Lub peev ntawm Great Tartary yog pom nyob rau hauv Suav Ordos. Ntu 4

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Kev soj ntsuam ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub nroog Great Tartary, lub nroog Khanbalik, coj kuv mus rau lub nroog thiab cheeb tsam ntawm Ordos, nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm niaj hnub Inner Mongolia, nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm Tuam Tshoj. Tsis deb ntawm no yog lub Great Wall ntawm Tuam Tshoj, uas kuj, raws li cov lus piav qhia ntawm lub ces cartographers, sawv ze heev rau Khanbalik. Nws yog los ntawm no, los ntawm thaj av Katay, uas lub hwj chim ntawm tus loj boor kis mus rau ib nrab ntawm lub ntiaj teb no. Thiab yog hais tias muaj ib qho chaw nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no uas zoo sib xws nyob rau hauv kev piav qhia thiab consonance rau lub ploj Shambhala, ces nws yog Khanbalik / Khambala / Tamerlanka / Ordos.

Hauv tsab xov xwm dhau los Lub voj voog txog lub peev ntawm Great Tartarypeb pom thaj chaw uas peb tuaj yeem pom lub nroog Khanbalik, uas ploj lawm tom qab. Lub Far East yog tsis nyob rau hauv feem ntau medieval maps (raws li daim ntawv qhia ntawm 1752 los ntawm Fabkis geography Philippe Boucher, lub Far East thiab Kamchatka twb nrhiav tau los ntawm Lavxias teb sab neeg mus ncig tebchaws "20 xyoo dhau los", uas yog … txog 1732!). Sab qaum teb ntawm Siberia kuj tau piav qhia ntau yam. Yog li, cov av uas yog, qhov tseeb, nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam ntawm Gobi Desert, tau muab tso los ntawm medieval cartographers ntau dua, xyaum nyob rau hauv Siberia.

Suab puam Tartaria feem ntau kos dhau ntawm Urals (sab hnub tuaj ntawm lub roob), me ntsis mus rau sab qab teb ntawm Samarkand. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias thaj chaw kub ntawm Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan tau txhais qhov chaw nyob ntawd, dhau ntawm Ural, ntau qhov tseeb, lub roob Ripeysky. Yog li, thaum saib daim duab qhia chaw uas luam tawm ua ntej kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, ib lub tswv yim yuam kev ntawm qhov kev ncua deb ntawm qee yam khoom siv hauv thaj chaw yog tsim.

Lub ntsiab landmarks thaum searching rau Khanbalik

Yuav kom nkag siab txog qhov tseeb qhov chaw ntawm lub peev ntawm Tartary (qhov no yog lub tebchaws hu ua thaum lub sijhawm nws txoj kev vam meej tshaj plaws), nco ntsoov tias lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb yog thaj av Katay. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias thaj av no ib txwm tau pleev xim rau ntawm ib qho chaw nruab nrab ntawm lub roob, uas yog, Katay nyob rau ntawm toj siab. Hauv cheeb tsam yog Khanbalik thiab cov nroog nyob sib ze. Los ntawm lawv cov npe, peb yuav sim taug qab qhov chaw no, tej zaum qee tus ntawm lawv tau dim lub peev ntawm Tartary.

Ib txwm nyob rau ntawm daim duab qhia hnub nyoog nruab nrab, txog thaum nws ploj mus, Khanbalik nyob nruab nrab ntawm lub nroog Kamul (Camul, tom qab ntawd qee zaum hu ua Kamila; nws nyob rau sab hnub poob), Campion, (CAM + pion?) Los ntawm txoj kev, ntawm ib daim ntawv qhia lawv sau tias nws yog ib nrab ntawm cov ntseeg, ib nrab-Muslim lub nroog) (nws nyob rau sab hnub poob, tab sis ze dua) thiab lub nroog Suza (Zouza, Suzan, Suczan), uas feem ntau nyob rau sab hnub tuaj thiab sab qab teb ntawm Hanbylk. Ntawm qee daim duab qhia chaw, nyob ze Katai, tab sis rov qab mus rau sab hnub poob, muaj ib cheeb tsam lossis lub nroog Ergimul.

Nws yog qhov xav paub tias feem ntau Khambala / Khanbalik pleev xim rau ntawm tus dej (Marco Polo hu nws Polisangan). Kev txiav txim los ntawm cov dab neeg ntawm cov neeg ncig tebchaws Venetian (yog tias koj nyeem cov ntawv Latin ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th), mus rau sab hnub poob ntawm lub palaces ntawm lub Great Khan muaj ib tug choj marble ntev 12 mais (ces thiab, feem ntau, Suav), nws Nws hloov tawm tias qhov dav ntawm tus dej yog 7 km 200 m (12 x 0, 6 km = 7, 2). Yog hais tias koj delve rau hauv cheeb tsam no nyob rau hauv peb lub sij hawm (siv satellite maps), ces xws li dej ntws yuav nrhiav tsis tau. Tus dej loj tshaj plaws nyob rau lub sijhawm no hauv lub xeev no yog Yellow River (aka Yellow River, nrov npe hu ua "Woe of China (Chin)"), tus dej loj tshaj plaws hauv cheeb tsam no yog li 5 km (hnub no Wuhan yog sab hnub poob ntawm Khanbalik.). Feem ntau, Polisangin yog lub npe hauv zos rau Yellow River. Nyob rau hauv daim ntawv qhia ntawm Athanasius Kircher, luam tawm nyob rau hauv 1667, nws tau hais tias tus dej poob 300 txhiab tus neeg.tib 1642! Thiab nyob rau hauv 1644, uas yog, ob xyoos tom qab, cov Tartars tau pib nthuav mus rau hauv cov av ntawm Suav Suav thiab tau nce mus rau Qing dynasty tshiab.

Txog tus dej, uas tua ntau txhiab tus neeg rau ntau pua xyoo nyob rau hauv cov chaw no, thiab tus choj hla nws, Marco Polo hais qhov no (cov lus Askiv version ntawm 1903 tsab, ntxiv nrog cov ntawv sau hauv 1920; "Kev Mus Los ntawm Marco Polo. Ua kom tiav Yule-Cordier Edition. suav nrog cov ntawv sau thib peb (1903) ntawm Henry Yule phau ntawv txhais lus piav qhia, raws li hloov kho los ntawm Henri Cordier; ua ke nrog Cordier cov ntawv ntim tom qab thiab ntxiv rau (1920) "):

Chapter XXXV. “Thaum koj tawm hauv lub nroog Kambaluk thiab tsav 10 mais, koj tuaj txog ntawm tus dej loj heev hu ua PULISANGHIN, uas ntws mus rau hauv dej hiav txwv, yog li ntawd cov tub lag luam nrog lawv cov khoom tuaj txog ntawm hiav txwv, muaj ib tug choj zeb zoo nkauj tshaj tus dej no, zoo nkauj heev uas nws muaj ob peb analogues, nws qhov ntev yog raws li nram no: nws yog 300 kauj ruam nyob rau hauv ntev thiab, feem ntau yuav, muaj ib tug zoo 8 kauj ruam nyob rau hauv dav, vim hais tias nws txhais tau hais tias 10 tus neeg caij nees ntawm nees tuaj yeem caij ua ke ntawm nws."

Los ntawm txoj kev, txog qhov ntev ntawm tus choj ntawm 300 kauj ruam, piv txwv li, sau Abrakha Orteliy nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 16th. Thiab ntawm no nws tsis meej meej tias muaj pes tsawg metres yog 1 mais hauv cov dab neeg ntawm Marco Polo, vim tias hauv Latin txhais lus ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th peb tab tom tham txog 12-mais marble choj, thiab tom qab kev txhais lus ntawm Marco Polo (thiab ntawm daim duab qhia chaw ntawm qee cov neeg sau ntawv medieval) lawv sau txog qhov ntev ntawm tus choj hauv 300 kauj ruam. Yog tias ib qho "zoo" kauj ruam yog kwv yees li 80 cm, ces koj tau txais 240-meter qauv, uas yog qhov tseeb heev nyob rau hauv lub sijhawm ntawd. Thiab ces nws hloov tawm hais tias ib mais yog sib npaug rau … faib 240 los ntawm 12 … 20 meters? Tsis txaus. Tej zaum qee qhov mais hauv zos tau txhais tau tias …

Lwm qhov chaw rau kev txiav txim siab qhov chaw ntawm Khanbalik yog Altai. Nyob rau sab qaum teb-sab hnub poob (tseem ceeb, kuj raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus "qhov chaw tawm") kom txog rau thaum lub xyoo pua 18th cartographers kos lub roob Antay lossis Altai (nws tseem tsis tau paub tias yuav ua li cas kom raug) - Antay monts. Nyob rau hauv ntau daim ntawv qhia nws tau teev tias muaj sepcultures nyob rau hauv Altai, uas yog, tombs, tombs ntawm lub Tartar emperors / Khans. Qee lub sij hawm lawv txawm kos pyramids hauv roob. Thiab nws zoo nkaus li tias nyob rau hauv daim ntawv qhia feem ntau txog rau thaum xyoo pua 18th, Altai yog nyob ze rau lub peev ntawm Tartary. Txawm li cas los xij, yuav ua li cas piav qhia tias Marco Polo sau txog ntau tshaj li ib puas hnub taug kev los ntawm Khambalyk mus rau Altai? Yog li, ib zaug ntxiv, cia peb nco ntsoov tias cov tswv yim ntawm cov kws kos duab tom qab ntawd hais txog qhov kev ncua deb ntawm qee thaj tsam thiab cov khoom tsis tuaj yeem ntseeg tau.

Ntawm daim duab qub qub sab qaum teb ntawm Altai muaj tus dej (qee zaum lub nroog ntawm tib lub npe) Tartar, uas tuaj yeem pom muaj nrog rau qee lub nroog thaj chaw mus txog rau thawj peb lub hlis twg ntawm XVIII caug xyoo. Qhov sib thooj ntawm cov nroog no mus rau Tamerlane thiab Ordos, uas ib zaug lees paub tias cov no yog qhov sib txawv hypostases ntawm tib thaj chaw / cheeb tsam.

Kev ploj ntawm lub nroog ntawm daim duab qhia chaw thiab kev hloov pauv hauv toj roob hauv pes

Xyoo 1708, tus kws sau ntawv Jayllo Alexis Hubert pom tias nws nyuaj rau piav qhia txog ib qho kev paub yav dhau los hauv cheeb tsam Cataya. Nws tau hais los ntawm Athanasius Kircher rov qab rau xyoo 1683, piav qhia txhua yam sab qaum teb ntawm Great Wall of China, tsis yog Kathai nrog lub peev ntawm Tartary. Kwv yees li, txij li lub sijhawm ntawd (lig 17th - thaum ntxov 18th centuries), ob lub suab puam loj tau pleev xim rau ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Mongolia niaj hnub - Lop (sab hnub poob ntawm Katay) thiab Gobee (lossis Xamo / Shamo hauv Suav). Yuav ua li cas yog tias, qhov tseeb, ib qho suab puam tshiab tshwm sim ze Katai, ua ntej tsuas muaj Lop suab puam sab hnub poob ntawm Khanbalik, thiab ib tug yuav xav tias Lop yog Gobee? Tom qab tag nrho, Marco Polo hais txog qhov zoo nkauj, hav zoov nyob ze lub nroog, tag nrho ntawm cov noog. Tam sim no yuav luag ib nrab ntawm thaj av Ordos yog xuab zeb, thiab tsis muaj dej loj thiab pas dej nyob ze. Tab sis qhov no yog thaj chaw heev.

Tsis tas li ntawd, txij li thaum pib ntawm lub active conquest ntawm yav qab teb ib cheeb tsam ntawm Tartary los ntawm Beijing (los ntawm Qing dynasty - qhov tseeb, los ntawm tib Tartars; qhov no yog lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th - thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th), Katai. pib koom nrog cov neeg European nrog Tuam Tshoj-Tuam Tshoj ("KATAI sive SINAE" - "KATAI lossis SINA / CHINA"). Tab sis peb yuav tsis dag peb tus kheej, thiab nco ntsoov tias sab qaum teb thiab sab hnub poob ntawm Chin / Tuam Tshoj nyob rau hauv lub zoo qub hnub twb inhabited los ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm Aryan Scythians. Tseem muaj nrhiav mummies ntawm siab, ncaj-haired neeg nrog lub ntsej muag European. Thiab lawv pom, piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub xeev Xinjiang, qhov no tsis deb ntawm thaj av medieval ntawm Kokonor Tartars, qhov twg los ntawm dej nyab nyob rau hauv 1557, raws li cov lus Askiv cartographer Ceev, ib puag ncig lub pas dej tau tsim, dej nyab. 7 lub zos nrog lub zos. Tam sim no lub pas dej no hu ua Qinghai (hauv lub xeev ntawm tib lub npe). Ntawm daim ntawv qhia qub, thaj chaw no tau koom nrog Tartaria, thiab Coconor Tartars nyob ntawd, uas yog, tsis yog Suav.

Koj tseem tuaj yeem nco qab Suav-Chin pyramids-roob, uas tam sim no tsoomfwv ntawm lub tebchaws tau nquag cog cov ntoo txawm tias cov kab ntoo los nkaum cov qauv uas tsis yog Suav Chin keeb kwm.

Cia peb rov qab mus rau Tartar KATAI. Ntawm no yog ib daim ntawv qhia uas tau txais txiaj ntsig los ntawm Peter Van der aa. Nws tau raug liam tias luam tawm xyoo 1729. Tab sis txij li thaum ntxov tshaj plaws ntawm lub nroog Ordos tshwm nyob rau hauv lub kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th, ces, feem ntau yuav, daim ntawv qhia no tau tsim ntau ua ntej 1729 (los ntawm 1700). Peter van der aa tau txais txiaj ntsig nrog kev sau ntawv ntawm lwm daim ntawv qhia ntawm cov chaw, zoo ib yam li kev sau ntawv thiab cov qauv, thiab nws tseem rov qab mus rau xyoo 1729. Tab sis ntawm nws es tsis txhob ntawm tag nrho cov nroog no - Tamerlane, Campion, Susa, Kamula - muaj thaj tsam Ordos. Kev sib tham ntawm daim ntawv qhia no, kuv xav tias, tuaj yeem ntseeg tau.

Rau lub hom phiaj ntawm kev ncaj ncees, nws tsim nyog hais tias nyob rau hauv ib co maps ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th nyob rau hauv Tartary ib tug yuav nrhiav tau raws li ntau li ob Khanbalyks, tsuas yog ib tug nyob rau hauv lub Ob River - Canbalich, thiab lwm yam yog txo mus rau Cambalu thiab nyob rau hauv. KATAI. Marco Polo ib zaug tau hais tias Latin version ntawm lub npe ntawm lub peev ntawm Tartary "Cambalu" tsis yog, nws yog qhov tseeb los hais thiab sau "Chambalech" lossis "Chambalich". Qee cov kws tshawb fawb ntawm Tartary, tau tshawb pom Canbalich ntawm tus Dej Ob, tam sim ntawd tuaj rau qhov xaus tias ntawm no yog - lub peev! Tab sis yog tias lawv kawm paub meej yam tsawg kawg kaum ob daim duab qhia ntawm tib lub sijhawm lossis lub sijhawm dhau los, lawv yuav ua kom paub tseeb tias lub peev ntawm Tartaria ib txwm nyob hauv thaj av Cathay (Cathay, Cathayo, Cathaio; Katai). Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub Catalan atlas ntawm 1375, ib tug niaj hnub cartographer draws Chambalech rau ib tug dej nyob rau hauv ib tug loj cheeb tsam los yog lub teb chaws ntawm CATAYO thiab nyob rau ntawd - obviously, lub boor / khan nws tus kheej, tus kav ntawm Catay. Thiab feem ntau, ntawm ntau daim ntawv qhia thoob plaws tag nrho lub neej ntawm Tartary, cov kws kos duab qhia txog Hanbaleh hauv Tartary (tsis yog Zoo, tab sis tsuas yog hauv Tartary) hauv thaj av loj ntawm Katay, nyob rau hauv uas, los yog ze heev los ntawm, yog cov toponyms-landmarks kuv muaj. teev saum toj no.

Qhov tseeb hais tias lub peev ntawm lub teb chaws nyob rau hauv Katai, thiab nws yog los ntawm lub cheeb tsam no uas lub hwj chim ntawm lub loj ham / khan kis, piav hais tias lo lus no - "Katay / Tuam Tshoj" - nyob rau hauv lub qub Lavxias teb sab lus pib txhais tau tias " center" lossis "core" ntawm ib lub nroog, xeev lossis xeev, feem ntau, qee yam kev tswj hwm. Nyob rau hauv daim ntawv qhia Fra Mauro ntawm 1450, Muscovy yog ib lub fortress me me. Yog hais tias koj ntseeg hais tias lub official hnub ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm Moscow (Moscow Kremlin) - lub XII caug xyoo, nws yog ib qho txawv txawv uas rau 300 xyoo lub nroog tseem yog ib tug me me fortress. Thiab nyob rau hauv daim duab ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th (!) Moscow tsuas muaj ob lub rings ntawm fortifications thiab nws tseem tsis tau xws li ib tug loj fortress los ntawm cov qauv ntawm lub sij hawm ntawd. Nws muaj peev xwm rov tsim dua hauv 500 xyoo. Feem ntau yuav, hnub tiag ntawm kev tsim ntawm Moscow thiab Kremlin tsis yog lub xyoo pua XII, tab sis tom qab ntawd.

Kitay-Gorod yog qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm Kremlin hauv xyoo pua 17th. Nws yog pom tseeb tias nws yog los ntawm lub fortress me me uas lub Kremlin thiab Moscow pib loj hlob. Feem ntau, txij thaum pib, kwv yees li ntawm hnub tsim lub nroog, cov av no tau subordinated rau Katai thiab lub khan zoo, yog li ntawd thawj fortress - lub hauv paus ntawm lub nroog - hu ua Katay-gorod (lub nroog!). Ntawd yog, lub nroog, uas yog qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm ib cheeb tsam me me ntawm Muscovy, uas tom qab ntawd tau los ua tus thawj tswj hwm loj, thiab tom qab lub tshoob ntawm Grand Duke nrog Sophia Paleogo, zoo li lub teb chaws Ottoman. Thiab ces nws hloov tawm hais tias nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb Moscow tsis tau yug ntxov tshaj 1290 - hnub ntawm lub founding ntawm Tartary, peb ntxiv rau hnub no ib tug tej lub sij hawm thaum lub sij hawm lub hwj chim ntawm lub Great Khan yuav tsum mus txog rau sab hnub tuaj Europe. Nws yuav tig tawm mus rau lub xyoo pua XIV, tsawg kawg. Thiab tom qab ntawd, los ntawm 1450 (lub sij hawm thaum Fra Mauro daim ntawv qhia tau luam tawm), nws yog ib qho laj thawj heev uas Moscow qhov loj me tsis loj dua Samarkand, uas tau tsim heev thaum lub sijhawm ntawd.

Tab sis rov qab mus rau lub peev ntawm Tartary. Nyob rau sab qab teb ntawm Khanbalik, lub Great Wall ntawm Tuam Tshoj yog ib txwm piav qhia, uas, raws li cov cartographers tom qab ntawd, tseem tau tsim los ntawm Suav Suav - los tiv thaiv lawv tus kheej los ntawm kev tawm tsam ntawm tartars (los ntawm txoj kev, nws tseem tsis tau pab.). Lub sijhawm ntawd, phab ntsa yog ciam teb tiag tiag ntawm Tuam Tshoj-Tuam Tshoj thiab Tartary. Nyob ze lub nroog Tartary, ib tus tuaj yeem hais txog lub nroog Serra (Serra; hauv qee qhov chaw ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th nws tau hais tias Cathay-Cathay tau tsim los ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv Seriki lossis lub nroog Serra).

Dab tsi ntxiv koj tuaj yeem pom ze Khanbalik? Lake Chandu (Xandu, Ciandu). Hauv qab no yog clipping los ntawm daim duab qhia chaw ntawm 1683 - mus txog rau 1688 lub peev ntawm lub teb chaws tseem "nyob" nyob rau hauv daim ntawv qhia ntawm Europeans. Nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm dhau los, peb pom tias nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm 1680-88 qhov tseeb ntawm lub hav zoov ntawm Tartary tau muab tso rau hauv lo lus nug los ntawm lub ntiaj teb no zej zog. Lub sijhawm no, qee tus kws kos duab kos Khanbalik, thaum lwm tus tsis muaj lawm.

Ib cheeb tsam Tanguth / Tanguth loj kuj nyob ib sab ntawm Katai. Qee lub sij hawm nws tau hu ua Tainfu lossis Tannu, Taniu, thiab lub nroog Campion tsuas yog nws qhov chaw tswj hwm.

Los ntawm txoj kev, hais txog Great Suav. Raws li kev tsim kho ntawm qhov kev faib loj loj no thiab cov tsos ntawm cov ntaub ntawv hais txog nws nyob rau sab hnub poob, cartographers kos Khanbalik ze rau ntawm phab ntsa. Nyob rau hauv daim ntawv qhia txog thaum ntxov 18th caug xyoo, thaum Western thiab Lavxias teb sab neeg mus ncig tebchaws (thiab lawv cov tub rog ua hauj lwm ua ke) kawm Siberia thiab Altai zoo dua, lub Katay cheeb tsam pib muab tso rau sab qab teb thiab sab hnub poob ntawm lub Great Wall ntawm Tuam Tshoj. Beijing yav dhau los nyob rau hauv daim duab qhia chaw nyob tsis deb ntawm lub qub boorish chaw nyob, tab sis tam sim no nws tau pom tseeb tias nws sawv nyob rau hauv tib lub cheeb tsam latitude nrog lub qub nroog ntawm Tartary. Sab qab teb ntawm Katai, zoo li ua ntej (tom qab daim duab qhia chaw) yog Tibet nrog Lhasa (cov Tartars lawv tus kheej muab tso rau hauv lub nceeg vaj hu ua "Barantola"). Thiab saum toj no - Altai. Nyob rau sab hnub poob - KaraKatay, uas yog, Dub Katay, qee zaum lawv tam sim sau Dub Mugals / Mungals. Thiab tsuas yog me ntsis sab qaum teb ntawm lub qub boorish chaw nyob - Dawb Mugaly / Mungaly.

Khanbalik - Tamerlanku - Ordos.

Tartary ua "Great"

Tom qab 1688, thiab raws li kuv cov ntaub ntawv niaj hnub no - tom qab 1694 - lub peev ntawm Tartary tshwm nyob rau hauv daim ntawv qhia ntawm Western contemporaries nyob rau hauv lub npe Tamerlane. Nws kuj suab hauv Khan, tab sis, raws li lawv hais, Khanbalik yog "tsis zoo ib yam". Cov xwm txheej tsis paub rau cov pej xeem sawv daws tau tshwm sim uas rhuav tshem lub nruab nrab ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman. Lub nroog qub "tshiab" no tsis nyob rau ntawm tus dej, thiab feem ntau, tsis muaj dej loj, tsuas yog cov Yellow River), ntws ze. Tsis muaj pas dej Chandu thiab. Tag nrho thaj chaw ntawm Katay tau hloov pauv nws cov tsos, nrog rau kev ploj ntawm Khanbalik, cov nroog nyob sib ze kuj tawm hauv daim duab qhia chaw. Txog rau thaum kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov av no mus rau thaj tsam Ordos loj (cov cheeb tsam no tau nyob hauv kev tswj hwm ntawm Beijing txij li thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th), tsuas yog Campion, Camul, Zuczan (Zouza) nyob, thiab thaj tsam Tanguth sab qaum teb ntawm Tamerlane. Ua tsaug rau cov nroog no uas tau dim Khanbalik, peb tuaj yeem paub tseeb tias qhov no yog tib thaj chaw.

Tom qab kev puas tsuaj (lub caij nplooj zeeg) ntawm lub peev, Tartary yog renamed Great, uas yog, nws hloov mus rau hauv ib lub koom haum los yog ib tug confederation, muaj xws li autonomous cheeb tsam. Muscovy kov yeej tag nrho Siberia nrog Baikal yuav luag txog. Dalai thiab Paras - ciam teb mus rau sab hnub tuaj raws tus dej Amur xyoo 1730.

Lub sijhawm no, tag nrho sab hnub tuaj thiab nruab nrab ntawm Tartary tuaj nyob rau hauv kev tswj hwm ntawm Beijing, uas Qing cynasty zaum - cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm Tartars uas coj lub peev ntawm Tuam Tshoj nyob rau hauv 1640s-60s. Txawm li cas los xij, Suav Tuam Tshoj tsis tshwj xeeb tshwj xeeb rau kev nco txog yav dhau los ntawm cov av no, lawv hloov cov npe ntawm cheeb tsam, nroog, zos mus rau Suav-Chin variants. Tartary Minor nrog Crimea mus rau Ottoman Empire nyob rau hauv Mehmed II hauv 1452. Nyob rau hauv Istanbul, los ntawm txoj kev, cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm lub Tartars kuj kav, tab sis twb los ntawm lub Turkestan cheeb tsam (qhov tseeb hais tias Osman thawj yog ib tug tub rog ntawm lub Great Ham, Emperor ntawm Tartaria, yog teev nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntxiv rau cov lus Askiv- Daim ntawv qhia lus ntawm Qaib Cov Txwv sau los ntawm Ceev, cov ntaub ntawv muaj hnub tim "1626").

Thiab, los ntawm txoj kev, tom qab lub conquest ntawm Little Tartary los ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws, cov av no pib hu ua Little Russia, los yog Little Russia - thiaj li yuav nkaum lub npe tseeb ntawm cov av. Ua ntej kev sib kis ntawm lub hwj chim ntawm cov boor loj, thaj chaw ntawm tam sim no Ukraine tau hu ua Kumonia los ntawm Latins; Tej zaum, lub npe los ntawm "Komoniya" ("komon" txhais tau tias "nees" hauv Lavxias teb sab qub), tab sis txhawm rau tshawb nrhiav qhov tseeb hauv cov ncauj lus no, tau kawg, qhov tseeb ntxiv txog keeb kwm ntawm lub npe "Kumania" yog xav tau.

Tartary thiab Buddhism

Tom qab kev ploj ntawm Khambalyk (qhov tseeb, nws tuaj yeem raug rhuav tshem nyob rau lub sijhawm txij li xyoo 1660 txog rau xyoo 1680, tab sis tej zaum me ntsis ua ntej), xyoo 1701, cov neeg Nyij Pooj tau tshaj tawm thawj daim ntawv qhia kev ntseeg hauv lawv hom lus, uas nrog rau cov lus qhia. Qhov feem ntau ntawm qhov tseeb, qhov chaw ntawm Shambhala yog qhia. Kev liam tias lub teb chaws dawb ceev tau muab zais rau ib qho chaw ze ntawm Gobi Desert (thiab nws tau hu ua Lop yav dhau los, qee zaum nws tsis meej - nws yog Gobee / Xamo / Shamo / Chamo (Suav version) lossis ib qho suab puam cais. Thiab nws nyuaj rau kev ntseeg. hais tias tom qab 7 centuries tus Japanese dheev tsis ua rau tsis muaj laj thawj dab tsi lawv txiav txim siab los kos nws - lawv yuav tau tos tsawg kawg yog ob peb centuries thiab yuav tsis tau kos nws. Kuv twb nrhiav tau qhov txhaum. Thiab tseem. … Nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm dhau los peb twb tau qhia daim ntawv qhia no, tab sis peb yuav rov ua dua peb tus kheej kom rov nco txog tus nyeem ntawv …

Qhov tseeb tias Tartaria "tau txais" Buddhism nyob rau hauv lub xeev yog muaj pov thawj los ntawm ntau yam qhia ncaj qha thiab tsis ncaj ncees nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv sau ntawm lub sij hawm ntawd. Ntawm cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws ntawm Fabkis almanac ntawm 1688 tsab, peb tseem pom Tartary - ib tus neeg muaj peev xwm ntawm nws lub xeev ywj pheej. Tab sis peb twb paub lawm tias lub peev, qhov tseeb, tsis muaj nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd. Qee qhov, pom ntawm Tartar conquest ntawm Tuam Tshoj nyob rau hauv 1640-1660s. tsiv lub peev ntawm lub teb chaws mus rau Beijing, tab sis Kitay-Tuam Tshoj tseem yog ib lub teb chaws cais (empire!), kam txais Central Asian thaj chaw los ntawm lub Tartar khanchiks ("princes"). Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv lub almanac ntawm 1688, Tartary tshwm nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm peb nyob rau hauv ntev xoob xoob xoob xoob xoob cov khaub ncaws, uas sib txawv heev nrog cov nruj-fitting outfits ntawm cov neeg nyob sib ze, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob sab Europe, cim-xeev. Ntawd yog, Khanbalik yog lub peev officially Buddhist state, txawm hais tias muaj ntau yam kev ntseeg hauv nws - los ntawm kev ntseeg hauv zos ntawm kev pe hawm ntau yam mlom (los ntawm txoj kev, lub khan loj tau hwm los ntawm cov neeg hauv zos raws li ib tug vajtswv) rau cov ntseeg thiab Islam, uas tau zoo txawm nyob hauv tib lub nroog. Campion; Qhov no ua pov thawj tias cov neeg pluag zoo tsis tau tsim txom cov neeg ntawm kev ntseeg, ib yam li feem ntau ntseeg ntawm European cov ntseeg.

Ordos cheeb tsam ntawm Tuam Tshoj,

los yog "Kuv lub npe yog dab tsi rau koj?"

Yog li ntawd, lub nroog Tamerlanku (yav tas los Ordos?) nyob rau 15 xyoo, ces nws ploj mus qhia rau lub ntiaj teb no ib tug tshiab cheeb tsam nyob rau hauv sab qaum teb Tuam Tshoj-Chin (twb sab nraum lub Great Wall ntawm Tuam Tshoj) - Ordos nrog lub sparsely populated lub zos ntawm lub tib lub npe, yuav luag ib lub zos. Thaj, lub npe Tamerlane tau muab los ntawm cov "tsoom fwv", tseem Tartar cov tub ceev xwm - "princes", lub regional boors thiab boors. Thiab Ordos (Mongol. "Palaces") yog lub npe ntawm ib lub sij hawm ntawm Suav txoj cai nyob rau hauv cov av no. Tab sis tawm ntawm kev hwm cov kab lis kev cai hauv zos thiab keeb kwm, Beijing tau tso cai rau lub nroog los muab lub npe ntawm Mongolian keeb kwm thiab sim tsis txhob sib xyaw Mongols nrog Suav.

Txawm tias lo lus Ordos nws tus kheej, kom ncaj ncees, zoo ib yam li lo lus "Horde". Txij li thaum muaj ntau hordes nyob rau hauv Tartary, thiab lawv, raws li nws yog, cov chaw-capitals ntawm lub cheeb tsam, lub ntsiab lus ntawm "horde" thiab "palaces" muaj nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm muaj kev sib raug zoo rau lub Tartars.

Hauv qhov txuas ntxiv (thib tsib) ntawm peb qhov kev tshawb nrhiav, peb yuav rov tsim cov xwm txheej uas ua rau kev puas tsuaj ntawm lub nroog Tartary (Khanbalyk), cov nroog nyob sib ze thiab kev hloov pauv zoo kawg nkaus hauv toj roob hauv pes hauv cheeb tsam KATAI. Peb yuav tham txog "kev nyab xeeb" (raws li kev kawm - precisely "dej") nyob rau hauv cov chaw no. Cov phau ntawv qub thiab cov duab qhia chaw, cov duab satellite ntawm cov kab ntawm cov dej nyab loj thiab cov ntaub ntawv niaj hnub ntawm cov cheeb tsam no yuav pab tau peb hauv qhov no.

Anastasia Kostash, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau Kramola portal