Ancient maps ua ntej ntawm discoverers

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Yav dhau los nws tau ntseeg tias Christopher Columbus nrhiav tau Asmeskas thaum Lub Kaum Hli 12, 1492. Tus navigator yuam kev nws rau Is Nrias teb, hauv kev tshawb fawb ntawm "sab hnub poob txoj kev" uas nws ntoj ke mus ncig. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tau tsim muaj thawj cov neeg taug kev los ntawm Tebchaws Europe, uas tshwm sim tawm ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm Asmeskas, thiab 500 xyoo dhau los ntawm Columbus, yog Scandinavian Vikings los ntawm Greenland - Eirik Liab thiab nws tus tub Leif Eiriksso.

Xyoo 1004, Leif tau tsaws thawj zaug ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm North America, ntawm Labrador Peninsula thiab cov kob ntawm Newfoundland.

Cov xwm txheej no thiab cov xwm txheej tom ntej tau tshwm sim hauv Icelandic sagas nto moo. Yog li, hauv "Saga ntawm Greenlanders" tau hais tias thawj zaug Vikings tau caij nkoj mus rau thaj av npog nrog pob zeb thiab glaciers, thiab muab nws lub npe hu ua Helluland - Lub Tebchaws ntawm pob zeb slabs. Tsiv mus rau sab qab teb, lawv pom thaj av tiaj tus, ntoo uas muaj npe hu ua Markland - Forest Land. Tsiv mus, lawv tuaj txog ntawm ntug dej uas cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo loj tuaj. Leif hu ua thaj chaw Vinland - Grape Country. Cov Scandinavians ua tsis tau tejyam kom tau ib tug foothold nyob rau hauv lub tshiab nrhiav tau av vim lub hostility ntawm haiv neeg.

Xyoo 1960, hauv Newfoundland, hauv lub nroog Lance aux Meadows, ib qho kev tshawb nrhiav keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm Norwegian explorer Helge Ingstad tau tshawb pom cov ruins ntawm Scandinavian kev sib haum xeeb, cov khoom seem ntawm cov khaub ncaws, thiab cov cim ntawm cov hlau smelting. Xyoo 1978, UNESCO lub rooj sib tham tau lees paub tias nws yog thawj qhov tseeb ntawm Scandinavian kev sib haum xeeb hauv North America.

YALE "FAKE"

Xyoo 1965, Yale University, uas hlob tshaj plaws hauv Tebchaws Meskas, tau luam tawm daim ntawv qhia thaj chaw, uas ntxiv rau Atlantic ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm Tebchaws Europe thiab Africa, qhia txog Iceland thiab Greenland, thiab txawm mus rau sab hnub poob - ib kob loj uas tau xaiv los ua Vinland Island.

Nyob rau hauv daim ntawv qhia tsis muaj hnub uas nws muab tso ua ke, los yog lub npe ntawm cartographer, tab sis cov kws tshawb fawb tau txiav txim siab tias nws tau kos tsis pub dhau 1440 - ib nrab xyoo pua ua ntej lub voyage ntawm Columbus. Cov Scandinavian Vikings, uas los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd tau nyob hauv thaj av qaum teb ntawm Asmeskas, tsis xav tias yog kev sau ntawv ntawm daim ntawv qhia, tab sis tam sim ntawd nws tau lees paub tias yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws cartographic discovery ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th.

Txawm li cas los xij, muaj cov kws tshawb fawb uas tau pib nrhiav pov thawj ntawm kev dag ntawm cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm no. Kaum xyoo tom qab, nws tau pom tias tus number case siv los kos daim ntawv qhia muaj cov xim uas muaj titanium. Thiab lawv tau kawm los ua cov xim no tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua XX. Skeptics yeej kov yeej, xav txog lawv "kev tshawb nrhiav" pov thawj tias daim ntawv qhia yog cuav.

Tab sis xyoo 1980, physicists los ntawm University of California, coj los ntawm Dr. Thomas Keyhill, irradiated ib daim ntawv qhia nrog ib tug proton beam thiab pom tias titanium muaj nyob rau hauv tus number case tsuas yog nyob rau hauv ib tug kab. Dr. Cahill tau hais kom rov tshuaj xyuas qhov tsis tshua muaj cartographic.

Thaum Lub Ob Hlis 26, 1996, London Times tau tshaj tawm tias ntawm kev sib tham tsis ntev los no ntawm Yale University, Cahill tau nthuav tawm qhov tseeb tshiab txog kev tshawb fawb hauv daim duab qhia rau cov zej zog kev tshawb fawb. Nws tau tshaj tawm tias ob peb phau ntawv luam tawm thaum ub, qhov tseeb ntawm qhov tsis ntseeg, tau raug rau tib lub teeb hluav taws xob proton, thiab tus cwj mem siv los luam cov tomes muaj titanium ntau dua li tus number case siv los kos daim duab Yale. Yog li ntawd, "cov pov thawj" ntawm kev dag ntxias yog irrevocably refuted, thiab tsis muaj kev ntseeg tias Yale card yog thawj.

Zoo, leej twg thiab nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm dab tsi cov ntaub ntawv yuav kos ib daim ntawv qhia ib nrab ib puas xyoo ua ntej lub official qhib ntawm American av tsis tau tsim.

300 xyoo ua ntej qhib

Nyob rau hauv 1929, ib daim ntawv qhia kos rau ntawm ib daim ntawm parchment los ntawm Turkish admiral Piri Reis tau pom nyob rau hauv lub tsev qiv ntawv ntawm lub Imperial Palace nyob rau hauv Istanbul. Nws rov qab mus rau 1513. Daim ntawv qhia qhia txog ntug dej hiav txwv sab hnub poob ntawm Africa, sab hnub tuaj ntawm South America thiab … sab qaum teb ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm Antarctica!

Tom qab lub caij nkoj ntawm Columbus, cov neeg Mev tau kov yeej thiab ib txhij tshawb nrhiav thaj av ntawm South America, tab sis txoj kev tshawb fawb ntawm Atlantic South American ntug dej hiav txwv tau ua tiav los ntawm 1520, thaum Fernand Magellan hla ntug hiav txwv mus rau sab qab teb thiab nkag mus rau hauv hiav txwv Pacific los ntawm lub hiav txwv. strait, tom qab lub npe tom qab no navigator. Txawm li cas los xij, Reis lub parchment qhia tag nrho cov ntug dej hiav txwv sab hnub tuaj ntawm South America, nrog rau Strait of Magellan, uas yog xya xyoo deb ntawm nws qhov kev tshawb pom thaum lub sijhawm tsim daim ntawv qhia.

Raws li rau Antarctica, feem ntau ntseeg tau tias nws tau pom los ntawm Lavxias teb sab Bellingshausen-Lazarev ntoj ke mus kawm, uas tau caij nkoj ntawm Vostok thiab Mirny nkoj raws ntug dej hiav txwv Pacific ntawm sab qab teb tshaj plaws nyob rau lub Ib Hlis 1820. Txawm li cas los xij, Reis tau piav qhia hauv daim duab qhia tus Ntxhais fuabtais Martha ntug dej hiav txwv, nyob rau ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv Atlantic ntawm Antarctica thiab uas yog ib feem ntawm Poj huab tais Maud Av, ntau dua 300 xyoo ua ntej noob neej tau paub txog kev muaj nyob ntawm thaj av thib rau.

Ntawm cov npoo ntawm daim duab qhia chaw, tus neeg saib xyuas tau cim lub hnub tsim thiab sau tias thaum kos duab nws siv lwm yam, daim ntawv qhia ua ntej, thiab qee qhov ntawm lawv hnub rov qab mus rau xyoo pua 4 BC.

Qee tus muaj ntau tshaj ib zaug tshaj tawm tias daim ntawv qhia Reis yog qhov cuav, tab sis kev tshuaj xyuas dua tau lees paub nws qhov tseeb.

Ancient ANTARCTIS

Xyoo 1960, tus kws sau keeb kwm Asmeskas thiab thaj chaw, xibfwb Charles Hapgood tau tshawb pom hauv Library of Congress ib daim ntawv qhia ntiaj teb luam tawm xyoo 1531 los ntawm Fab Kis thaj chaw Orons Finet (Oronteus Finius), uas piav txog thaj av Antarctic.

Nyob rau hauv 1569 tus Flemish cartographer Gerard van Kremer (Mercator) tau tsim ib phau ntawv qhia hu ua Atlas. Kremer suav nrog daim ntawv qhia saum toj no ntawm Finius, nrog rau ntau yam ntawm nws daim ntawv qhia, uas tseem piav txog Antarctica. "Nyob rau hauv ntau qhov xwm txheej," Dr. Hapgood hais tias, "cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov qauv qhia thiab topography ntawm Antarctic continent yog qhia meej meej nyob rau hauv Mercator daim duab qhia dua li ntawm Phineus, thiab nws zoo nkaus li pom tseeb tias Mercator muaj lwm qhov tsis yog Phineus."

Thiab tus kws tshaj lij Fabkis thaj chaw Philippe Buache tau luam tawm ib daim ntawv qhia ntawm Antarctica hauv 1737, kuj ntev ua ntej "kev ua haujlwm" nrhiav pom ntawm sab av loj. Thaum muab tso ua ke, nws, zoo li Mercator thiab Phinius, siv qee cov duab qhia tau tsim ntau pua xyoo dhau los.

Txhua daim ntawv qhia saum toj no nrog cov duab ntawm Antarctica muaj lwm qhov kev sib cav.

Tam sim no Antarctica yuav luag tag nrho npog nrog dej khov, lub thickness loj tshaj plaws uas ncav cuag plaub kilometers. Yuav luag tag nrho cov contour ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm lub mainland yog muab zais los ntawm floating ice txee. Yog li cov ntsiab lus ntawm thaj av Antarctic kom raug, tsis hais txog kev nyem ntawm nws qhov chaw, tau los txiav txim siab tsuas yog los ntawm txoj kev tshawb nrhiav seismic, uas tau pib xyoo 1949 los ntawm kev sib koom ua ke Swedish-British Antarctic ntoj ke mus kawm.

Txawm li cas los xij, ntawm daim ntawv qhia Voyage, lub ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm Poj huab tais Maud Av tau pom tias tsis muaj dej khov. Cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev tshawb fawb niaj hnub no tau lees paub tias muaj lub sijhawm zoo li no thaum cov dej khov tsis npog cov ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm Antarctica hauv nws keeb kwm. Nws tsuas kav li ntawm 13,000 txog 4,000 BC xwb! Nws puas tuaj yeem yog qee daim duab qhia chaw uas ua haujlwm tseem ceeb rau kev sau ua ke ntawm Voyage tau tsim nyob rau lub sijhawm no?

Nyob rau hauv daim ntawv qhia Phinius, Antarctica yog piav qhia nyob rau hauv nws tag nrho, lub contour ntawm nws cov ntug hiav txwv dej yuav luag tag nrho coincides nrog uas nyob rau niaj hnub maps. Nyob rau hauv ib tug dav ntug hiav txwv dej, cov roob thiab hav yog cim, raws li cov dej ntws mus rau hauv dej hiav txwv. Cov toj roob hauv pes thiab lowlands tau qhia raws nraim qhov twg, raws li kev tshawb fawb niaj hnub no, lawv muaj nyob.

Cov roob thiab cov dej ntws ntawm daim ntawv qhia tsuas yog nyob rau sab hauv ntawm lub mainland. Tag nrho cov no qhia tau hais tias thaum lub sij hawm muab tso ua ke ntawm thawj daim duab qhia chaw, uas tau siv los ntawm Finius, dej khov npog tsuas yog lub hauv paus ntawm Antarctica. Thiab lub sijhawm no tau xaus rau tsawg kawg yog rau txhiab xyoo dhau los.

PAUB TIAS CIVILIZATION

Tab sis qhov kev xav loj tshaj plaws yog cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev kawm ntawm daim duab qhia ntawm Philippe Bouache. Ntawm nws, Antarctica tau nthuav tawm tag nrho raws li daim ntawv qhia tam sim no. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog impressive yog cov duab ntawm lub teb chaws nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ob thaj av masses, sib cais los ntawm ib tug expanse ntawm dej stretching ntawm sab hnub tuaj mus rau sab hnub poob.

Kev tshawb fawb tau ua nyob rau xyoo 1958 nyob rau hauv International Geophysical Year program tau lees paub tias cov duab ntawm Antarctica ntawm Buache daim ntawv qhia sib raug rau qhov tseeb configuration ntawm sab av loj. Txawm li cas los xij, koj tsuas tuaj yeem pom tias Antarctica yog ib lub archipelago los ntawm kev tua hauv thaj chaw uas tsis muaj dej khov. Tab sis lub teb chaws yog "dej av" tsawg kawg yog 15 txhiab xyoo dhau los! Ntawd yog, thaum kos nws daim ntawv qhia, Buache muaj cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm tib lub hnub nyoog.

Yog li, siv cov kev paub niaj hnub no txog Antarctica, peb tau ntseeg txog kev paub txog cov neeg sau ntawv yav dhau los, nrog rau qhov tseeb ntawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb uas tsis tau nqis los rau peb, uas muaj ntau txhiab xyoo.

Nws tseem tsuas yog los teb cov lus nug: cov neeg sawv cev ntawm dab tsi kev vam meej thiab nrog kev pab los ntawm cov txheej txheem dab tsi tsim cov lus hais saum toj no-precision maps-qhov tseem ceeb hauv lub sijhawm nyob deb ntawm peb? Tseeb tiag, raws li peb lub tswv yim, thaum lub sijhawm ntawd tsis muaj kev vam meej hauv ntiaj teb txhua!