Atomic tej yaam num ntawm USSR: yuav ua li cas thiab yog vim li cas nuclear riam phom raug tsim

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Legendary kws sau ntawv thiab neeg sau xov xwm Vladimir Gubarev, ib tug tim khawv thiab koom nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej cuam tshuam nrog cov creation ntawm lub atomic foob pob nyob rau hauv lub USSR, hais nyob rau hauv kev sib tham nrog RT txog lub ntsiab theem ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm lub atomic project.

Rov qab nyob rau hauv Soviet lub sij hawm, nws koom tes nrog physicists uas sawv ntawm lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm lub teb chaws nuclear kev pab cuam: Igor Kurchatov, Yakov Zeldovich, Yuli Khariton. Hauv kev xam phaj nrog RT, nws tau piav qhia txog qhov kev xav uas nws tau ntsib thaum nws tus kheej tau pom kev sim nuclear. Gubarev tau sau tseg lub luag haujlwm ntawm Soviet cov tub ceev xwm, nrog rau cov kws tshawb fawb Soviet thiab German hauv kev tsim riam phom nuclear. Tsis tas li ntawd, tus kws sau npe hu ua qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm cov neeg tsim hauv tsev ntawm lub foob pob nuclear thiab cov neeg Asmeskas.

Igor Kurchatov (txoj cai) nrog ib pab pawg neeg ua haujlwm ntawm Leningrad Institute of Physics thiab Technology / RIA Novosti

Vladimir Stepanovich, koj tau koom nrog kev sim riam phom nuclear. Nws zoo li cas?

-Muaj qee yam txaus ntshai heev hauv ntiaj teb no thaum ib tug neeg muaj kev ntshai ntawm lub cev. Piv txwv li, thaum koj xub tuaj koom lub foob pob hluav taws. Tab sis nws yog qhov txaus ntshai dua los saib qhov kev sim ntsuas nuclear. Koj nyob deb ntawm qhov chaw tawg. Thiab mam li nco dheev lub ntiaj teb sawv nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm koj! Sawv ntsug li phab ntsa! Tom qab ntawd cov dots tshwm rau hauv nws, uas ua kom ci dua thiab ci dua. Ces ib tug nplaim tawg tawm ntawm lawv! Cov phab ntsa no tawg tawm ntawm qhov chaw thiab nce mus - txhua yam tshwm sim hauv vib nas this!

Xyoo twg?

- Xyoo 1965. Nws yog qhov tawg hauv av hauv Kazakhstan. Nyob rau hauv ib lub sij hawm, lub taub hau ntawm lub atomic project, Igor Kurchatov, insisted tias txhua tus zoo kws tshawb fawb qhia nws impressions ntawm lub nuclear xeem. Ntawm ib sab, lawv xav tsis thoob los ntawm kev puas tsuaj loj heev ntawm riam phom tshiab. Ntawm qhov tod tes, lawv tau lees tias nws yog qhov kev pom zoo heev.

RDS-1 hauv av tawg nceb nceb thaum Lub Yim Hli 29, 1949 © RFNC-VNNIEF Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Nuclear Riam phom / Wikipedia.

Kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev tsim lub foob pob atomic mus li cas?

- Kev ua haujlwm ntawm qhov project atomic tau ua nyob rau hauv peb cov lus qhia. Kurchatov cuam tshuam nrog plutonium, Isaac Kikoin - isotope sib cais, Lev Artsimovich - nrog electromagnetic txoj kev ntawm uranium sib cais. Txhua qhov ntawm peb thaj chaw no tuaj yeem ua rau tsim lub foob pob nuclear. Txhua tus kws tshawb fawb tau nyob ntawm qhov sib npaug. Nws yog "Lavxias teb sab atomic troika", uas rushed rau pem hauv ntej mus nrhiav pom.

Tsis muaj leej twg paub tias qhov kev xaiv twg yuav ua haujlwm?

- Tsis yog. Tab sis peb cov ntaub ntawv txawj ntse tau txais nyob rau sab hnub poob qhia tias txhua yam tuaj yeem ua haujlwm nrog plutonium. Nws yog Kurchatov uas tau tso cai nkag mus rau cov ntaub ntawv zais cia uas tuaj rau Lavrenty Beria.

Igor Kurchatov nyob rau hauv lub chaw soj nstuam ntawm Leningrad lub koom haum ntawm Physics thiab Technology ntawm lub USSR Academy ntawm Sciences, 1929 RIA Novosti

Los ntawm teb chaws USA?

- Ua ntej los ntawm Askiv, thiab tom qab ntawd los ntawm Asmeskas. Ua tsaug ntau rau cov ntaub ntawv no, Kurchatov tau nrawm heev hauv nws txoj haujlwm. Nws unmistakably txiav txim siab nyob rau hauv qhov kev taw qhia mus thiab nyob rau hauv uas tsis mus, vim hais tias nws yog ib tug tuag kawg. Qhov no yog nws qhov txiaj ntsig zoo. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm Tebchaws Meskas ntawm Manhattan Project, uas tau kis los ntawm tus thawj coj txawj ntse Klaus Fuchs. Cov ntaub ntawv no yog ib qho kev pab loj hauv kev ua haujlwm - ntau dua 10 txhiab nplooj ntawv nrog cov lus piav qhia ntxaws txog cov reactors thiab tsim lub foob pob. Txawm li cas los xij, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog ua ntej kom paub tseeb tias tag nrho cov no yog qhov tseeb. Tsis tas li ntawd, tsis muaj leej twg paub tias txoj hauv kev tau raug teeb tsa hauv Western tej hauj lwm li cas, yog li qhov teeb meem yuav tsum tau mus kom ze heev.

Vladimir Gubarev, editor ntawm science department ntawm cov ntawv xov xwm "Pravda" RIA Novosti © Boris Prikhodko

Hauv koj phau ntawv koj tau luam tawm tsab ntawv tshaj tawm-daim ntawv qhia hnub tim 18 Lub Rau Hli 1945 tias 39 tus kws tshawb fawb German thiab engineers tau mus rau USSR. Yuav ua li cas txiav txim siab lawv lub luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub Soviet atomic project?

- Muaj ntau tus kws tshawb fawb German uas tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv txoj haujlwm no, piv txwv li Nikolaus Riehl. Qhov tseeb, nws tau tsim cov nroj tsuag naj npawb 12 hauv Elektrostal, qhov twg thawj cov hlau uranium tau txais lub foob pob atomic. Riehl coj kev tsim cov uranium rau tsib xyoos. Nws, tib neeg German hauv keeb kwm, tau txais lub siab tshaj plaws Soviet lub npe - Hero of Socialist Labor - tom qab kuaj lub foob pob atomic. Cov kws tshawb fawb German tau coj nrog lawv txhua yam khoom siv ntsig txog cov txheej txheem ntawm lub cev. Kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov kws tshaj lij no kuj tseem ceeb heev rau qhov laj thawj tias tom qab tsov rog hauv USSR muaj tsawg tus kws tshaj lij hauv nuclear physics.

Tua…

- Yog. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov no suav nrog cov uas qhia hauv tsev kawm, uas yog, tsis tau kawm science. Hauv kuv lub tswv yim, cov pab pawg ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb uas tuaj rau USSR los ntawm lub teb chaws Yelemees tau ua lub luag haujlwm loj.

Riehl sau nyob rau hauv nws phau ntawv "Kaum Xyoos nyob rau hauv lub Golden Cage": "Nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag, lub Soviets lawv tus kheej yuav tau ua tiav lawv lub hom phiaj, tsis muaj Germans. Ib xyoos, lossis ntau tshaj ob xyoos tom qab ntawd." Koj puas pom zoo nrog qhov no?

- Yog lawm! Tsuas yog kuv ntseeg tias nws tsis tuaj yeem txiav txim siab raws nraim li cas nws yuav siv sijhawm ntev npaum li cas cov kws tshawb fawb Soviet los tsim riam phom nuclear.

- Kuv yuav hais ib tsab ntawv los ntawm tus kws txawj physicist Pyotr Kapitsa rau Yauxej Stalin: "Cov phooj ywg Lavrenty Beria, Georgy Malenkov thiab Nikolai Voznesensky coj zoo li cov neeg superhumans hauv lawv txoj haujlwm ntawm atomic project. Tshwj xeeb yog Comrade Beria. Nws muaj "tus neeg coj lub baton" hauv nws txhais tes, nws saib xyuas peb txoj haujlwm. Tsis yog phem. Comrade Beria lub ntsiab tsis muaj zog yog tias tus neeg xyuas pib yuav tsum tsis tsuas yog yoj nws lub wand, tab sis kuj nkag siab qhov qhab nia. " Thaum Beria thov kom raug ntes Kapitsa, Stalin hais tias: "Kuv yuav tua nws, tab sis koj tsis txhob kov nws."

- Yog, yog li ntawd nws yog.

Pyotr Kapitsa / RIA Novosti

Kuv xav tsis thoob tias Kapitsa tuaj yeem tawm tsam Beria

- Qhov tseeb yog tias Stalin nws tus kheej thov Kapitsa muab nws qhov kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm kev nce qib ntawm kev ua haujlwm thiab cov teeb meem ntawm txoj haujlwm atomic.

Hauv koj phau ntawv, koj hais Ril cov lus hais tias nws tau ua haujlwm raws li daim ntawv cog lus hauv USSR

- Peb yuav tsum coj mus rau hauv tus account dab tsi tshwm sim hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees tom qab tsov rog. Tsis yog tsuas yog kev txom nyem xwb - ua tiav kev puas tsuaj! Ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv lub phiaj xwm Soviet cawm cov kws tshawb fawb German, yog li lawv tau kos npe rau daim ntawv cog lus. Lawm, lawv txoj kev ywj pheej raug txwv. Qee tus kws tshaj lij tau ua haujlwm ntawm cov Islands tuaj, nyob deb ntawm kev vam meej, thaum lwm tus tsis tuaj yeem tawm ntawm thaj tsam ntawm no lossis thaj chaw ntawd. Raws li rau Riel, nws ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov tswj. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov kws tshawb fawb German tau txais nyiaj hli kaum npaug ntau dua li cov kws tshaj lij Soviet, thiab rov qab los ntawm USSR ua cov neeg nplua nuj.

Puas yog Stalin ua tib zoo kawm cov lus ceeb toom ntawm physicists ntawm atomic project?

- Nws paub txhua yam ntawm qhov teeb meem no thiab sawv saum txhua yam.

Tsuas yog Beria thiab Stalin paub txog lub xeev tiag tiag ntawm txoj haujlwm hauv atomic project. Malenkov thiab Nikita Khrushchev, uas tom qab ntawd los ua lub hwj chim, tsis paub tias qhov project atomic yog dab tsi, yog li lawv tau ua ntau yam ruam.

Ib qho ntawm qhov loj tshaj plaws yog qhov tsim ntawm thermonuclear aviation Tsar Bomb.

Lub Yim Hli 2, 1945. Nikita Khrushchev, Joseph Stalin, Georgy Malenkov, Lavrenty Beria, Vyacheslav Molotov / RIA Novosti

Vim li cas koj xav li ntawd?

“Tsis muaj qhov tseem ceeb hauv nws. Ntau tus kws tshawb fawb tau tawm tsam rau kev tsim Tsar Bomba, tshwj xeeb yog Kurchatov thiab Kirill Shchelkin, uas yog tus tseem ceeb hauv txoj haujlwm atomic. Yog li ntawd, Andrei Sakharov hais tias nws yuav ua. Tab sis vim li cas? Nws yog ib qho khoom pov tseg loj.

Raws li kuv nco qab, tom qab tsim Tsar Bomba, Daim Ntawv Cog Lus txwv tsis pub muaj riam phom Nuclear Test nyob rau hauv huab cua, sab nrauv thiab hauv qab dej tau kos npe

- Tsis yog nyob rau hauv txoj kev ntawd. Lub Plaub Hlis 12, 1961, peb xa Yuri Gagarin mus rau qhov chaw. Qhov ntawd yog, lawv tau qhia tias peb lub foob pob hluav taws zoo dua li Asmeskas. Lub Kaum Hli 30 ntawm tib lub xyoo, peb tau sim Tsar Bomba. Qhov kev poob siab los ntawm kev tawg tau ncig lub ntiaj teb peb zaug. Qhov no tau cim qhov pib ntawm kev sib tw riam phom nuclear thiab Tsov Rog Txias. Nws yog tom qab no uas Cuban Missile Crisis ntawm 1962 tau tawg, uas coj lub ntiaj teb mus rau qhov kev puas tsuaj. Thiab daim ntawv cog lus tsuas yog kos npe rau xyoo 1963.

Lawv puas paub nyob rau sab hnub poob tias tam sim no Soviet missiles tuaj yeem nqa cov nqi zog mus rau qhov chaw?

- Muaj tseeb tiag. Vim li cas Cuban missile ntsoog tshwm sim? Tom qab tag nrho, tsis yog vim hais tias cov diplomats ua qhov tsis ncaj ncees lawm. Thaum xyoo 1960, John F. Kennedy nug cov tub rog tias lub nroog twg uas USSR tuaj yeem rhuav tshem hauv Tebchaws Meskas. Lawv teb tias "New York". Tom qab ntawd tus thawj tswj hwm tau hais tias nws tsis tuaj yeem "tseem ceeb txawm tias ib lub nroog Asmeskas, vim tias nyob rau hauv Soviet Union muaj lub foob pob hluav taws tsom rau New York thaum pib." Txoj hmoo ntawm lub ntiaj teb tau txiav txim siab los ntawm lub zog nuclear ntawm lub tebchaws no lossis lub tebchaws ntawd. Los ntawm txoj kev, USSR tau mus txog nuclear parity nrog rau Tebchaws Meskas tsuas yog xyoo 1972. Txij thaum ntawd los, Soviet Union tuaj yeem rhuav tshem 80% ntawm lawv lub peev xwm.

Tus qauv tag nrho ntawm Tsar Bomb AN602 hauv Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Nuclear Riam phom RFNC-VNIIEF © Wikipedia

Koj tau sau rau hauv koj cov phau ntawv uas hais txog kev koom tes hauv kev sim nuclear yog sib npaug nrog kev ntxeev siab

- Yog. Thaum kuv nug Zeldovich, ib tug ntawm cov creators ntawm lub atomic thiab hydrogen foob pob, qhia rau kuv nco txog thawj nuclear xeem. Qhov no twb yog qhov kawg ntawm xyoo 1960, uas yog, 20 xyoo tom qab kawg ntawm cov xwm txheej no. Tom qab tshuaj xyuas qee cov ntaub ntawv, tus kws tshawb fawb tau hais tias nws tsis muaj cai hais tawm ib yam dab tsi rau lwm rau rau xya xyoo. Tib yam tshwm sim nrog Yuliy Khariton.

Ntau npaum li cas yog qib ntawm kev zais cia?

- Lub kaw lus zais cia yog ib daim qauv ntawm Asmeskas.

Txawm li cas los xij, txoj haujlwm ntawm Soviet atomic txawv ntawm Asmeskas ib qho uas muaj ntau tus neeg hauv Tebchaws Meskas uas ua haujlwm rau peb, thaum nyob hauv USSR tsis muaj ib tus kws tshaj lij uas yuav ua haujlwm rau Washington.