Sengerie: lub ntsiab lus ntawm liab nyob rau hauv painting

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 14 - Hnub Ntiaj Teb Ntawm Cov Monkeys - peb tham txog kev lom zem thiab kev qhia ntawm European painting hu ua sengerie.

Doppelganger

Txhais los ntawm Fab Kis, tus hu nkauj txhais tau tias liab antics, pranks, antics. Nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim zoo, qhov no yog ib tug comic grimace los yog ib tug funny ua kom yuam kev. Cov lus Askiv sib npaug ntawm lub npe yog liab scene.

Hauv kev kos duab, tus liab tau ib txwm xav tias yog qhov tseeb tshaj plaws thiab pom tseeb, tab sis tsis zoo tag nrho, daim duab kos duab ntawm tus neeg. Nyob rau hauv European kab lis kev cai, tus tsiaj no tau ntev tau suav hais tias yog lub embodiment ntawm vices thiab kev txhaum. Nyob rau hauv Christian symbolism, liab feem ntau embodied dab; dab ntxwg nyoog hu ua "tus liab ntawm tus vajtswv." Albrecht Dürer's engraving "Madonna nrog tus Monkey" qhia txog tus liab chained raws li lub cim ntawm tamed passions.

Albrecht Durer. Madonna thiab Monkey, c. 1498. Source: wikimedia.org

Nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig secular, tus liab tau txheeb xyuas nrog kev ruam, extravagance, licentiousness, carelessness, vanity. Yog li, thawj zaug, cov duab ntawm ib tug liab tso cai rau cov neeg ua yeeb yam los liam thiab thuam cov neeg tsis zoo.

Kev lag luam muaj txiaj ntsig

Comic liab scenes muaj nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 16th Flemish painting. Raws li ib qho ntawm cov kev thuam ntawm kev kos duab, qhov pib ntawm qhov kev lig kev cai no yog cov hauj lwm nto moo ntawm Pieter Bruegel tus Txwj Laug "Ob Monkeys", uas feem ntau txhais tau tias yog ib zaj lus piv txwv pom txog kev txhaum ntawm stinginess thiab kev txhaum ntawm extravagance.

Pieter Bruegel tus Txwj Laug. Ob tug liab, 1562. Source: wikimedia.org

Cov neeg siv khoom xav tau siab rau cov dab neeg zoo li no tau hloov lawv mus rau hauv kev lag luam lucrative. Nyob ib ncig ntawm 1575, tus kws kos duab zoo nkauj Peter van der Borcht tau muab cov duab liab tso rau hauv ib qho kev sib cais ntawm cov duab kos duab. Cov koob yog ib qho kev vam meej, ua kom muaj koob meej ntawm cov sengerie.

Peter van der Borcht. Nursery, approx. 1575. Source: wikimedia.org

Tsis tas li ntawd, kev txaus siab rau hom no ntawm bourgeois cov neeg siv khoom nce ntxiv tom qab kev tsim ntawm East Is Nrias Tuam Txhab hauv 1600, uas ua rau pom nyob hauv Europe ntawm yav dhau los tsis paub kab txawv ntawm cov liab. Frans Francken tus Hluas, Sebastian Vranks, Jana van Kessel tus Txwj Laug tau txais nyiaj zoo ntawm Sengerie.

Tab sis cov neeg nyiam tshaj plaws ntawm kev dag ntxias yog suav tias yog Flemish masters David Teniers tus Hluas thiab nws tus tij laug Abraham. Nyuaj thiab ntau daim duab qhia txog qhov tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm tus tsiaj ntawm tus txiv neej. Yuav ua li cas koj nyiam tus kws txiav plaub hau, qhov twg pab liab plaw imposing miv?

Abraham Teniers. Barber shop nrog liab thiab miv, ntawm 1633 thiab 1667. Source: wikimedia.org

Tab sis tus kws qhia ntawv hnyav hauv tsev kawm ntawv liab tau npaj ua qauv qhia rau kev txhim kho cov tub ntxhais kawm tsis saib xyuas. Qhov kev tua raug saib los ntawm qhov qhib ntim ntawm lub rooj sau ntawv - lus qhuab qhia lossis lus Latin. Lwm phau ntawv, txhob txwm muab tso rau hauv pem hauv ntej, yog ib qho kev cuam tshuam rau qhov tsis muaj peev xwm pov tseg kev paub zoo.

David Teniers tus Hluas. Monkey tsev kawm ntawv, approx. 1660. Source: wikimedia.org

Lub guardhouse liab ua los ntawm David Teniers luam tawm qhov tseeb ntawm cov tub rog so ntawm daim npav thiab cawv. Ib tug pinch ntawm ua yeeb yam yog muab rau nws los ntawm cov tsos ntawm hmo watchmen, uas ntes tus miv ntshai kom tuag. Lub funnel ntawm lub taub hau ntawm tus khub thiab ib tug ntawm cov tub rog lub kaus mom bowler es tsis txhob ntawm lub kaus mom hint ntawm qhov txhaum cai ntawm tus cwj pwm ntawm cov neeg tuaj saib, xa mus rau lub zoo-paub duab ntawm "fools nyob rau hauv lub hwj chim."

Kuj tseem muaj ib qho version uas daim duab no thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm Sebastian Vranks yog ib qho kev thuam ntawm kev tsim txom ntawm cov tub rog nyob rau yav qab teb Netherlands lub sijhawm ntawd.

David Teniers tus Hluas. Guard chav nrog liab, approx. 1633. Source: wikimedia.org

Sebastian Vranks. Allegorical sib ntaus sib tua ntawm armed liab thiab miv nyob rau hauv ib tug Flemish toj roob hauv pes, c. 1630. Source: wikimedia.org

Tom qab ntawd txoj kev lig kev cai liab zoo nkauj tau txuas ntxiv los ntawm Nicholas van Verendael. Nws koom tes nrog David Teniers tus Hluas hauv Antwerp thiab tau paub zoo txog kev ua haujlwm zoo li no. Qee lub sij hawm koj tsis tuaj yeem qhia tam sim seb puas yog neeg lossis liab.

Nicholas Van Verendael. Monkey Feast, lossis King Drinks, 1686. Source: wikimedia.org

Art as a "monkey of nature"

Sengeri tau vam meej thaum lub sijhawm Rococo nrog nws cov ntawv txawv txawv, fantasy. Cov hom yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nrov nyob rau hauv Fabkis, qhov twg ib tug zam rau lub thiaj li hu ua. "Lav Room". Ib qho piv txwv ci ntsa iab yog sab hauv ntawm Chantilly tsev fuabtais: liab nyob rau hauv cov ntaub pua tsev ntawm cov phab ntsa thiab rooj tog, stucco decorations, ntaub pua plag designs. Kev sau ntawv yog ntaus nqi rau tus kws kos duab Christoph Hue, uas nws cov duab nthuav qhia kuj tau ua tus qauv rau lub npe nrov Meissen pawg ntawm cov xim pleev xim plooj (porcelain miniatures).

Christophe Huab. Monkey tsev: fishermen, approx. 1739. Tau qhov twg los: gallerix.ru

Nyob rau hauv lub sengerie ntawm lub sij hawm no, tsis tau tsuas yog cov kev ua ub no txhua hnub ntawm tib neeg, tab sis kuj tam sim no nom tswv txheej xwm, zam tiam sis, thiab muaj tswv yim xyaum. Yog li, qhov programmatic ua haujlwm ntawm Antoine Watteau yog cov lus teb rau kev sib tham zoo nkauj ntawm nws lub sijhawm, ib qho piv txwv ntawm lub tswv yim polemic: "Art yog tus liab ntawm xwm."

Antoine Watteau. Liab daim ntawv ntawm tus sculptor, approx. 1710. Source: wikimedia.org

Thaum lub sij hawm, sengeries ua ntau intimate, didacticism tsis muaj zog, topicality yog softened los ntawm txoj kev tshav ntuj ntawm artistic nthuav qhia. Jean-Baptiste Chardin tau coj tawm ib qho kev xav ntawm cov neeg qub txeeg qub teg hauv kev npau suav ntawm chimpanzee. Nrog rau huab cua ntawm tus neeg paub tiag tiag, nws mob siab rau tshuaj xyuas ib lub npib qub los ntawm lub iav tsom iav. Lub ottoman sawv ntawm nws ib sab tuaj yeem txhawb nqa cov phau ntawv tsis tu ncua - feem ntau yuav suav nrog phau ntawv qhia.

Jean-Baptiste Chardin. Antique liab, approx. 1725. Source: wikimedia.org

Alexander-Gabriel Dean's painting yog inventive satire ntawm incompetence ntawm khav theeb salon kos duab critics. Hnav ape-txiv neej kawm cov toj roob hauv pes hauv style ntawm Nicolas Poussin nrog kev mob siab rau. Ntawm qhov kev nthuav tawm ntawm ib phau ntawv pov rau hauv pem teb, cov lus hais tias "Kev txawj ntse … Peb yog cov neeg soj ntsuam undersigned … " Yog li qhov kev txiav txim tau npaj ua ntej? Dab tsi yog neeg siab phem!

Alexander-Gabriel Dean. Cov kws tshaj lij, lossis Connoisseurs of Art, 1837. Source: wikimedia.org

Qhov kev thuam thiab kev qhia no tau dhau los ua qhov khoom ntawm ntau yam kev coj ua. Yog li, Emmanuel Notermann tau hloov pauv tsuas yog cov phiaj xwm ntawm cov ntaub pua plag uas tau tham los ntawm cov kws tshaj lij, tawm hauv cov yeeb yaj kiab thiab cov ntsiab lus tsis hloov pauv.

Emmanuelle Notermann: koj puas xav tau ntau tus thwjtim? Connoisseurs nyob rau hauv lub studio, ser. XIX caug xyoo. Tau qhov twg los: wikimedia.org

Kev kov yeej ciam teb

Tsim nyob rau hauv Flemish painting thiab culminating nyob rau hauv Fabkis Rococo, sengerie ib hom ntawv nthuav dav nws thaj chaw nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 19th. Ntawm no ib qho tsis tuaj yeem ua yam tsis tau hais txog Asmeskas tus kws kos duab William Holbrooke Byrd. Ib qho ntawm nws cov hauj lwm nto moo tshaj plaws parody lub voj voog kev txawj ntse. Cov pab pawg hauv nruab nrab ntawm cov cim yog animatedly tham txog ib yam dab tsi uas txaus siab rau lawv hauv kev tshaj tawm kev tshawb fawb. Tsib ntxiv tomes languish rau thiab hauv qab rooj.

Qhov no implicit tab sis tseem ceeb nthuav dav qhia txog lub ntsej muag ntawm qhov kev sib tham. Nws zoo nkaus li tias "pundits" nrog lub ntsej muag ntse tsuas yog saib cov duab kos, ua raws li kev xav.

William Holbrooke noog. Cov kws tshawb fawb ntawm Kev Ua Haujlwm, 1894. Source: wikimedia.org

Echoes ntawm sengerie kuj tshwm sim nyob rau hauv tsiaj painting ntawm lub xyoo pua ua ntej kawg. Txawm li cas los xij, cov neeg pleev kob tsiaj pleev xim rau liab tsis yog rau kev thuam ntawm tib neeg, tab sis tawm ntawm kev qhuas rau naturalness, inimitable plasticity, thiab lom zem ntawm cov tsiaj. Yog hais tias allegoricality tseem, nws dhau los ua pob tshab heev.

Ib qho chaw kov nrog liab "nyeem ntawv" tau ntes los ntawm German tus kws kos duab Gabriel Max. Monkeys pore tshaj thawj ntim ntawm philosophical treatise "Dualism". Txoj hmoo ntawm lub treatise yog unenviable: cov nplooj ntawv torn qhia qhov tseeb lub hom phiaj ntawm tailed nyeem. Tam sim no daim duab no nquag ua si hauv memes thiab demotivators.