Lub neej ntawm galaxies thiab keeb kwm ntawm lawv txoj kev kawm

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Keeb kwm ntawm kev kawm ntawm cov ntiaj chaw thiab cov hnub qub yog ntsuas nyob rau hauv millennia, lub hnub, comets, asteroids thiab meteorites - nyob rau hauv centuries. Tab sis galaxies, tawg thoob plaws ntiaj teb, pawg hnub qub, cosmic gas thiab plua plav, tau los ua cov khoom ntawm kev tshawb fawb txog kev tshawb fawb hauv xyoo 1920s.

Galaxies tau pom txij li lub sijhawm immemorial. Ib tug neeg uas muaj lub ntsej muag ntse tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv ntawm lub teeb pom kev tsaus ntuj, zoo ib yam li cov kua mis. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 10th, tus Persian astronomer Abd-al-Raman al-Sufi tau hais nyob rau hauv nws Phau Ntawv Tiav Hnub Qub ob qhov chaw zoo sib xws, tam sim no hu ua Loj Magellanic Huab thiab galaxy M31, aka Andromeda.

Nrog rau kev tshwm sim ntawm telescopes, astronomers tau pom ntau thiab ntau ntawm cov khoom no, hu ua nebulae. Yog hais tias tus kws sau hnub qub Askiv Edmund Halley tau teev npe tsuas yog rau lub hnub qub hauv xyoo 1716, tom qab ntawd cov ntawv teev npe tau luam tawm xyoo 1784 los ntawm Fabkis tus kws tshawb fawb tub rog Charles Messier twb muaj 110 - thiab ntawm lawv plaub kaum lub galaxies tiag tiag (suav nrog M31).

Xyoo 1802, William Herschel tau luam tawm cov npe ntawm 2,500 nebulae, thiab nws tus tub John tau luam tawm ib phau ntawv teev npe ntawm ntau tshaj 5,000 nebulae xyoo 1864.

Peb cov neeg nyob ze tshaj plaws, Andromeda galaxy (M31), yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom siv saum ntuj ceeb tsheej rau kev ua haujlwm hnub qub kev soj ntsuam thiab kev yees duab.

Qhov xwm ntawm cov khoom no tau ntev eluded to taub. Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, ib co kev txawj ntse pom nyob rau hauv lawv stellar systems zoo ib yam li Milky Way, tab sis telescopes nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawd tsis muab lub sij hawm los ntsuam xyuas qhov kev xav no.

Ib puas xyoo tom qab, cov kev xav tau yeej hais tias txhua lub nebula yog huab cua illuminated los ntawm sab hauv los ntawm ib tug hluas hnub qub. Tom qab ntawd, cov astronomers tau ntseeg tias qee lub nebulae, suav nrog Andromeda, muaj ntau lub hnub qub, tab sis ntev ntev nws tsis paub meej tias lawv nyob hauv peb lub Galaxy lossis dhau mus.

Nws tsuas yog xyoo 1923-1924 uas Edwin Hubble txiav txim siab tias qhov kev ncua deb ntawm Ntiaj Teb mus rau Andromeda yog tsawg kawg peb zaug ntawm txoj kab uas hla ntawm Milky Way (qhov tseeb, kwv yees li 20 npaug) thiab qhov M33, lwm qhov chaw ntawm Messier catalog, tsis muaj. tsawg deb ntawm peb. nrug. Cov txiaj ntsig no tau cim qhov pib ntawm kev qhuab qhia kev tshawb fawb tshiab - galactic astronomy.

Nyob rau hauv 1926, tus naas ej American astronomer Edwin Powell Hubble tau npaj (thiab nyob rau hauv 1936 modernized) nws faib cov galaxies los ntawm lawv morphology. Vim nws cov yam ntxwv zoo, qhov kev faib tawm no tseem hu ua "Hubble Tuning Fork".

Nyob rau ntawm lub "stem" ntawm tus nkhaus tuning muaj elliptical galaxies, nyob rau hauv lub prongs ntawm diav rawg - lenticular galaxies tsis muaj lub tes tsho thiab kauv galaxies tsis muaj bar-choj thiab nrog ib tug bar. Galaxies uas tsis tuaj yeem muab cais ua ib qho ntawm cov npe teev npe hu ua tsis xwm yeem, lossis tsis xwm yeem.

Dwarfs thiab giants

Lub qab ntuj khwb puv nrog galaxies ntawm ntau qhov ntau thiab tsawg. Lawv tus lej paub txog kwv yees li. Xyoo 2004, Hubble orbiting telescope nrhiav pom txog 10,000 galaxies nyob rau hauv peb thiab ib nrab lub hlis, scanning nyob rau yav qab teb constellation Fornax ib cheeb tsam ntawm lub ntuj uas yog ib puas npaug me dua thaj tsam ntawm lub lunar disk.

Yog tias peb xav tias galaxies raug faib thoob plaws lub ntiaj teb nrog qhov ntom ntom, nws hloov tawm tias muaj 200 billion nyob rau hauv qhov chaw pom, txawm li cas los xij, qhov kev kwv yees no yog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg, vim tias lub tsom iav tsis tuaj yeem pom ntau lub galaxies faint heev..

Daim ntawv thiab cov ntsiab lus

Galaxies kuj txawv hauv morphology (uas yog, hauv cov duab). Feem ntau, lawv tau muab faib ua peb pawg tseem ceeb - disc-shaped, elliptical thiab irregular (tsis xwm yeem). Qhov no yog qhov kev faib tawm dav dav, muaj ntau cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws.

Galaxies tsis nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov random faib nyob rau hauv sab nrauv. Cov galaxies loj heev feem ntau nyob ib puag ncig los ntawm me me satellite galaxies. Ob peb Milky Way thiab Andromeda nyob sib ze muaj tsawg kawg yog 14 satellites, thiab feem ntau yuav muaj ntau ntxiv. Galaxies nyiam sib sau ua khub, triplets thiab cov pab pawg loj dua ntawm kaum ob ntawm kev sib koom tes sib koom ua ke.

Cov koom haum loj dua, pawg galactic, muaj ntau pua thiab txhiab lub galaxies (thawj cov pawg no tau tshawb pom los ntawm Messier). Qee lub sij hawm, lub galaxy tshwj xeeb ci ntsa iab tau pom nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm pawg, uas ntseeg tau tias tau tshwm sim thaum lub sij hawm sib sau ua ke ntawm cov galaxies me.

Thiab thaum kawg, tseem muaj cov superclusters, uas suav nrog ob pawg galactic thiab pawg, thiab cov galaxies ib leeg. Feem ntau cov no yog cov qauv elongated mus txog ntau pua megaparsecs ntev. Lawv sib cais los ntawm yuav luag tag galaxy-dawb qhov chaw voids ntawm tib qhov loj.

Superclusters tsis tau koom ua ke rau hauv ib qho qauv ntawm kev txiav txim siab dua thiab tau tawg mus thoob plaws hauv Cosmos hauv txoj kev random. Vim li no, ntawm qhov ntsuas ntawm ntau pua megaparsec, peb lub ntiaj teb yog homogeneous thiab isotropic.

Lub disc-shaped galaxy yog ib lub hnub qub pancake tig ib ncig ntawm lub axis hla nws qhov chaw geometric. Feem ntau ntawm ob sab ntawm lub hauv paus cheeb tsam ntawm lub pancake muaj ib tug oval bulge (los ntawm cov lus Askiv bulge). Lub bulge kuj tig, tab sis nrog qis qis tshaj tawm tshaj lub disk. Nyob rau hauv lub dav hlau ntawm lub disk, kauv ceg feem ntau pom, abounding nyob rau hauv cov tub ntxhais hluas ci luminaries. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj cov galactic discs uas tsis muaj cov qauv ntawm cov kauv, qhov twg muaj ntau cov hnub qub tsawg dua.

Lub hauv paus cheeb tsam ntawm lub disk zoo li lub galaxy tuaj yeem txiav los ntawm lub hnub qub bar - ib qho bar. Qhov chaw hauv lub disk yog ntim nrog cov pa roj thiab plua plav nruab nrab - cov khoom siv rau cov hnub qub tshiab thiab lub ntiaj teb. Lub galaxy muaj ob lub disks: stellar thiab gaseous.

Lawv nyob ib puag ncig los ntawm lub galactic halo - ib tug spherical huab ntawm rarefied kub roj thiab tsaus teeb meem, uas ua rau lub ntsiab pab rau tag nrho cov loj ntawm lub galaxy. Lub halo kuj muaj cov hnub qub qub thiab cov hnub qub globular pawg (globular pawg) txog li 13 billion xyoo. Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm yuav luag txhua daim duab galaxy, nrog lossis tsis muaj pob, muaj lub qhov dub loj heev. Cov galaxies loj tshaj plaws ntawm hom no muaj 500 billion hnub qub txhua.

Milky Way

Lub hnub revolves nyob ib ncig ntawm qhov chaw ntawm ib tug zoo tib yam kauv galaxy, uas muaj xws li 200-400 billion hnub qub. Nws txoj kab uas hla yog kwv yees li 28 kiloparsecs (tsuas yog tshaj 90 lub teeb xyoo). Lub vojvoog ntawm lub hnub ci intragalactic orbit yog 8.5 kiloparsecs (kom peb lub hnub qub hloov mus rau sab nrauv ntawm lub galactic disk), lub sijhawm ntawm kev hloov pauv tag nrho nyob ib puag ncig ntawm Galaxy yog li 250 lab xyoo.

Lub pob ntawm Milky Way yog elliptical nyob rau hauv cov duab thiab muaj ib tug bar uas twb tsis ntev los no nrhiav pom. Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub bulge yog ib tug compact core sau nrog cov hnub qub ntawm ntau lub hnub nyoog - los ntawm ob peb lab xyoo mus rau ib billion thiab laus dua. Hauv cov tub ntxhais, qab tuab plua plav huab, lus dag ib tug theej coj tus dub qhov los ntawm galactic qauv - tsuas 3.7 lab hnub ci masses.

Peb Galaxy boasts ib ob stellar disk. Sab hauv disk, uas tsis muaj ntau tshaj 500 parsec vertically, suav txog 95% ntawm cov hnub qub hauv thaj chaw disk, suav nrog tag nrho cov hnub qub ci ntsa iab. Nws nyob ib puag ncig los ntawm sab nraud disk 1,500 parsecs tuab, qhov twg cov hnub qub qub nyob. Lub gaseous (ntau qhov tseeb, roj-dust) disk ntawm Milky Way yog yam tsawg 3.5 kiloparsecs tuab. Plaub lub caj npab ntawm lub disk yog thaj tsam ntawm qhov ntom ntom ntawm cov pa roj av nruab nrab thiab muaj cov hnub qub loj tshaj plaws.

Txoj kab uas hla ntawm Milky Way lub halo yog tsawg kawg yog ob zaug ntawm txoj kab uas hla ntawm lub disk. Kwv yees li 150 pawg globular tau tshawb pom nyob rau ntawd, thiab, feem ntau yuav, txog tsib caug ntxiv tseem tsis tau pom. Cov pawg qub tshaj plaws muaj ntau dua 13 billion xyoo. Lub halo yog ntim nrog cov teeb meem tsaus ntuj nrog cov qauv lumpy.

Txog thaum tsis ntev los no, nws tau ntseeg tias lub halo yog yuav luag kheej kheej, txawm li cas los xij, raws li cov ntaub ntawv tshiab, nws tuaj yeem ua tau zoo heev. Tag nrho cov huab hwm coj ntawm Galaxy tuaj yeem ncav cuag 3 trillion hnub ci hnub ci, nrog cov teeb meem tsaus ntuj suav txog 90-95%. Qhov loj ntawm cov hnub qub nyob rau hauv Milky Way yog kwv yees li ntawm 90-100 billion npaug ntawm qhov loj ntawm lub hnub.

Lub elliptical galaxy, raws li nws lub npe qhia, yog ellipsoidal. Nws tsis tig tag nrho thiab yog li ntawd tsis muaj axial symmetry. Nws cov hnub qub, uas feem ntau muaj qhov loj me me thiab muaj hnub nyoog loj heev, tig mus ncig lub galactic chaw hauv cov dav hlau sib txawv thiab qee zaum tsis yog tus kheej, tab sis nyob rau hauv cov saw hlau ntev heev.

Cov luminaries tshiab hauv elliptical galaxies tsis tshua muaj teeb pom kev zoo vim qhov tsis txaus ntawm cov khoom siv - molecular hydrogen.

Zoo li tib neeg, galaxies yog pawg ua ke. Peb Pawg Hauv Zos suav nrog ob lub galaxies loj tshaj plaws nyob ib puag ncig ntawm 3 megaparsecs - Milky Way thiab Andromeda (M31), Triangulum galaxy, nrog rau lawv cov satellites - Cov Huab Loj thiab Me Magellanic, dwarf galaxies hauv Canis Major, Pegasus, Carina, Sextant, Phoenix, thiab ntau lwm tus - tag nrho ntawm tsib caug. Cov pab pawg hauv zos, nyob rau hauv lem, yog ib tug tswv cuab ntawm lub zos Virgo supercluster.

Ob qhov loj tshaj plaws thiab qhov tsawg tshaj plaws galaxies yog hom elliptical. Tag nrho cov feem ntawm nws cov neeg sawv cev nyob rau hauv lub galactic pej xeem ntawm lub ntiaj teb no tsuas yog hais txog 20%. Cov galaxies no (nrog qhov ua tau tshwj xeeb ntawm qhov tsawg tshaj plaws thiab qhov tsis txaus ntseeg) kuj tseem nkaum qhov dub loj heev hauv lawv thaj chaw nruab nrab. Elliptical galaxies kuj muaj halos, tab sis tsis meej npaum li cov disc-shaped sawv daws yuav.

Tag nrho lwm cov galaxies raug suav hais tias tsis xwm yeem. Lawv muaj plua plav thiab roj ntau heev thiab nquag tsim cov hnub qub hluas. Muaj ob peb lub galaxies ntawm qhov nruab nrab ntawm Milky Way, tsuas yog 3%.

Txawm li cas los xij, ntawm cov khoom nrog lub redshift loj, uas nws lub teeb tau tawm tsis pub dhau 3 billion xyoo tom qab lub Big Bang, lawv feem ntau nce ntxiv. Pom tau tias, tag nrho cov stellar systems ntawm thawj tiam yog me me thiab muaj cov txheej txheem tsis tu ncua, thiab cov disc-shaped loj thiab elliptical galaxies tau tshwm sim ntau tom qab.

Yug ntawm galaxies

Galaxies tau yug los sai sai tom qab hnub qub. Nws ntseeg tau tias thawj luminaries flashed tsis pub dhau 150 lab xyoo tom qab lub Big Bang. Thaum Lub Ib Hlis Ntuj xyoo 2011, ib pab neeg ntawm astronomers ua cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm Hubble Space Telescope tau tshaj tawm qhov kev soj ntsuam ntawm lub galaxy uas nws lub teeb mus rau qhov chaw 480 lab xyoo tom qab lub Big Bang.

Thaum lub Plaub Hlis, lwm pab neeg tshawb fawb tau tshawb pom lub galaxy uas, nyob rau hauv txhua yam, tau tsim tag nrho thaum lub ntiaj teb hluas muaj hnub nyoog txog 200 lab xyoo.

Cov xwm txheej rau hnub yug ntawm cov hnub qub thiab galaxies tshwm sim ntev ua ntej nws pib. Thaum lub ntiaj teb dhau 400,000 xyoo cim, cov ntshav hauv qhov chaw sab nrauv tau hloov los ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm nruab nrab helium thiab hydrogen. Cov pa roj no tseem kub dhau los ua ke rau hauv cov huab molecular uas ua rau cov hnub qub.

Txawm li cas los xij, nws nyob ib sab ntawm cov teeb meem tsaus ntuj, pib faib hauv qhov chaw tsis sib npaug - qhov twg nws yog me ntsis denser, qhov twg nws yog qhov tsawg dua. Lawv tsis cuam tshuam nrog cov pa roj baryonic thiab yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm kev sib nrig sib attraction, dawb do poob mus rau hauv ib cheeb tsam ntawm nce ceev.

Raws li cov qauv kev suav, nyob rau hauv ib puas lab xyoo tom qab lub Big Bang, huab ntawm qhov tsaus ntuj qhov loj ntawm lub hnub ci tam sim no tsim nyob rau hauv qhov chaw. Lawv ua ke rau hauv cov qauv loj, txawm tias qhov nthuav dav ntawm qhov chaw. Qhov no yog li cas cov pawg ntawm cov teeb meem tsaus ntuj tshwm sim, thiab tom qab ntawd cov pawg ntawm cov pawg no. Lawv nqus cov pa hauv qhov chaw, cia nws ua kom tuab thiab tawg.

Nyob rau hauv txoj kev no, thawj lub hnub qub supermassive tau tshwm sim, uas tau tawg sai sai rau hauv supernovae thiab tawm hauv qab qhov dub. Cov explosions no enriched qhov chaw nrog cov ntsiab lus hnyav dua li helium, uas pab txias cov huab cua tawg thiab yog li ntawd ua rau muaj peev xwm ua rau cov tsos ntawm cov hnub qub thib ob loj heev.

Cov hnub qub zoo li no tuaj yeem muaj nyob rau ntau txhiab xyoo thiab yog li tsim tau (dua nrog kev pab ntawm cov teeb meem tsaus ntuj) gravitationally bound systems. Qhov no yog li cas ntev galaxies tshwm sim, suav nrog peb.

John Kormendy hais tias "Muaj ntau cov ntsiab lus ntawm galactogenesis tseem muab zais rau hauv huab," - Hauv particular, qhov no siv rau lub luag haujlwm ntawm qhov dub. Lawv cov huab hwm coj ntau los ntawm kaum tawm txhiab lub hnub ci hnub ci mus rau cov ntaub ntawv tam sim no ntawm 6.6 billion hnub ci huab hwm coj, suav nrog lub qhov dub los ntawm cov tub ntxhais ntawm elliptical galaxy M87, nyob 53.5 lab lub teeb xyoo ntawm lub hnub.

Qhov nyob hauv qhov chaw ntawm elliptical galaxies feem ntau yog nyob ib puag ncig los ntawm cov pob zeb ua los ntawm cov hnub qub qub. Kauv galaxies tej zaum yuav tsis muaj bulges tag nrho los yog muaj lawv cov tiaj tiaj zoo sib xws, pseudo-bulges. Qhov loj ntawm lub qhov dub feem ntau yog peb qhov kev txiav txim siab tsawg dua qhov loj ntawm lub pob - ib txwm, yog tias nws muaj. Cov qauv no tau lees paub los ntawm kev soj ntsuam npog qhov nrog qhov loj ntawm ib lab mus rau ib lab hnub ci hnub ci."

Raws li xibfwb Kormendy, galactic black qhov nce loj hauv ob txoj hauv kev. Lub qhov, nyob ib puag ncig los ntawm lub pob tag nrho, loj hlob vim qhov nqus ntawm cov pa uas tuaj rau lub pob los ntawm thaj tsam sab nraud ntawm lub galaxy. Thaum lub sij hawm sib koom ua ke ntawm galaxies, qhov kev siv ntawm cov pa ntawm cov pa no nce sharply, uas pib outbursts ntawm quasars.

Yog li ntawd, bulges thiab qhov evolve nyob rau hauv parallel, uas piav qhia txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm lawv pawg (txawm li cas los xij, lwm yam, tseem tsis tau paub txog cov txheej txheem yuav ua haujlwm ib yam nkaus).

Cov kws tshawb fawb los ntawm University of Pittsburgh, UC Irvine thiab Atlantic University of Florida tau ua qauv kev sib tsoo ntawm Milky Way thiab tus thawj coj ntawm Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy (SagDEG) hauv Sagittarius.

Lawv txheeb xyuas ob txoj kev xaiv rau kev sib tsoo - nrog qhov yooj yim (3x10¹⁰hnub ci masses) thiab hnyav (10¹¹ Solar Masses) SagDEG. Daim duab qhia tau hais tias cov txiaj ntsig ntawm 2.7 billion xyoo ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm Milky Way tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam nrog lub dwarf galaxy thiab nrog kev cuam tshuam nrog lub teeb thiab hnyav sib txawv ntawm SagDEG.

Cov galaxies tsis muaj galaxies thiab galaxies nrog pseudo-bulges yog qhov txawv. Qhov loj ntawm lawv lub qhov feem ntau tsis tshaj 104-106 hnub ci hnub ci. Raws li xibfwb Kormendy, lawv tau noj nrog roj vim yog cov txheej txheem random uas tshwm sim ze ntawm lub qhov, thiab tsis txuas mus rau tag nrho lub galaxy. Xws li lub qhov loj hlob tsis hais txog kev hloov pauv ntawm lub galaxy lossis nws cov pseudo-bulge, uas piav qhia qhov tsis muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm lawv pawg.

Loj hlob galaxies

Galaxies tuaj yeem nce qhov loj thiab loj. Garth Illingworth, tus xibfwb ntawm astronomy thiab astrophysics ntawm University of California, Santa Cruz hais tias "Nyob rau yav dhau los nyob deb, galaxies tau ua qhov no ntau dua li lub sijhawm cosmological tsis ntev los no," - Tus nqi yug ntawm cov hnub qub tshiab yog kwv yees nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm kev tsim txhua xyoo ntawm ib chav tsev loj ntawm stellar teeb meem (hauv lub peev xwm no, lub hnub loj) ib chav tsev ntim ntawm qhov chaw sab nrauv (feem ntau yog cubic megaparsec).

Thaum lub sijhawm tsim cov thawj galaxies, daim duab no me me, thiab tom qab ntawd pib loj hlob sai, uas txuas ntxiv mus txog rau lub ntiaj teb muaj hnub nyoog 2 billion xyoo. Rau lwm 3 billion xyoo, nws tseem nyob tas li, ces pib poob yuav luag nyob rau hauv kev faib ua feem rau lub sij hawm, thiab qhov no poob mus rau niaj hnub no. Yog li 7-8 billion xyoo dhau los, qhov nruab nrab ntawm lub hnub qub tsim yog 10-20 npaug siab dua li tam sim no. Feem ntau cov galaxies uas pom tau tias twb tau tsim muaj nyob rau hauv lub sijhawm nyob deb ntawd."

Daim duab qhia cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm lub sijhawm sib txawv - qhov pib teeb tsa (a), tom qab 0, 9 (b), 1, 8 © thiab 2, 65 billion xyoo (d). Raws li cov qauv kev suav, lub bar thiab kauv caj npab ntawm Milky Way tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm kev sib tsoo nrog SagDEG, uas pib rub tawm ntawm 50-100 billion hnub ci hnub ci.

Ob zaug nws dhau los ntawm lub disk ntawm peb Galaxy thiab poob qee yam ntawm nws qhov teeb meem (ob qho tib si thiab tsaus), ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm nws cov qauv. Tam sim no qhov loj ntawm SagDEG tsis pub tshaj kaum tawm lab lub hnub ci, thiab kev sib tsoo tom ntej, uas yuav tsum tsis pub dhau 100 lab xyoo tom qab, feem ntau yuav yog qhov kawg rau nws.

Hauv cov ntsiab lus dav dav, qhov sib txawv no nkag siab. Galaxies loj hlob nyob rau hauv ob txoj kev loj. Ua ntej, lawv tau txais cov khoom siv hnub qub tshiab los ntawm kev kos duab hauv cov pa roj thiab hmoov av los ntawm qhov chaw ib puag ncig. Tau ntau txhiab xyoo tom qab lub Big Bang, cov txheej txheem no tau ua haujlwm zoo vim tias muaj cov khoom siv txaus stellar hauv qhov chaw rau txhua tus.

Tom qab ntawd, thaum reserves tau depleted, tus nqi ntawm stellar yug poob. Txawm li cas los xij, galaxies tau pom muaj peev xwm ua kom nws nce ntxiv los ntawm kev sib tsoo thiab kev sib koom ua ke. Muaj tseeb tiag, rau qhov kev xaiv no kom paub tseeb, cov sib tsoo galaxies yuav tsum muaj cov khoom tsim nyog ntawm interstellar hydrogen. Rau cov galaxies loj elliptical, qhov uas nws xyaum ploj mus, kev sib koom ua ke tsis pab, tab sis nyob rau hauv discoid thiab galaxies tsis xwm yeem nws ua haujlwm.

Kev sib tsoo

Cia peb pom dab tsi tshwm sim thaum ob kwv yees li qub disk-type galaxies sib koom ua ke. Lawv cov hnub qub yuav luag tsis sib tsoo - qhov deb ntawm lawv zoo heev. Txawm li cas los xij, lub gaseous disk ntawm txhua galaxy tab tom ntsib tidal rog vim lub ntiajteb txawj nqus ntawm nws cov neeg nyob ze. Lub baryonic teeb meem ntawm lub disk poob ib feem ntawm lub angular momentum thiab hloov mus rau qhov chaw ntawm lub galaxy, qhov twg tej yam kev mob rau ib tug tawg loj hlob nyob rau hauv tus nqi ntawm lub hnub qub tsim tshwm sim.

Qee yam ntawm cov khoom no yog absorbed los ntawm qhov dub, uas kuj nce loj. Nyob rau theem kawg ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm galaxies, qhov dub sib koom ua ke, thiab cov stellar disks ntawm ob lub galaxies poob lawv cov qauv qub thiab tawg mus rau hauv qhov chaw. Yog li ntawd, ib lub elliptical yog tsim los ntawm ib khub ntawm kauv galaxies. Tab sis qhov no tsis txhais tau tias daim duab tiav. Cov hluav taws xob los ntawm cov hnub qub ci ntsa iab tuaj yeem tshuab qee cov hydrogen tawm ntawm lub galaxy yug tshiab.

Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov pa nkag mus rau lub qhov dub ua rau lub sijhawm dhau los mus tua cov dav hlau ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob loj rau hauv qhov chaw, cua sov roj thoob plaws lub galaxy thiab yog li tiv thaiv kev tsim cov hnub qub tshiab. Lub galaxy maj mam ntsiag to - feem ntau yuav mus ib txhis.

Galaxies ntawm ntau qhov sib txawv sib txawv. Lub galaxy loj muaj peev xwm nqos ib lub dwarf galaxy (ib zaug los yog ob peb kauj ruam) thiab tib lub sij hawm khaws nws tus kheej cov qauv. Qhov no galactic cannibalism tuaj yeem txhawb kev tsim lub hnub qub.

Lub dwarf galaxy raug rhuav tshem tag nrho, tawm hauv qab cov hlua ntawm cov hnub qub thiab dav hlau ntawm cosmic gas, uas tau pom ob qho tib si hauv peb lub Galaxy thiab hauv Andromeda nyob sib ze. Yog hais tias ib qho ntawm kev sib tsoo galaxies tsis zoo dua rau lwm qhov, txawm tias muaj txiaj ntsig zoo dua tuaj yeem ua tau.

Tos rau lub koob yees duab super

Galactic astronomy muaj sia nyob ze li ib puas xyoo. Nws pib xyaum los ntawm kos thiab ua tiav ntau. Txawm li cas los xij, tus naj npawb ntawm cov teeb meem tsis daws teeb meem yog loj heev. Cov kws tshawb fawb tau cia siab tias yuav muaj ntau yam los ntawm James Webb Infrared Orbiting Telescope, uas tau tshaj tawm rau xyoo 2021.