Yuav ua li cas Russians cawm North Caucasus los ntawm Turkish qhev

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Ua ntej poob rau hauv thaj tsam ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws, North Caucasus rau ntau pua xyoo yog lub lag luam qhev loj tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb.

Cov khoom xa tawm tseem ceeb ntawm North Caucasus los ntawm Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog mus txog thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th yog qhev. Txawm tias nyob rau xyoo 1830, cov Turks tau xa tawm mus txog 4,000 tus qhev ib xyoos los ntawm thaj av. Tus nqi ntawm ib tug qhev "ntawm qhov chaw" yog 200-800 rubles, thiab thaum muag nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Ottoman, nws twb yog 1500 rubles. Cov neeg ntawm North Caucasus lawv tus kheej muag qhev rau Qaib Cov Txwv, los yog, lawv cov nom tswv - Circassians, Dagestanis. Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv 1830s yog Lavxias teb sab Dub hiav txwv Fleet muaj peev xwm rhuav tshem cov ntses no.

Twb tau nyob rau hauv X-XI centuries, ib tug qhev ua lag luam tsim nyob rau hauv Eastern Black Hiav txwv cheeb tsam. Yuav luag tag nrho cov neeg ncig teb chaws Europe nyob rau hauv Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog tau them sai sai rau qhov tseeb tias qhov peculiarity ntawm kev lag luam ntawm Circassians yog muag thiab yuav khoom nyob. Piv txwv li, tus neeg ncig tebchaws Italian Interiano (thaum xyoo pua 16th) tau sau tseg tias: “Lawv (feudal lords) dheev tawm tsam cov neeg pluag thiab coj lawv cov nyuj thiab lawv cov menyuam, uas tom qab ntawd pauv lossis muag thaum thauj los ntawm ib cheeb tsam mus rau lwm qhov. Thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th, lub Dub hiav txwv Italian cov cheeb tsam raug ntes los ntawm cov Turks, lub teb chaws Ottoman tau los ua tus neeg siv khoom tseem ceeb ntawm Caucasian qhev, uas muaj ntau lub network ntawm cov neeg xa khoom hauv Crimean Tatars thiab highlanders, thiab. Raws li ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov qhev lag luam nyob rau hauv lub North-Eastern Black Sea cheeb tsam, nyob rau hauv lub North Caucasus txij li thaum xyoo pua 18th, txhua xyoo nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 19th, mus txog 4,000 txhiab tus qhev ntawm ob tug poj niam raug xa tawm los ntawm Circassia.

Keeb kwm Lyudmila Khludova sau txog dab tsi kev lag luam qhev nyob rau hauv Eastern Black Hiav Txwv cheeb tsam yog zoo li thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm "Kev lag luam nyob rau hauv qhev nyob rau hauv lub Dub hiav txwv ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm lub North-Western Caucasus nyob rau hauv picturesque thiab sau los ntawm lub 19th. xyoo pua." (magazine "Historical and Social-Educational Thought", No. 3, 2016).

Nyob rau hauv lub 18th - thaum ntxov 19th centuries, lub loj tshaj plaws qhev lag luam nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam yog: nyob rau hauv lub North-Eastern Caucasus "Black Market" los yog "Kara Bazar" (tam sim no lub zos ntawm Kochubei, Tarumovsky District), Tarki, Derbent, lub zos ntawm Dzhar ntawm ciam teb ntawm Dagestan nrog Georgia, Aksai thiab aul Enderi hauv Dagestan; Nyob rau hauv lub North-Western Caucasus - Ottoman chaw nres nkoj thiab fortresses nyob rau hauv lub bays ntawm lub Dub hiav txwv ntug dej hiav txwv: Gelendzhik, Anapa, Yenikale (ze Kerch), Sudzhuk-Kale (Novorossiysk), Sukhum-Kale (Sukhumi), Kopyl (Temryuk), Tuapse, Khunkala (Taman)). Ntxiv mus, feem ntau ntawm cov qhev nyob rau hauv lub lag luam qhev ntawm North-Eastern Caucasus (thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog Dagestan) yog los ntawm cov ntseeg (piv txwv li, los ntawm Georgia), thiab nyob rau hauv lub North-West - los ntawm Abkhazians thiab Circassians.

Tus neeg taug kev M. Peisonel nyob rau nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th tau sau tias "nyob ntawm haiv neeg ntawm cov qhev, lawv cov nqi kuj raug muab. Circassian qhev nyiam cov neeg yuav khoom hauv thawj qhov chaw. Cov poj niam ntawm cov ntshav no txaus siab tau los ua concubines los ntawm Tatar princes thiab Turkish sultan nws tus kheej. Tseem muaj Georgian, Kalmyk thiab Abkhaz qhev. Cov uas tuaj ntawm Circassia thiab Abaza yog suav tias yog cov neeg Muslim, thiab cov neeg ntawm cov ntseeg Vajtswv raug txwv tsis pub yuav lawv."

Muaj ntau tus poj niam Circassian tau muag los ntawm cov tub lag luam qhev tsis yog cov neeg nyob sib ze, tab sis raug xa mus rau Dub hiav txwv ntug dej hiav txwv muag rau Ottoman, vim qhov no tau lees paub cov txiaj ntsig zoo nyiaj txiag. Tus Dutchman Jean Struy tau sau tias: "Lub koob meej ntawm lawv txoj kev zoo nkauj tau nthuav tawm zoo heev uas nyob rau ntawm lub trapezon thiab Constantinople bazaars, ib tug poj niam Circassian yuav luag txhua zaus them ob zaug, qee zaum peb zaug ntau dua li tus poj niam uas nws zoo nkauj, thaum xub thawj siab ib muag, yuav zoo li. rau peb sib npaug rau thawj thiab txawm superior."

Tom qab qhov kev pom zoo raug ntaus, cov tub qhe muag tau tos ob peb lub lis piam kom thauj khoom mus rau lub nkoj. Nyob rau xyoo 1840, Moritz Wagner tau sau tias "feem ntau nws yuav siv sijhawm ob peb lub lis piam rau cov tub lag luam ntxhais kom ua tiav lawv txoj kev lag luam nrog Circassians."A. Fonville, uas tau pom qhov muag ntawm Caucasian qhev, tau piav qhia txog cov xwm txheej rau kev pab cov ntxhais yuav los ntawm cov tub lag luam ua ntej lawv raug xa mus rau Tebchaws Ottoman: "Peb tau tawm tam sim ntawd thiab tuaj txog hauv Tuapse thaum yav tsaus ntuj ntawm tib hnub. Peb ib txwm tau hais txog Tuapse tias nws yog qhov chaw lag luam ntawm tag nrho cheeb tsam thiab thaj chaw ntawm no yog qhov zoo nkauj heev. Xav txog tias peb xav tsis thoob thaum peb tuaj txog ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv, mus rau lub qhov ncauj ntawm ib tug me me dej ntog los ntawm lub roob, thiab pom ntawm no mus txog rau ib puas tsev pheeb suab, propped li pob zeb los ntawm ib tug puas Lavxias teb sab fortress thiab npog nrog rotten qhov nrog qhov. Cov tsev pheeb suab tsis zoo no tau nyob hauv cov tub lag luam Turkish uas ua lag luam rau cov poj niam. Thaum lawv muaj cov khoom xav tau ntawm cov khoom no, lawv xa mus rau Qaib Cov Txwv ntawm ib qho ntawm cov kaiks uas ib txwm nyob hauv Tuapse."

Cov tub hluas uas muaj zog muaj zog feem ntau muaj txiaj ntsig ntau dua li cov ntxhais hluas zoo nkauj hauv khw qhev sab hnub tuaj. Lawv txoj haujlwm tau siv zog ua haujlwm (hauv kev ua liaj ua teb, hauv mines), lawv raug yuam ua tub rog, yuam kom hloov dua siab tshiab rau Islam yog tias lawv ua raws li kev ntseeg sib txawv.

Txij li thaum xyoo 1830, qhov ntim ntawm kev lag luam qhev ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv Dub ntawm Northwestern Caucasus pib maj mam poob. Qhov no yog vim lub fact tias, raws li lub Adrianople Peace Treaty ntawm 1829, lub Trans-Kuban cheeb tsam mus rau Russia thiab lub export ntawm cov neeg raug kaw los ntawm cov tub lag luam Turkish pib raug suppressed los ntawm Lavxias teb sab tub rog fleet. Raws li Moritz Wagner, "kev lag luam hauv Circassian cov ntxhais tseem ua tau zoo ib yam, tab sis tam sim no nws yuav tsum tau ceev faj ntau dua li ua ntej thiab tsuas yog txwv rau lub hlis ntawm cua daj cua dub, txij lub Kaum Hli mus txog Lub Peb Hlis, thaum cov neeg tsav nkoj Lavxias txav deb ntawm ntug hiav txwv tsis muaj chaw nres nkoj."

Cov txiaj ntsig siab ntawm North Caucasian qhev kev lag luam nyiam cov tub lag luam Turkish thiab txhawb kom lawv muaj kev pheej hmoo. Los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm Raevskys 'archive, peb pom tias txawm tias "tawm ntawm 10 lub nkoj lawv poob 9, tom qab ntawd yuav them tag nrho cov kev poob." Lavxias teb sab txawj ntse tub ceev xwm F. Tornau sau hais tias kev ua lag luam ntawm cov poj niam "rau Turkish tub lag luam yog lub hauv paus ntawm qhov ntxov tshaj plaws enrichment. Yog li ntawd, lawv tau koom nrog qhov kev lag luam no, tsis quav ntsej txog qhov txaus ntshai uas cuam tshuam rau lawv los ntawm Lavxias teb sab cruisers. Hauv peb lossis plaub lub voyages ntawm Turks, nrog qee qhov kev zoo siab, nws tau los ua ib tug txiv neej nplua nuj thiab muaj peev xwm nyob twj ywm hauv nws lub neej; tab sis ib tug yuav tsum tau pom lawv txoj kev ntshaw rau lub neej no, cov khoom zoo nkauj."

Cov txiaj ntsig siab ntawm kev lag luam qhev tau ua kom ntseeg tau los ntawm qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm tus nqi rau kev yuav cov poj niam hauv Caucasus thiab cov nqi muag lawv nyob rau hauv cov lag luam qhev sab hnub tuaj. Yog hais tias nyob rau hauv Circassia nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19 lawv them los ntawm 200 mus rau 800 rubles rau ib tug ntxhais los yog poj niam. nyiaj, tom qab tuaj txog hauv Qaib Cov Txwv, nws tus nqi tau nce mus rau 1,500 rubles. nyiaj.

F. Shcherbina sau hais tias nyob rau xyoo 1830-1840, cov neeg smugglers nqa Lavxias teb sab neeg raug kaw los ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv Dub mus muag rau Qaib Cov Txwv, tab sis thaum Lavxias teb sab tub rog nkoj hla cov tub lag luam qhev, lawv poob dej rau cov neeg raug kaw hauv hiav txwv "kom nkaum qhov chaw ntawm lub nkoj. kev lag luam txhaum cai." Tso cov poj niam Circassian thiab txeeb ntau yam khoom, cov neeg tsav nkoj Lavxias "yeej tsis pom cov neeg raug kaw hauv Lavxias hauv lawv (nkoj)."

Txhawm rau kom tsis txhob hnov qab hla cov neeg saib xyuas Lavxias thiab thaj av ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv, cov tub rog Turkish nyiam qhov tsaus ntuj, yog tias ua tau hmo ntuj tsis muaj hnub. Nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej zoo li no, nws nyuaj rau kev mus rau lub rooj sib tham nrog Caucasian cov neeg muag khoom ntawm "cov khoom nyob", muaj kev txaus ntshai ntawm kev mus txog lub fortifications Lavxias teb sab. "Thaum tsaus ntuj, nrog cua zoo, cov nkoj smuggled tau taug kev ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv tom qab lub teeb uas tau taws thiab txhawb nqa hauv roob los ntawm Circassians." Muaj moored mus rau ntawm ntug dej, cov smugglers ua ob peb txhaj tshuaj, uas sau cov nyob ib ncig ntawm highlanders. Tom qab lub nkoj raug tshem tawm, nws feem ntau yog rub rau ntawm ntug dej thiab camouflaged nrog ceg los yog dej nyab ntawm tus dej estuaries kom txog rau thaum lub nkoj tom ntej.

Cov kev ua ntawm Lavxias teb sab ships tawm tsam Anglo-Turkish smugglers tau zoo. Thaum lub sijhawm ua tub rog taug kev ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv Dub hiav txwv ntawm North-Western Caucasus, cov tub rog Lavxias tau ntes ntau lub nkoj (feem ntau yog Turkish) koom nrog kev lag luam txhaum cai, kev lag luam qhev thiab muab riam phom rau cov neeg siab.

Tom qab kev xa tawm ntawm cov qhev los ntawm Hiav Txwv Dub ntug dej hiav txwv pib raug txwv los ntawm Lavxias tub rog nkoj hauv xyoo 1830, tus nqi ntawm cov neeg raug kaw hauv Caucasus poob qis heev. Cov qauv nyiaj txiag no tau sau tseg los ntawm tus neeg ncig tebchaws Askiv Edmond Spencer: "Tam sim no, vim muaj kev lag luam tsawg ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv Caucasus thiab lawv cov phooj ywg qub, Turks thiab Persians, tus nqi ntawm cov poj niam tau poob qis; cov niam txiv uas muaj ib lub tsev tag nrho ntawm cov ntxhais quaj ntsuag no nrog rau qhov kev poob siab ib yam li cov tub lag luam tu siab rau lub khw muag khoom uas tsis muaj cov khoom muag. Ntawm qhov tod tes, cov neeg pluag Circassian tau txhawb nqa los ntawm lub xeev ntawm cov xwm txheej no, vim tsis yog muab tag nrho nws txoj haujlwm ntau xyoo lossis muab nws cov nyuj thiab cov tsiaj me me, tam sim no nws tuaj yeem tau txais ib tug poj niam ntawm cov ntsiab lus yooj yim heev - tus nqi. ntawm ib qho khoom lag luam zoo poob los ntawm tus nqi loj ntawm ntau pua tus nyuj mus rau nees nkaum lossis peb caug."

Qhov no yog vim lub fact tias vim tsis muaj zog socio-economic thiab kev nom kev tswv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub roob societies lawv tus kheej, qhev ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug me ntsis xav tau nyob rau hauv lawv, vim hais tias nws tsis coj cov txiaj ntsim kev lag luam rau cov tswv. Lub ntsiab nyiaj txiag txaus siab ntawm highlanders- qhev tub lag luam muaj nyob rau hauv lub profitable muag ntawm captivity rau lub Turks ntawm tus nqi ho siab tshaj nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam. Tab sis qhov kev siv ntawm qhov no tau cuam tshuam los ntawm kev sib sau ua ke ntawm Lavxias teb sab kev lag luam thiab kev cai lij choj hauv cheeb tsam.