Ntug ntawm vice

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

“Koj tsis tuaj yeem khiav ntawm yav dhau los thiab koj tsis tuaj yeem nkaum.

Nws yuav overtake nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub

vim nws yog ib feem ntawm koj."

(Rami)

Thaum qhov tseeb raug tsim txom, nws nkaum, ntawm chav kawm, mus txog rau ib lub sij hawm, thiab es tsis txhob ntawm nws, ib tug werew creeps tawm ntawm tag nrho cov kab nrib pleb mus rau hauv lub teeb ntawm Vajtswv - lus ntxhi nyob rau hauv tag nrho nws cov ntaub ntawv, los ntawm yooj yim lus xaiv mus rau siab phem hais lus phem. Cov laj thawj rau qhov tshwm sim no yog qhov tseeb rau txhua tus. Tej zaum koj yuav nco ntsoov cov me nyuam zaj dab neeg txog ib tug poj niam ua liaj ua teb uas tau muab tso rau hauv ib chav luxurious thiab cog lus tias yuav tawm hauv nws mus rau lub neej yog tias nws tsis qhib lub tais uas nyob saum rooj? Thiab yog dab tsi? Tus poj niam pluag tsis muaj peev xwm tiv taus, nws qhib: nws twb heev heev - xav paub dab tsi nyob ntawd. Thiab muaj ib tug sparrow nyob rau hauv lub tais, tau kawg nws ya tawm. Yog li ntawd tus poj niam yeej tsis poob nws txoj kev zoo siab.

Cov me nyuam zaj dab neeg no qhia peb txog kev xav tau ntawm tib neeg lub siab kom paub txhua yam, nrhiav txhua yam, thiab paub meej kom paub "qhov tseeb tag nrho." Tab sis qhia qhov tseeb tsis yog ib txwm muaj kev nyab xeeb, thiab feem ntau txaus ntshai. Muaj tseeb, zoo li kub, tib neeg tsuas tau txais nws hauv cov nplej me me. Yuav ua li cas nyob ntawm no?

Nthuav keeb kwm khiav qhuav. Peb pib nrhiav peb tus kheej, txoj kev tshiab thiab, tig rov qab, nrog kev ntshai peb pom qee qhov kev puas tsuaj, ib qho tawg. Keeb kwm nco tau raug tshem tawm ntawm peb. muaj emptiness qab thiab emptiness tom ntej! Peb txoj kev xav tau khov, zoo li nyob rau hauv qhov chaw tsis muaj cua, nws tsis muaj dab tsi rau kev vam, tsis muaj dab tsi los tuav. Nws tsis muaj qhov chaw nyob, nws tsis muaj av uas nws tuaj yeem nqa hauv paus thiab loj hlob khov kho. Xws li cov khoom, cov khoom siv hauv keeb kwm tuaj yeem muab rau ib tus neeg los ntawm cov xwm txheej ntuj thiab huab cua ntawm lub sijhawm keeb kwm, pej xeem kev lig kev cai, lub neej txhua hnub thiab kev lis kev cai.

Keeb kwm, raws li kev tshawb fawb, tsuas yog tshwm sim yog tias nws koom nrog kev kawm ntawm "qhov laj thawj tob" uas ua rau muaj qee yam tshwm sim, thiab muaj peev xwm nkag siab thiab piav qhia lawv. Nws yuav tsum tau ua los ntawm cov xwm txheej ntawm cov khoom siv lub neej ntawm tib neeg, txij li kev nom kev tswv, tub rog thiab kev nom kev tswv phenomena "tsuas yog ib qho kev xav ntawm kev sib sib zog nqus nyiaj txiag thiab kev tsis sib haum xeeb."

Nyob rau hauv lub meantime, peb txaus siab rau cov keeb kwm luam los ntawm lub Byzantine thiab Polish chronicles, nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm cov Lavxias teb sab chronicles kuj tau sau. Qhov kev tsis ntseeg loj tshaj plaws txog kev ntseeg tau ntawm keeb kwm keeb kwm thiab keeb kwm keeb kwm yog tshwm sim los ntawm kev xa mus rau cov ntaub ntawv nyob hauv lwm lub tebchaws thiab hauv lwm lub koom txoos. Rau qhov no yog qhov tsis ntseeg, vim lawv tsis muaj thiab muaj tsuas yog ib lossis ob peb daim ntawv luam.

Tus nqi ntawm parchment (parchment) tau siab heev uas tsuas yog vajntxwv lossis lub nroog tuaj yeem yuav phau ntawv: tsis muaj leej twg xav pib tsev qiv ntawv. Lawv tuaj yeem pom tsuas yog hauv cov tsev teev ntuj nplua nuj lossis hauv Vatican, thiab txawm tias nyob ntawd, hauv phau ntawv teev npe (!), Txog rau thaum lub sijhawm Pope Nicholas X, cov neeg dawb huv ntawm kev tshawb fawb, yuav luag tsis muaj dab tsi tab sis kev ntseeg, kev cai dab qhuas, thiab cov ntaub ntawv uas. tau ntseeg tau thiab xav txog, muaj feem xyuam rau thaj chaw no xwb.

Los ntawm cov piv txwv tau teev tseg hauv qab no, ib tus tuaj yeem txiav txim siab txog tus nqi siab ntawm phau ntawv nyob rau hnub ntawd. Cov Countess ntawm Anjou them rau ib daim qauv ntawm cov lus hais ntawm Npis Sov ntawm Halberstadt ob puas yaj thiab kaum tsib ntsuas ntawm zita. Vaj Ntxwv Louis XI ntawm Fabkis, (XV caug xyoo !!!), xav qiv los ntawm kev kho mob hauv Paris tsim tus kws kho mob Persian, nws yuav tsum tsis tsuas yog cog lus rau feem ntau ntawm nws cov nyiaj tais diav, tab sis kuj nthuav qhia ib tug txiv neej nplua nuj rau nws tus kheej. raws li qhov tseeb!

Tsis tas li ntawd, nyob rau hauv Vatican archives, muaj ib tsab ntawv los ntawm Hma, Abbot ntawm Ferrara, sau nyob rau hauv 855, rau Pope Benedict III nrog ib tug thov kom qiv rau nws lub tsev teev ntuj cov lus piav qhia ntawm Jeremiah St. Jerome, raws li zoo raws li tej hauj lwm ntawm Cicero thiab. Quintplian, cog lus tias nws yuav rov qab cov phau ntawv no nrog qhov tseeb. Thaum lawv tau theej, "vim," nws hais ntxiv, "nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov Fabkis, txawm hais tias muaj excerpts ntawm no tej hauj lwm, tsis muaj ib tug tag nrho daim ntawv luam."

Typography tau tsim nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th, thiab "ntau" luam tawm tsuas yog nyob rau hauv thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th, thiab qhov tseeb hais tias thaum pib nws yog kev cai dab qhuas ntaub ntawv, txij li thaum lub ntsiab cov neeg muas zaub yog lub tsev teev ntuj.

Voltaire tau tshaj tawm tias cov neeg keeb kwm yav dhau los yuav tsum tsis txhob muaj cai tshwj xeeb, hais tias lawv cov dab neeg yuav tsum raug kho nrog peb cov kev paub ib txwm muaj thiab kev nkag siab zoo, uas, thaum kawg, peb tsis tuaj yeem muab lawv txoj cai los ntseeg lawv cov lus thaum lawv qhia yam tsis txaus ntseeg. Qhov no yog qhov tseeb tiag, thiab cov no yog cov cai ntawm kev thuam keeb kwm.

Txhua xyoo pua muaj nws cov kev xav thiab tus cwj pwm, nws tus kheej saib ntawm tej yam thiab nws tus kheej txoj kev ua, uas yog nyob rau hauv kev txaus ntshai ntawm tsis to taub nyob rau hauv lub xyoo tom ntej. Feem ntau, pom tau tias, qhov kev xav tob tshaj plaws, feem ntau kev xav thiab kev xav, uas tsev neeg thiab tib neeg so, zoo li hloov pauv, thaum lub sijhawm hloov pauv ntawm ib lub sijhawm mus rau lwm qhov. Nws puas yuav tsis zoo li txawv txawv thiab tsis yooj yim sua hais tias nyob rau hauv lub era ntawm Caesars thiab Antonines, nrog rau tag nrho cov splendor ntawm kev vam meej thiab tib neeg, nws yog xam tau tias yog heev natural uas leej txiv thawb nws tus tub tawm ntawm lub qhov rooj thiab tso nws nyob rau ntawd kom tuag tshaib plab thiab. txias, yog nws tsis xav tsa nws? Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kev coj ua zoo li no tau dhau mus txog thaum Constantine, thiab tsis yog ib qho kev ntseeg siab tau tawm tsam hauv kev npau taws, thiab txawm tias Seneca, thaj, tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob ntawm qhov no.

Ib yam li ntawd nrog qee qhov tseeb coj txawv txawv uas tau tshwm sim hauv cov tuam tsev Asian thiab hais rau peb los ntawm Herodotus. Voltaire, txiav txim lawv raws li niaj hnub kev coj noj coj ua, pom lawv tsis txaus ntseeg thiab thuam lawv me ntsis. Nws hais tias, "Zoo tiag tiag, nws yuav zoo saib seb peb cov ntxhais huabtais, cov suav, cov thawj tswj hwm, cov thawj tswj hwm thiab txhua tus poj niam Parisian yuav ua li cas rau lawv lub siab nyiam rau lub Koom Txoos ntawm Notr-Dame" …

Tab sis rov qab mus rau peb lub tebchaws. Peb tsis muaj kev nkag mus rau Lomonosov cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov hauj lwm ntawm cov neeg txawv teb chaws nyob rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm Russia, nws indignation thiab cov lus. Thiab ntawm no yog Lomonosov tus kheej sau ntawv sau ntawm Lavxias teb sab sau ntawv, Schlözer:

Beyer, uas kuj tau sau Keeb Kwm ntawm Russia, tsis paub lus Lavxias txhua, uas Schletser kuj thuam nws, thiab los ntawm tsab cai lij choj ntawm Chancellery ntawm Academy ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb Lub Cuaj Hli 24, 1752, nws yog qhov tseeb tias tom qab hnov qab. Miller's dissertation "Nyob rau hauv lub pib ntawm Lavxias teb sab neeg", ib co ntawm txawv teb chaws professors, lawv tsis kam muab ib lub tswv yim vim tsis paub lus Lavxias teb sab lus thiab Lavxias teb sab keeb kwm, - lwm tus tau muab xa mus rau qhov kev txiav txim ntawm natural Russians, thiab tus so. kom remake tag nrho Dissertation thiab tso ib co nqe lus.

Cov kws tshaj lij Lavxias Lomonosov, Krasheninnikov thiab Adjunct Popov tau lees paub tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj raws li kev lees paub rau Russia, tsuas yog Trediakovsky, flattering muaj zog, nthuav tawm: tias qhov kev tshaj tawm yog qhov tshwm sim thiab tuaj yeem luam tawm, tab sis tsuas yog nws yuav tsum tau hloov thiab kho. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov lus piav qhia no, tag nrho cov lus tshaj tawm tsis tau tshaj tawm thiab raug rhuav tshem tag nrho. Txoj cai tau kos npe los ntawm Grigor Teplov thiab Secretary Petr Khanin.

Ntxiv nrog rau kev hais lus absurdities, keeb kwm yog tag nrho ntawm chronological, thaj chaw tsis muaj tseeb. Muaj ib lub sij hawm thaum, nyob rau hauv lub npe ntawm keeb kwm, lub tsev kawm ntawv tau tso cai tsuas yog ib tug systematic, txhob txwm tshaj tawm thiab ua phem rau kev nthuav qhia cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm thiab qhov tseeb. Qhov no yog lub sij hawm ntawm "Vaj ntxwv ntawm Peas", ces thaum lub sij hawm lub sij hawm uas poob rau hauv keeb kwm - lub nco lub sij hawm ntawm Magnitsky lub domination.

Lub sijhawm ntawd, “kev mloog lus” raug suav hais tias yog “tus ntsuj plig ntawm kev yug me nyuam thiab thawj qhov tsim txiaj ntawm ib tug pej xeem”, thiab “kev mloog lus” tau suav tias yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov hluas. "History" ces yuav tsum tau txhais hais tias "Christians muaj tag nrho cov virtues ntawm lub pagans mus rau ib tug incomparably zoo degree thiab ntau yam tsis paub kiag li rau lawv."

Tshaj tawm rau lub Kaum Ob Hlis 8th. 1864 raws li ib qho ntxiv rau cov ntawv sau ntawm Pius IX - "Quanta cura", zoo dua lub npe hu ua "SILLABUS" - ib daim ntawv teev cov yuam kev tseem ceeb ntawm peb lub sij hawm - ib qho ntawm feem ntau cov ntaub ntawv ntawm papacy ntawm niaj hnub lub sij hawm, zais cia. txwv tsis pub kho dua ntawm phau Vajlugkub txhais keeb kwm thiab tib lub sijhawm rau txim rau ib qho kev xav, kev ywj pheej ntawm lub siab, kev ywj pheej, kev coj noj coj ua thiab kev coj noj coj ua.

Nyob rau hauv cov kev cuam tshuam no, nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov seventies ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19, ib qho kev hloov kho kev kawm pib nyob rau hauv Russia, rau ib co yog vim li cas nws yog tsim nyog los hloov kho txoj kev qhia ntawv, thiab yuav luag tag nrho cov keeb kwm. Cov lus teb rau qhov kev hloov kho no yog kev ua tsaug rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev tsim cov ntawv qhia, tshaj tawm rau ntau tus neeg, suav nrog ib tus tswv cuab ntawm pawg kws qhia ntawv Bellyarminov thiab tus kws qhia ntawv ntawm VI gymnasium Rozhdestvensky ( Cov ntawv xov xwm luam tawm lawv cov phau ntawv keeb kwm. Yog li, hauv keeb kwm, tib neeg tau sau cov kev pab cuam, npaj cov phau ntawv, sau cov kev tshuaj xyuas rau lawv, thiab tau pom zoo rau lawv.

Tsis txhob hnov qab tias qhov no yog lub sij hawm ntawm lub reign ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj censorship, nyob rau hauv lub auspices ntawm uas keeb kwm twb sau, thiab nws yog noteworthy tias lub sij hawm ntawd Mr. Bellyarminov yog ib tug tswv cuab ntawm pawg neeg kawm ntawv ntawm keeb kwm, yog li ntawd, lub soj ntsuam thiab kev pom zoo ntawm cov phau ntawv keeb kwm nyob ncaj qha rau nws.

Nyob rau hauv ib lo lus, raws li koj tau pom, qhov teeb meem yog teem nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug txoj kev uas lub tsev kawm ntawv keeb kwm yog npaj los ua hauj lwm rau ib co ntawm extraneous pedagogy thiab lub hom phiaj alien rau science. Nws yog qhov tseeb tias kev tsim cov phau ntawv nrog cov hmoov nplej no yuav tsum yog qhov kev xav ntawm kev xav, thiab qhov kev xav no, nrog kev txhawb nqa thiab kev txhawb nqa, inevitably hem kom dhau los ua tsis muaj kev txwv.

Nyob rau hauv keeb kwm Lavxias teb sab, tsis muaj ntaub ntawv hais txog tej hauj lwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab thiab Soviet cov kws tshawb fawb ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, vim hais tias lawv muaj cov ntaub ntawv uas contradicts lub niaj hnub txhais lus. Yog li ntawd, tus kws tshawb fawb hluas A. Z. Validov nrhiav tau ibn-ul-Fakih cov ntawv sau hauv ib lub tsev qiv ntawv ntawm Mashhad. Thaum kawg ntawm phau ntawv no yog ib daim ntawv teev npe ntawm Ibn Fadlan. Raws li kev xav ntawm Academician V. V. Bartgold tsab ntawv ceeb toom los ntawm Validov ua tim khawv tias Yakut, uas nws cov ntaub ntawv siv tau nyob rau hauv keeb kwm feem ntau, qhov tseeb, mercilessly abbreviated thiab "carelessly" siv Ibn-Fadlan nrog distortions (!). ("Xov xwm ntawm Academy of Sciences", 1924)

Xib Fwb V. Smolin qhia txog cov ntaub ntawv no: - “Qhov kev tshawb pom no tseem ceeb heev. Nws tseem yuav tau ntsuas kom paub meej tias daim ntawv no tau theej tag nrho thiab nthuav tawm rau cov kws tshawb fawb kom ua tib zoo kawm."

Nyob rau hauv lub Vatican txij li thaum xyoo pua 16th, muaj ib lub Koom Txoos Dawb Huv (kev qhuab qhia) rau kev kho cov phau ntawv ntawm lub Koom Txoos Eastern, muaj li ntawm 15 mus rau 20 ntawm lawv, uas tau koom nrog sau thiab txhais lus ntawm Eastern chronicles. Xyoo 1819, Lavxias Academy tau zoo siab tshaj tawm tias peb tsoomfwv tau txais cov ntawv sau muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm Arabic, Persian thiab Turkish cov ntawv sau, txog 500 tus lej, uas tau koom nrog tus kws tshaj lij Fab Kis hauv Baghdad, Mr. Rousseau. Ib qho tseem ceeb sib npaug ntawm cov ntawv sau zoo sib xws tau yuav los ntawm tib Rousseau hauv xyoo 1925.

Tsis yog nws zoo li coj txawv txawv uas thaum archaeologists thiab cov kws tshawb fawb ntawm Askiv thiab Fabkis, txhua lub sijhawm, ntxuav cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov tsev teev ntuj ntawm txhua lub tebchaws, archaeological excavations, rau lawv cov tsev khaws puav pheej, cov nom tswv slip "precious" cov ntawv sau rau Russia?

Linguistic nonsense, chronological thiab geographical absurdities kav nyob rau hauv lub tsis muaj hmoo keeb kwm, thaum lub tom kawg, los ua cov ntsiab lus ntawm speculation thiab opyy nyob rau hauv txhais tes ntawm politicians.

Hmoov tsis zoo, cov "kev sib cav" ntawm keeb kwm yuav tsum tau siv nrog kev saib xyuas zoo vim tias lawv tuaj yeem siv tau yooj yim. Peb yuav muab tag nrho cov zoo kawg. Zoo kawg! Tab sis dab tsi yog txhais los ntawm qhov tsis txaus ntseeg? Qhov no yog qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb nkag mus. Ua ntej, cov neeg uas pib kawm yav dhau los nrog cov kev xav uas twb tau tsim lawm yeej ib txwm xav tsis ntseeg qhov tseeb uas cuam tshuam lawv txoj kev xav. Yog li nws yog qhov tsim nyog los xav txog txhua yam uas tsis sib haum nrog peb txoj kev xav uas tsis muaj tseeb!

Ntawm tag nrho cov kev phem ntawm tib neeg, kev dag yog qhov phem tshaj plaws, ob qho tib si rau kev tshawb fawb thiab rau lub xeev thiab tib neeg. Raws li qhov tseeb yog qhov qub, raws li Leibniz, cov lus hais hauv qab no: "kev phem muaj qhov ua rau tsis tsim, tab sis cuam tshuam."

Tag nrho cov hauv qab no hauv phau ntawv no yuav yog kab ntawm qhov zoo thiab qhov phem, qhov tseeb lossis cuav. Koj, tus nyeem ntawv, muaj cai xaiv …

Nyob rau hauv lub magazine "Moskvityanin", nyob rau hauv lub npe L. K.paj huam zoo nkauj tau luam tawm:

Peb nco txog hnub qub

Thaum txhua tus ntawm Russia tau ntxhov siab zoo li dej hiav txwv, Thaum nyob rau hauv cov pa taws tuab thiab nplaim taws nws

Cov ruins poob thiab choked nrog ntshav.

Peb nco qab qhov kev sim siab dhau los:

trampled rau lub Kalka thiab lub Dnieper, Peb nce menacingly hauv Moscow tsis paub

Thiab lawv tau pib sau thaj av thiab cov thawj tswj hwm.

Thiab sib sau ua ke nyob rau hauv peb lub zog banner

Ntau lab lub zog tsis meej pem. -

Thiab peb tus yeeb ncuab uas tsis muaj kev hlub tshua tau muab rau peb

Lub horde tau leaning raws li kev cai lij choj Lavxias.

Tab sis los ntawm sab hnub poob ib horde ntawm ntau hom

Txav mus rau peb los ntawm tus Viceroy ntawm Tswv Yexus, Yog li ntawd nyob rau hauv lub banner ntawm ntshav ntoo khaub lig

Tsim ib tug scaffold rau cov neeg Russia.

Cov uas txawj ntse kav lub ntiajteb!

Humane heralds ntawm science!

Koj coj qhov tsaus ntuj tag rau peb cov tsev pheeb suab.

Nyob rau hauv lub siab txo hwj chim - tsis ntseeg txog kev tsim txom hnyav.