Vim li cas kev tsov rog nrog Finland tsis paub

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Tom qab lub scandalous "kaw" ntawm lub memorial plaque rau Mannerheim (kom txog rau thaum 1917 general ntawm Lavxias teb sab tub rog, ces - Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm Finland) nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg, peb rov nco qab thiab pib tham txog "thaum tsov rog me." Qhov tseeb, nws yog qhov kawg kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm "liab" thiab dawb "- thiab yog vim li cas, tam sim no kuv yuav sim piav qhia.

Tau ntev kuv tsis nkag siab: vim li cas "White Finns"? Vim muaj daus hnyav? Txawm li cas los xij, tseem muaj lub ntsiab lus hauv kev tshaj tawm cliché. Xyoo 1917, tau txais txiaj ntsig ntawm kev kub ntxhov, Suomi Senate tau coj "kev ua yeeb yam ntawm kev sovereignties" thiab yog li teeb lub fuse rau kev ua tsov rog hauv thaj av ntawm Ib Txhiab Lakes. Txawm hais tias muaj dej ntau, nws tsis tuaj yeem tua hluav taws kub hnyiab mus txog rau xyoo 1920.

Cov "Liab" - socialists, txhawb nqa los ntawm RSFSR, tau tawm tsam los ntawm "dawb" - cais tawm, uas tso siab rau lub teb chaws Yelemees thiab Sweden. Cov phiaj xwm tom kawg suav nrog Lavxias thaj chaw nyob rau sab hnub tuaj Karelia thiab Arctic, qhov twg, tau kov yeej lawv cov neeg sib raug zoo, cov tub rog Finnish tau nrawm. Qhov ntawd yog prologue ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua yav tom ntej, los yog, yog tias koj nyiam, thawj Soviet-Finnish tsov rog, uas peb poob. Kev cog lus ntawm Russia thiab Finland tau kos npe rau lub Kaum Hlis 1920 hauv Tartu, ntxiv rau qhov "kev ywj pheej", txawm tias muab kev pom zoo rau thaj chaw hauv kev pom zoo ntawm "dawb" - thaj av Pechenga (Petsamo), sab hnub poob ntawm Rybachy ceg av qab teb thiab feem ntau. ntawm Sredny ceg av qab teb. Txawm li cas los xij, cov "dawb", ua ke nrog Mannerheim, tsis zoo siab: lawv xav tau ntau dua.

Rau Bolsheviks, qhov poob yog, ntawm lwm yam, ua rau mob siab rau kev xav. Stalin tsis zam txim rau kev txaj muag. Xyoo 1939, tshaj tawm kev tawm tsam tawm tsam BELO-Finns, nws xav hais tias tus yeeb ncuab qub tsis raug tua. Tej zaum nws muaj ib yam dab tsi ntawm tus kheej. Yam tsawg kawg, lawv qhia seb tus thawj coj tau hais kom tsis txhob rau txim rau leej twg rau qhov typo nyob rau hauv lub npe ntawm "Red Star", txawm hais tias xws li "blunder" nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ua tsov ua rog yuav ua rau muaj txim txhaum. Tab sis qhov yuam kev tau dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb. "Cov Tub Rog Liab tau tawm tsam White Finns," cov ntawv xov xwm yuav tshaj tawm txog kev tawg ntawm Mannerheim Line. Thaum cov ntawv luam tawm tau luam tawm, "i" thiab "b" tau thim rov qab, ua rau muaj kev noj qab haus huv, tab sis qhov lus tsis zoo kiag li.

"Kev yeej ntawm cov yeeb ncuab yuav tsum ua tiav nrog cov ntshav me me," nyeem cov lus thov ntawm kev tswj hwm nom tswv ntawm Leningrad Tub Rog Lub Kaum Ib Hlis 23, 1939. Thiab qhov "Mainil xwm txheej", uas tau los ua ib qho kev ua txhaum cai rau kev sib ntaus sib tua kawg hauv keeb kwm ntawm "dawb" thiab "liab", tau tshwm sim rau lub Kaum Ib Hlis 26. Lub cannon tam sim ntawd ntaus los ntawm sab nraud, rhuav tshem peb cov tub rog Soviet, 9 tus tub rog ntxiv raug mob. Ntau xyoo tom qab ntawd, tus qub thawj coj ntawm Leningrad TASS lub chaw lis haujlwm, Ancevovich, tau hais tias: nws tau txais ib pob ntawv nrog cov lus ntawm cov lus hais txog "qhov xwm txheej mining" thiab cov ntawv sau "Qhib los ntawm kev txiav txim tshwj xeeb" ob lub lis piam ua ntej qhov xwm txheej.

Zoo, peb xav tau ib qho laj thawj - peb muab nws. Thiab tseem, txawm tias tag nrho cov saum toj no, kev tsov rog tsis pom tseeb. Raws li ib tug pragmatist rau cov pob txha, Stalin yuav tsis tau muab qhov kev txiav txim hla ciam teb tsuas yog vim muaj kev tsis txaus siab qub.

Hnub kawg rau kev pib Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum II yog lub Cuaj Hlis 1, 1939. Thiab nws tuaj yeem tau sijhawm los ua ke nrog Spanish "civil", lossis daim ntawv cog lus Munich, lossis kev ua haujlwm ntawm Czechoslovakia … Lub ntsiab lus tsis yog qhov ntawd, tab sis tib neeg tau poob rau kev tua neeg ntiaj teb.

Txhua lub teb chaws npaj siab yuav tawm tsam, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho, muaj kev txhawj xeeb txog kev daws peb txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb: npaj cov tub rog thiab txhawb nqa cov tub rog muaj peev xwm, nrhiav cov phooj ywg thiab txheeb xyuas cov neeg tawm tsam, nrog rau kev ruaj ntseg ciam teb. Nov yog lub tebchaws Suomi tuaj txog. Nws yuav viav vias qhov twg thaum nws hnov cov hmoov phom?

Kev ua tub rog, nws tsis txaus ntseeg los xav txog Finland ua lub xeev muaj zog thaum xub thawj siab ib muag. Txawm tias tom qab muaj kev nthuav dav dav hauv lub Kaum Ib Hlis 1939, nws muaj peev xwm xa mus rau 15 infantry divisions thiab 7 tub rog tshwj xeeb. Tab sis kuv tuaj yeem hais li cas: tag nrho cov pej xeem ntawm Finland sib raug rau cov neeg nyob hauv Leningrad. "Yog lawm, peb yuav da dej rau lawv nrog lub kaus mom!"

Tab sis muaj lwm sab rau qhov teeb meem. Yog tias Finland pom nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv lub yeej rog ntawm cov yeeb ncuab ntawm Soviet Union, nws thaj chaw tuaj yeem siv tau los ua qhov yooj yim springboard. Qhov tseeb, ciam teb hla hauv qee qhov 30 km ntawm Leningrad - tau txais nws nrog rab phom loj! Thiab tom qab ntawd muaj Vyborg - lub nroog muaj zog muaj zog uas hem tsis yog Leningrad nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj tseem yog lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm Soviet naval hauv Baltic - Kronstadt. Thiab nyob rau sab qaum teb, Murmansk yog qhov txaus ntshai nyob ze … Nws yog qhov tseeb tias cov neeg zej zog zoo li no yuav tsum suav nrog cov phooj ywg, lossis "tawm" ua ntej.

Thaum xub thawj lawv sim los sib cog lus nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev sib haum xeeb. Rov qab rau lub Plaub Hlis 1938, Stalin tau caw Rybkin, tus neeg nyob hauv NKVD, mus rau Kremlin thiab muab nws txoj haujlwm npaj txhij txog. Tus tub ceev xwm txawj ntse tau raug qhia kom qhia tawm tsis raws cai rau tsoomfwv Finnish cov lus pom zoo los kos npe rau Pact ntawm Kev Phooj Ywg, Kev Lag Luam thiab Kev Koom Tes Tub Rog. Tsis tas li ntawd, Rybkin tau txais txiaj ntsig $ 100,000 rau kev tsim lub npe hu ua. Ib "tsoomfwv ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm me" uas yuav txhawb nqa lub tswv yim ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb. Helsinki tsis kam tuav Moscow lub outstretched tes. Tab sis lub luag haujlwm tsis tuaj yeem suav tias ua tsis tiav tag nrho: qhov pib ntawm USSR tau ua rau muaj kev sib cais hauv cov kev tswj hwm ntawm Finland mus rau "dej" thiab "hawks", uas ua lub luag haujlwm thaum tsim nyog los ua kom muaj kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb.

Qhov kev sim thib ob tau ua los ntawm Stalin thaum Lub Kaum Hli 5, 1939, thov kom txav ciam teb mus rau qhov chaw nyab xeeb ntawm Leningrad thiab Kronstadt, uas yog "yoj" 2,761 square meters. km ntawm Finnish thaj chaw rau 5000 Soviet "squares". Tsis siv.

Kev ua siab ntev tau dhau mus, cov sijhawm kawg tau ua tiav. Kuv yuav tsum pib, mus paraphrase Tvardovsky, feem ntau "tsis nto moo" 104 hnub thiab 4 teev. Muaj tseeb tiag, Soviet cov lus txib yuav tsum tiv thaiv sai dua: tag nrho cov phiaj xwm tau muab tsis pub dhau 12 hnub. Alas, nws tsuas siv ob lub lis piam mus rau txoj kab Mannerheim.

Qhov zoo tshaj ntawm Cov Tub Rog Liab tau dhau mus - hauv cov neeg ua haujlwm, hauv cov phom loj, hauv cov tso tsheb hlau luam … Kev paub zoo ntawm thaj chaw, lub caij ntuj no hnyav nrog cov daus ntau, kev txhawb nqa zoo tshaj plaws, thiab - qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, "tawm los" ntawm sab ntawm Finns! - nto moo tiv thaiv fortifications. Nyob rau hauv thawj theem, txhua yam zoo li mus zoo: peb chav nyob rau hauv cov yeeb ncuab tiv thaiv nyob rau hauv ob peb txoj kev, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv lub Far North, qhov twg lawv averted cov kev hem thawj los ntawm Murmansk. Thiab ces ib tug npau suav phem ensued.

Lub 9th Army, thawj coj los ntawm corps commander Mikhail Dukhanov, ces corps commander Vasily Chuikov, npaj txiav lub teb chaws nyob rau hauv ib nrab, raws li Ukhta kab - lub Gulf of Bothnia. Cov tub rog Soviet tau tawm tsam los ntawm pab pawg Major General Viljo Tuompo. 163rd Infantry Division yog thawj zaug mus rau qhov kev tawm tsam. Kev poob dej hauv cov daus, hauv huab cua hnyav, qhov sib xyaw tau tuaj yeem nce mus txog 60-70 km. Kev faib tawm tau nres hauv thaj tsam Suomussalmi. Nws tsuas yog … poob nws cov kabmob ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv thiab daus. Cov yeeb ncuab tau siv qhov zoo ntawm qhov no thiab ua kom muaj kev cuam tshuam. Lub 44th Motorized Division, xa mus rau kev cawm, tsis tuaj yeem ua tiav txoj haujlwm.

Cov tub rog Finnish siv tib lub tswv yim, ua tsaug rau Russia yeej Napoleon: thaum lub zog tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv lub xeev "tso cai", Shutskor fighters (fighter detachments los ntawm tshwj xeeb reservists) rhuav tshem ib tug neeg pab pawg neeg thiab txhua kab, txiav kev sib txuas lus, dismembered units thiab subunits. Qhov kom zoo dua hauv cov tso tsheb hlau luam hauv cov xwm txheej zoo li no tsis tuaj yeem siv. Qhov kev swb tiav tiav: cov seem ntawm cov kev faib tawm tuaj yeem khiav tawm tsuas yog ua tsaug rau kev ua yeeb yam ntawm cov tub rog ntawm 81st Roob Rifle Regiment, uas tau npog qhov kev tshem tawm. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, tus yeeb ncuab tau txais yuav luag txhua yam khoom siv thiab riam phom hnyav.

Ib qho kev puas tsuaj zoo sib xws tau tshwm sim rau 18th Infantry Division thiab 34th Tank Brigade ntawm 8th Army (tus thawj coj - Divisional Commander Ivan Khabarov, tom qab ntawd - 2nd Rank Army Commander Grigory Stern). Thaum lawv nyob ib puag ncig lawv, lawv hu tias: “Cov neeg tshaib plab, peb noj cov nees kawg uas tsis muaj mov thiab ntsev. Scurvy tau pib, cov neeg mob tuag. Tsis muaj daim cartridges thiab plhaub … . Lub Soviet garrison ntawm Lemetti yuav luag tag nrho, qhov twg tsuas yog 30 ntawm 800 tus neeg dim.

Lawv yuav tsum tau kos cov lus xaus iab thiab txwv tsis pub muaj txiaj ntsig "frontal" tawm tsam. Thawj kauj ruam yog los hloov cov tub rog: tsis yog Budennovoks, cov tsho loj thiab khau, cov tub rog tau txais lub kaus mom, tsho tiv no sheepskin thiab khau boots. Rearmament pib: cov thawj coj ntawm pab tub rog thiab Comrade Stalin txaus siab rau qhov zoo ntawm cov phom tshuab. 2,500 trailer tau xa mus rau pem hauv ntej rau cov neeg ua haujlwm cua sov. Nyob rau tom qab tam sim ntawd, cov tub rog Liab tau raug cob qhia hauv kev kos duab ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua hauv hav zoov thiab hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tawm tsam kev tiv thaiv. Shapkozakidatelskie kev xav (los ntawm txoj kev, qhov kev qhia no hais txog kev ua tsov rog Finnish yog thawj zaug siv los ntawm tus thawj tub rog ntawm artillery Nikolai Voronov) tau hloov los ntawm cov thawj coj kom ceev faj npaj rau kev sib ntaus sib tua tom ntej.

Tom qab "kev cuam tshuam", thaum Lub Ob Hlis 11, 1940, qhov kev ua yeeb yam thib ob ntawm kev ua tub rog tau qhib. Lub ntsiab kev cia siab thiab kev txhawb nqa ntawm Finns, txoj kab Mannerheim, tau tawg. Ib feem ntawm Cov Tub Rog Liab tsoo rau hauv qhov chaw ua haujlwm thiab maj nrawm mus rau lub fortress kawg - Vyborg, uas yog suav tias yog impregnable. Txhawm rau ncua qhov kev tawm tsam, Finnish cov lus txib tau tsoo lub pas dej Seimen Canal, tsim kom muaj kev nyab xeeb rau ntau mais. Tsis pab. Thaum Lub Peb Hlis 1, peb cov subunits, suav nrog kev tu siab, tso tseg kev tawm tsam ncaj qha thiab hla tus yeeb ncuab txoj haujlwm tiv thaiv. Hnub thiab hmo ntuj ntawm Vyborg raug suav, lub tebchaws ntawm Suomi tau thov kev sib tham sai. Los ntawm txoj kev, hnub ua ntej tus neeg sawv cev Finnish tau ntsib Goering, uas tau hais cov lus hauv qab no: "Tam sim no koj yuav tsum ua kom muaj kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb ntawm txhua nqe lus. Kuv lav tias: thaum lub sijhawm luv luv peb mus rau Russia, koj yuav tau txais txhua yam rov qab nrog kev txaus siab."

Keeb kwm, ntawm chav kawm, tsis paub lub subjunctive mus ob peb vas, tab sis txhua yam yuav tau tig tawm txawv yog hais tias tsis yog rau lub yeej ceev ntawm lub Red Army. Cov lus hais tias "Lub hnub poob yuav pab peb" zoo li muaj tseeb rau Helsinki. Txij li thaum pib ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb, Finland xav tias muaj kev txhawb nqa ntawm sab hnub poob. Piv txwv li, ib chav Swedish-Norwegian-Danish ua ke ntawm 10,500 tus txiv neej tau tawm tsam hauv nws pab tub rog. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj 150,000-muaj zog Anglo-Fabkis expeditionary quab yuam tau sai sai tsim, thiab nws cov tsos nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej tsis tshwm sim vim hais tias tsov rog twb dhau lawm.

Tab sis nyiaj thiab riam phom mus rau Helsinki nyob rau hauv ib tug kwj dej. Thaum tsov rog, Finland tau txais 350 lub dav hlau, 1,500 artillery pieces, 6,000 tshuab phom, 100,000 phom, feem ntau ua tsaug rau Tebchaws Meskas.

Ntxiv rau kev txhawb nqa tsis muaj zog (kev coj ncaj ncees thiab khoom siv), England thiab Fabkis tau npaj rau kev cuam tshuam. London yuav tsis yog nws tus kheej yog tias nws tsis tau sim siv qhov kev tawm tsam ntawm kev ua tsov rog rau lwm qhov kev sim mus txeeb Caucasus. Yog li, cov phiaj xwm tau tsim rau RIP (Fabkis) thiab MA-6 (England), uas tau muab rau kev foob pob ntawm cov roj av. 15 hnub tau faib rau kev puas tsuaj ntawm Baku, 12 hnub rau Grozny, thiab ib hnub thiab ib nrab rau Batumi.

Txawm li cas los xij, qhov ntawd yuav yog ib zaj dab neeg sib txawv kiag li.