hauv lub khw tau txais los ntawm ib tug poj niam, feem ntau yog poj ntsuam ntawm ib tug me me tub ceev xwm, tab sis lub raj mis tau muab tawm los ntawm ib tug loj heev nyuj uas, nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm, muaj peev xwm "tso" txhua yam qaug dej qaug cawv.

Tag nrho cov phab ntsa nyob ib ncig ntawm cov breeches no tau npog nrog cov cim liab. Feem ntau cov neeg pluag, tau yuav ib tug pheej yig "lub taub hau liab" thiab tawm mus rau hauv txoj kev, tuav lub sealing wax tiv thaiv phab ntsa, khob tawm lub cardboard cork nrog ib tug tshuab ntawm xibtes ntawm lawv txhais tes, thiab tam sim ntawd haus lub raj mis. Cov khoom noj txom ncauj tau nqa nrog koj los yog yuav los ntawm cov tub lag luam uas sawv ntawm qhov ntawd. Cov poj niam no muaj xim tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau lub caij ntuj no, thaum nyob rau hauv lawv daim tiab tuab lawv zaum ntawm cov qos yaj ywm nrog qos yaj ywm, hloov lub thermos thiab tib lub sij hawm basking hauv iab Frost. Cov tub ceev xwm tau faib cov tuam txhab no los ntawm cov khw muag cawv, tab sis tsis muaj kev mob siab rau, vim lawv ib txwm tau txais "lawv koob" los ntawm cov chaw ua haujlwm tsis tu ncua.