Chud dawb-eyed

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Ib qho ntawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm cov neeg tawm tsam ntawm qhov kev tso kawm ntawm cov poj koob yawm txwv lub tsev thaum ub ntawm Indo-Europeans nyob rau hauv Russia North yog qhov kev xav ntawm nws thawj Finno-Ugric pejxeem. Ib qho kev qhia txog qhov tsis muaj xws li hauv Dej Hiav Txwv Dawb yog ntsib nrog kev tsis pom zoo hauv daim ntawv ntawm lub xub ntiag ntawm Finno-Ugric cov neeg ntawm Chud nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm. Txawm hais tias muaj ntau cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov lus dab neeg txog Chudi sau tau dhau los 200 xyoo dhau los, ethnographically qhov teeb meem no tsis tau txiav txim siab, txawm hais tias cov ntaub ntawv kuj tau pom thiab luam tawm ntev dhau los.

Cov pov thawj A. Grandilevsky, piav nyob rau hauv 1910 hais txog lub teb chaws ntawm MV Lomonosov, hais lus dab neeg txog lub sanctuary ntawm "Chud mlom ntawm tus vajtswv Yomalli los yog Yumala", paub los ntawm cov lus piav qhia ntawm lub xyoo pua 11th, nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog lub nroog ntawm Burma, nyob rau ntawm ntug dej ntawm Dvina thiab uas yog qhov chaw lag luam ntawm cov npoo. Cov lus dab neeg hais tias nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub toj ntxas nplua nuj "muaj ib tug mlom ntawm tus vajtswv Yomalla los yog Yumalla, ua heev txawj ntse los ntawm cov zoo tshaj plaws ntoo: tus mlom tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog kub thiab pob zeb muaj nuj nqis … Ntawm Yumalla lub taub hau ci ib tug golden crown nrog. Kaum ob lub pob zeb tsis tshua muaj, nws lub caj dab raug nqi ntawm 300 cim (£ 150) kub. Ntawm nws lub hauv caug yog ib lub tais kub uas muaj nyiaj npib kub, ib lub tais loj heev uas plaub tus neeg tuaj yeem haus dej los ntawm nws mus rau lawv qhov chaw. Nws cov khaub ncaws tau tshaj tus nqi ntawm cov khoom thauj ntawm cov nkoj uas nplua nuj tshaj plaws. " Icelandic chronicler Shturleson, raws li A. Grandilevsky sau, “piav ib yam, hais txog lub khob nyiaj; Tus kws tshawb fawb Kostren lees paub zaj dab neeg uas tau hais nrog pej xeem cov lus dab neeg txog cov khoom muaj nqis ntawm cov neeg muaj koob meej.

Ib qho ntawm cov lus dab neeg no, tau sau tseg hauv phau ntawv nco txog ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj Kurostrovskaya (rau 1887, daim ntawv 4), hais tias: "Yumala tus mlom tau raug pov los ntawm cov nyiaj thiab txuas rau tsob ntoo loj tshaj plaws." Lub npe Yumala, Yomalla lossis Yamal, yog qhov xav tsis thoob ze rau lub npe ntawm Vedic vajtswv ntawm kev tuag Yama (Yima); muaj peev xwm ntawm xws li parallels yog ntseeg los ntawm lub xub ntiag ntawm tus mlom nyob rau hauv lub tojntxas thiab qhov tseeb hais tias nws yog "txuas rau tsob ntoo loj tshaj plaws." Ntawm no nws yog qhov tsim nyog kom nco qab cov lus ntawm ib qho ntawm cov ntawv ntawm Rig Veda, uas yog, "Kev sib tham ntawm ib tug tub nrog nws txiv tuag:

I. Nyob qhov twg, nyob rau hauv ib tsob ntoo zoo kawg nkaus, Yamanash, niam txiv, tus thawj coj, hla txoj kev ntawm cov poj koob yawm txwv nrog tag nrho cov vajtswv. Peb, txawm li cas los xij, hwm lub tsev ntawm Yamy no los ntawm kev nyob hauv cov kav dej, thiab kho nws nrog kev qhuas. (RW. X.13)

Thiab txij li thaum "Lub Tuam Tsev ntawm Yumala tau hwm raws li "lub tsev ntawm cov vajtswv," tsis muaj ib yam dab tsi uas xav tsis thoob hauv qhov tseeb tias "ib qho txuj ci tseem ceeb, tuaj thov Vajtswv, pub nyiaj thiab kub rau hauv ib lub tais" thiab qhov ntawd "tsis muaj nyiaj lossis ib qho mlom. yuav raug nyiag, Vajtswv, yeej ib txwm muaj tub sab nyob ib ncig ntawm nws, thiab yog li ntawd lawv yuav tsis cia ib tug tub sab nyob rau hauv, muaj springs nyob ze ntawm tus mlom, leej twg yuav kov tus mlom, txawm nrog ib tug ntiv tes, tam sim no cov springs yuav ua si, ring tag nrho cov. hom tswb thiab ntawm no koj yuav tsis mus qhov twg …”.

Nco ntsoov tias nyob rau hauv cov lus dab neeg hais txog nws, ib tug chud yog tas li hu ua "dawb-eyed", uas tsis yog tag nrho cov qhia lub classic Finno-Ugric tus cwj pwm ntawm tsos, tab sis nyob rau hauv tsis tooj, hais txog qhov tshwj xeeb, inherent nyob rau hauv sab qaum teb Caucasians, tshwj xeeb lub teeb- qhov muag.

A. Grandilevsky sau tseg tias nyob rau hauv phau ntawv memorial ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj Kurostrovskaya tau sau: "Txawm tias tsis ntev los no, lub hav zoov spruce yog cov ntsiab lus ntawm ntau txoj kev ntseeg … dhau los ntawm spruce, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum hmo ntuj, lawv ntshai tsav thiab dhau mus, thiab cov schismatics suav hais tias nws yog ib tug dawb huv grove thiab mus txog rau thaum 1840 lawv faus rau ntawm cov neeg tuag ". Yog li, lub hav zoov spruce tau suav tias yog dawb huv mus txog rau xyoo 1840.ntawm cov neeg ntseeg qub, uas feem ntau tsis yog yam ntxwv ntawm qhov tshwj xeeb Finno-Ugric sanctuaries.

Kuv yuav tsum hais tias A. Grandilevsky, txawm li cas los xij, kos cov ntsiab lus hauv qab no: Nyob rau hauv kab lis kev cai, Zavolotsk chud thaum ub, thaum nws los ua keeb kwm paub, tsis txawv ntau ntawm Kiev lossis Novgorod Slavs, nws tsis tuaj yeem nyob hauv qeb ntawm ib nrab. -savages, nyob rau hauv lub strictest kev txiav txim siab ntawm lo lus, vim hais tias nws txoj kev loj hlob deb outstripped tag nrho lwm pab pawg neeg … nws nyob sedentary, muaj ib tug peev … serf suburbs, churchyards thiab loj settlements … nws tus kheej kev cai dab qhuas ritual … muaj princes, los tiv thaiv cov yeeb ncuab nws tsa zoo heev nroog los yog fortified embankments … los ntawm prehistoric lub sij hawm ntawm lub sij hawm muaj kev lag luam dav heev nrog cov Scandinavians, Anglo-Saxons, nrog tag nrho cov Chud thiab Finnish haiv neeg,.. Twb Shturleson, lub Spanish chronicler. tau sau txog qhov kev nplua nuj zoo heev ntawm Yumalla, cov neeg Norwegians txawm xav txog kev ua liaj ua teb, uas tau coj los rau hauv lub neej ntawm Zavolotsk Chudi, thiab tham txog nws raws li ib qho kev kawm, tsim nyog tshwj xeeb … Dvinskoe Zavolochye yog qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm kev saib xyuas. thiab nws yog li ntawd xwb mus txog rau thawj peb lub hlis twg ntawm lub xyoo pua 11th”.

A. Grandilevsky deduces los ntawm "Chud haiv neeg dialect" xws li cov npe xws li Dvina, Pechora, Kholmogory, Ranula, Kurya, Kurostrov, Nalostrov, thiab lwm yam. Tab sis hnub no peb paub hais tias xws li hydronyms li Dvina thiab Pechora yog ntawm Indo-European keeb kwm; Rakula - pom qhov sib npaug hauv Sanskrit, qhov twg - Ra - tus tswv, tus pab tswv yim, thiab kúla - pab yaj, xeem, pab pawg, pawg neeg, neeg coob coob, tsev neeg, tsev neeg muaj koob muaj npe, tsev neeg muaj koob muaj npe, koom haum, kev lag luam, tsev, tsev. Raws li rau Kurya, Kur-Islands thiab Nal-Islands, lawv cov npe nyob ze rau cov npe ntawm cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm "Northern Kurus" ntawm "Mahabharata" - Nalya thiab Kuru.

Nws ua rau muaj kev nkag siab zoo los hais cov ntawv ntawm A. Grandilevsky, uas tau piav qhia txog thaj av no: "Thiab yog li ntawd, hais tias ib zaj dab neeg, nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam uas lub nroog Kholmogory thiab nws cov cheeb tsam yog tam sim no, ib tug ib nrab-hnyav txiv neej hu ua Chur tuaj, nrog. nws niam, thiab, tej zaum, tus poj niam thiab ib co ntawm lawv cov txheeb ze los yog pab pawg neeg. Cov neeg tuaj tshiab yeej nyiam qhov zoo nkauj ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej Kholmogory; txhua yam ntawm no yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau lawv. Tag nrho cov kev sib txuas ntawm straits los ntawm Dvina thiab Dvina, zoo heev hav zoov qhuav nyob rau hauv toj nrog qhib views ntawm ib puag ncig, ntau pas dej, zoo kawg li spruce groves thiab impenetrable thickets ntawm dub hav zoov, gloomy wooded ravines, grassy Islands muab qhov chaw yooj yim tshaj plaws rau tsiaj. yos hav zoov thiab nuv ntses., thiab yos hav zoov noog, thiab kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb, thiab tiv thaiv cov yeeb ncuab. Ntawm no, ob qho tib si nyob rau lub caij ntuj sov thiab lub caij ntuj no, qhov dav ntawm cov dej tau qhib txoj kev zoo nkauj nyob txhua qhov chaw; nyob rau hauv ib lo lus, txawm ib nrab-tsiaj qus tus tub ntawm xwm xav rau nws tus kheej, npaj-ua stocks nyob txhua qhov chaw qhib rau nws. Cov tsiaj qus loj ntawm elk thiab mos lwj tau khiav ntawm no; bears, hma, hma, ferrets, martens, ermines, polar hma, lynxes, wolverines, squirrels, hares, nyob rau hauv countless tooj nyob ntawm no txhua lub sijhawm; ducks, geese, swans, pockmarks, dub grouse, cranes, partridges, thiab lwm yam; tsis tau hatch los ntawm no; dej ntws thiab pas dej tau teem nrog ntses; muaj ntau yam nceb thiab berries tau yug los. Hauv qhov sib sib zog nqus hollows, yuav muaj ntuj thiab yooj yim corrals rau ntes tsiaj, rau baiting moose thiab mos lwj. Hauv cov pas dej suav suav tsis txheeb, hauv straits thiab bays, muaj qhov chaw zoo nkauj rau ntes ntses nrog laj kab, ncov thiab tsuas yog rau jamming nrog txhua yam, thiab ntes dej los yog hav zoov noog nrog ib tug ntxiab ib txwm qhia nws tus kheej rau tej kev phem, raws li txoj hauj lwm yooj yim.. Tus qaib siab tawv tsis ntshai kev kho siab; nws nyiam lub zos tshiab no heev nws thiaj txiav txim siab los nyob ntawm no mus ib txhis, tsis caw leej twg tsuas yog ob peb tug phooj ywg xwb. Thiab yog li ntawd nws tau nyob ib puag ncig toj siab hauv qhov khoov ntawm Dvinsky Strait, uas txij thaum ntawd los, ua ke nrog lub roob, tau txais nws lub npe. Kur nyob nrog nws niam thiab lwm tus mus txog thaum nws tsev neeg loj hlob tuaj; Tom qab ntawd cov me nyuam tseem nyob nrog lawv txiv, thiab lawv pog thiab cov neeg uas tau nrog nws ua ntej tsiv mus rau sab hnub poob mus rau toj siab dhau ntawm tus dej Bystrokurka,Yuav ua li cas cov pej xeem kev lig kev cai piav txog lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm lub Matigorsk cheeb tsam … Ua tsaug rau lub tshwj xeeb amenities ntawm lub neej, thiab ntxiv mus, cov pawg neeg Chud yeej tsis exterminated no, raws li tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam nyob sib ze, nws yeej tsis tau tsiv tawm ntawm no los ntawm leej twg, tsis tau. ua tsov ua rog ua tsov ua rog, khaws cia lub neej ua haujlwm tsis tu ncua, - yav tom ntej Kholmogory koog tsev kawm ntawv tau nrawm nrawm nrog cov pej xeem, uas loj hlob mus rau tag nrho cov neeg ywj pheej muaj zog ib nrab neeg siab phem - Chud Zavolotskaya."

Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias ntxiv A. Grandilevsky piav txog cov "semi-wild" cov neeg nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug txoj kev uas lub ntsiab lus no ua tsis tsim nyog kiag li. Nws sau hais tias: “Nws tau nyob ib leeg ntawm nws cov kwvtij zej zog ob qho tib si los ntawm kev sib cais ntawm lub neej, thiab los ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws, thiab ib txoj cai tseem ceeb hauv kev teev hawm kev cai dab qhuas, uas tsis muaj kev tawm tsam nws coj qhov chaw siab tshaj. thiab, nthuav nws ciam teb nyob rau tag nrho Dvina ntug dej hiav txwv los ntawm qhov qis mus txog rau Vagoy dej, sawv cev xws li ib tug impressive quab yuam, uas txawm cov qus Yugra, countless rau lub sij hawm ntawd, tsis twv los ntsuas tawm tsam ".

Lub siab xav qhia Zavolotskaya Chud ua ib pab pawg neeg Finnish ib nrab, uas tom qab ntawd tau sib xyaw los ntawm Dnieper thiab Novgorod Slavs ntawm cov kab lis kev cai siab dua, yog li tus cwj pwm ntawm cov sau phau ntawv pib ntawm lub xyoo pua no, feem ntau ua rau muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb. Yog li Grandilevsky sau hais tias raws li cov lus dab neeg, cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm Kur (Kuru) yog cov neeg muaj zog (" sawv cev rau lub zog zoo ") thiab tib lub sijhawm, hais txog pob zeb xub, riam thiab axes pom hauv thaj av Arkhangelsk thiab Kholmogor., nws xaus lus tias ib qho txuj ci tseem ceeb "Nws tsis muaj dab tsi tab sis cov cuab yeej pob zeb."

Rau peb niaj hnub no, cov cuab yeej pob zeb no ua tim khawv tias tus txiv neej ("thaum pib ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm Zavolotskaya Chud" raws li A. Grandilevsky) tau nyob hauv cov av no nyob rau hauv lub Hnub Nyoog Pob Zeb, thiab cov pov thawj Orthodox hauv xyoo 1910 tau ntseeg tias: "Tej zaum qhov no. tsis muaj kev pab (ntawm cov neeg, uas lawv cov neeg zej zog tsis kam ntsuas lawv lub zog?) tsim nyob rau hauv Zavolotskaya Chudi uas amazing cunning, hais txog txhua yam ntawm cov dab neeg nyob rau hauv lub masses, tsis yog qhov no xav tau los ntawm ib pawg me me (" kis - nws txwv thoob plaws hauv Dvina los ntawm qhov qis qis thiab xaus nrog R. Vagoy ") kom nyob, straining lawv cov rog hauv kev tawm tsam rau kev khaws nws tus kheej, puas yog nws tsis yog nws uas tempered lawv lub cev rau hauv xws li ib tug haib xwm uas txawm tam sim no neeg. xav tsis thoob rau cov dab neeg hais txog lub zog heroic ntawm Zavolotsk Chudi, thiab cov dab neeg no, ib tug yuav tsum xav tias, muaj ib tug grain ntawm qhov tseeb ".

Thiab ntxiv: “… cov lus dab neeg taw qhia txog kev loj hlob ntawm tus phab ej thiab lub zog ntawm Chudi thaum ub thiab tus cwj pwm rau nws lub peev xwm sib tham ntawm qhov deb heev; los ntawm Kurostrov mus rau Matigory, mus rau Ukht-island, los ntawm qhov ntawd mus rau Chukhchenemu."

Peb yuav tsum them tribute rau A. Grandilevsky, nws yog ib tug me ntsis puzzled los ntawm qhov tseeb hais tias cov lus piav qhia ntawm lub heroic tsos ntawm Chudi tsis sib haum mus rau qhov nws pom ntawm lub Kholmogory peasants - "dub xim av ob lub qhov muag, cov plaub hau dub, qee zaum, zoo li lub suab, ib tug swarthy complexion thiab, ntxiv rau, feem ntau luv stature” … Ib tug tuaj yeem pom zoo nrog nws tias "Finnish keeb kwm ntawm Chud pab pawg tsis hais txhua yam rau kev loj hlob muaj zog", tab sis nws nyuaj rau xav txog tias "Chud Zavolotskaya nws tus kheej tuaj yeem poob rau hauv cov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb raws li kev zam tshwj xeeb, uas, txawm li cas los xij, tsis suav nrog txoj cai zoo rau cov xeeb ntxwv."

Tseeb tiag, qhov kev hloov ntawm lub Hnub Nyoog Hlau Thaum Ntxov, thaum nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm 1 thiab lwm yam AD. Kev nyab xeeb ntawm sab qaum teb ntawm Sab Hnub Tuaj Tebchaws Europe tau hloov pauv sai heev thiab cov hav txwv yeem thiab cov hav zoov sib xyaw tau hloov pauv los ntawm tsaus coniferous taiga thiab tundra, cov neeg muaj pes tsawg leeg tau hloov pauv me ntsis, thiab cov neeg tuaj tshiab los ntawm dhau lub Urals - Finno-Ugric pab pawg - muaj ntau dua. koom nrog hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm ethnogenesis.

Cov Finns, raws li nws yuav tsum tau, tawm ntawm Asia: txawm nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm Cyrus, lawv nyob raws sab hnub tuaj ntawm lub roob Ural mus rau lub hiav txwv Caspian; ces, ib pliag ua ntej R. Kh. Lawv hla lub Urals, mus rau Tebchaws Europe, mus rau ntug dej ntawm lub Volga thiab Kama. Los ntawm qhov ntawd, me me, lawv tsiv mus rau sab qaum teb thiab sab hnub poob, thiab thaum kawg, nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua IV tom qab AD. nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws uas lawv cov xeeb ntxwv tseem nyob, i.e.nyob rau hauv lub Grand Duchy ntawm Finland, nyob rau hauv lub xeev ntawm Estland, Livland, Courland, Arkhangelsk, Olonets, Vologda, Tver, Moscow thiab ib co lwm qhov chaw” (V. Vereshchagin. Essays on the Arkhangelsk xeev. St. Petersburg. 1847, pp. 104-105). Cov lus piav qhia no coincides nrog cov lus piav qhia niaj hnub ntawm kev sib haum xeeb ntawm Sarmatian pab pawg neeg nyob rau sab hnub tuaj Europe.

Tab sis koj tsis tuaj yeem hais tias nyob rau hauv Lavxias sab qaum teb (thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog ntawm Pomors) hom "lotus-xiav-eyed, reed-haired, light-bearded" heroes, qhuas los ntawm "Mahabharata" lossis "golden-haired., xiav-eyed Arimasps ntawm ancient Greeks, uas yog li ze rau cov lus piav qhia ntawm lub hwj chim "dawb-eyed" Chudi Zavolotskaya Lavxias teb sab keeb kwm thiab pej xeem lus dab neeg. "Chud" (zoo heev, zoo kawg nkaus, txuj ci tseem ceeb) - tsis muaj dab tsi hauv lub npe no hais txog Finno-Ugric kev koom tes ntawm cov neeg no, nws tsuas yog qhia tias nws ua rau nws xav tsis thoob ntawm nws cov neeg nyob ze, zoo li "zoo heev" lossis "zoo heev" rau lawv. A. Grandilevsky sau ntxiv: "Tsis muaj qhov qhia ncaj qha ntawm lub hlwb lub zog ntawm prehistoric Chud nyob rau hauv cov lus xaiv nrov, rau cov hnub uas muaj zog ntau dua tuaj yeem hais tau ntau dua li cov lus dab neeg uas Zavolotskaya Chud pib tshaj tawm nws tus kheej tib neeg cov mlom kev txi, kev ua phem phem rau. Cov yeeb ncuab, tsis muaj peev xwm tsim tau ntau qhov kev hloov pauv zoo tshaj plaws rau kev ua neej nyob hauv tsev thiab kev ua haujlwm, tab sis ntawm qhov tod tes, nws tsis pom qhov twg nws kuj muaj kev khuv leej rau lub neej wandering, los yog tsis pub qhib kev sib raug zoo nrog lwm tus neeg, los yog tsis muaj lub inclinations rau thaum ntxov assimilation ntawm lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kab lis kev cai, nws yog tsis pom nyob rau hauv nws conquering aspirations, tab sis muaj pov thawj hinting ntawm nws tshwj xeeb aspirations rau zoo pej xeem kev txhim kho, uas tom qab ntawd muab nws extraordinary stability thiab dav muaj koob meej."

Richard James nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th, sau hais tias ib tug Chud nyob rau hauv Kholmogory "ua ntej, thiab nws hais ib hom lus txawv ntawm cov lus ntawm lub Lapps thiab Samoyeds, tab sis tam sim no nws tsis nyob ntawd." Kurostrovsky ceg ntawm Dvina nyob ze lub zos Kur yog paub; Kholmogory muaj tus dej Kuropolka. Nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm, kev sib haum xeeb ntawm nws tus kheej thiab kev sib haum xeeb ntawm Kholmogor hu ua Kuropol. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 19th. nws raug suav hais tias yog chud.

Nyob rau hauv lub xeev Arkhangelsk, raws li kev xam ntawm 1850. Chudi tsis yog, txawm hais tias 25 Roma, 1186 Germans thiab 570 cov neeg Yudais tau sau tseg.

Raws li cov npe ntawm cov chaw nyob hauv Arkhangelsk xeev, 1861. (cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm cov npe hauv pawg ntseeg) Chud nyob nrog cov neeg Lavxias hauv Arkhangelsk, Kholmogorsk thiab Pinezhsky koog tsev kawm ntawv.

Nyob rau hauv lub Arkhangelsk koog tsev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv lub zos - Bobrovskaya (Bobrovo), Emelyanovskaya (Arkhangelsko), Stepanovskaya (Kumovskaya, Kukoma), Savinskaya (Zarechka), Tsinovetskaya (Tsenovets), Filimonovskaya (Abramovshina), Uvarovskaya (Uarovskaya), Samyshevskaya (Boloto).), Durasovskaya 1 (Malgina Gora), Durasovskaya 2, Chukharevskaya (Chukarenskaya), Kondratievskaya, Aleksandrovskaya, Eletsovskaya, Ustlyyadovskoye (Amosovo), Nefedievskaya, Burmachevskaya, Olodovskaya (Gorka), Mitrochinskaya.

Hauv cheeb tsam Kholmogorsk hauv cov zos - Annina Gora (Vavchugskaya, Belaya Gora), Rogachevskaya (Surovo), Tikhanovskaya (Tikhnovskoye, Shubino), Matveevskaya (Neverovo), Marikovskaya (Marilov Pogost), Perkhurovskaya (Pergurovskaya, Shagino), Petvo (P), Danilovskaya (Churkino), Kosnovskaya (Puginy), Trekhnovskaya (Kuchin pillowcase), Boyarskaya, Andriyanovo (Tyshkunovo), Verkhnemategorskiy-Emetskiy, Shiltsova (Shaltsova), Kozhevskaya Gora (Kozhina Gora), Khvosty, Korchovskaya, Goreonva. Oseredskaya, Andreyanovskaya, Bereznik, Zaozerskaya, Filippovskaya, Perdunovskaya (Chasovenskaya-Kuznetsovka), Karzevskaya, Terebikha, Oshchepova (Yakimovskaya), Gorka (Zinovievskaya), Terentyeva, Nizhniy Konec (Polumovskaya), Brosachevskaya (Brosachikha), Kul'm'kurovyarov Emtse, Dvina, Vaimuga, Lake Kulmino).

Antsiferovskaya, Vakhromeevskaya, Rassadovskaya (Khodchegory), Berezninskaya, Obukhovskaya, Nizhnematigorskaya (Borisoglebskoye, Demidovskoye), Demidovskaya (Pogostskaya), Tyumshenskaya 1 (Tyushmenevskaya, Davydovskaya-2 … Txawm li ntawd los, kev saib xyuas tau raug coj mus rau qhov tseeb tias thaj chaw nyob tsuas yog Chudyu bore tsuas yog cov npe Lavxias.

Nyob rau hauv lub Pinezhsky koog tsev kawm ntawv, ib tug chud qhov chaw nrog cov Russians nyob rau hauv lub zos Verkhnekonskaya thiab Valtegorskaya (Valteva) (nrog tus dej Nemnyuga, Ezhuga thiab Pinega).

Lub zos Chud tsis sawv tawm hauv cheeb tsam Shenkur, tab sis nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 14th nws tag nrho cov cheeb tsam nrog Verkhovazhye tau suav hais tias Chud. Chud hauv Shenkursk tau coj mus rau hauv tus account kom txog rau thaum xyoo pua 16th.

Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias Chud sawv tawm ua ke nrog cov neeg nyob hauv Novgorod. Nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam uas tsis muaj Novgorodians, Russians tau qhia es tsis txhob Chudi. Nyob rau hauv Arkhangelsk, Lavxias teb sab Qub ntseeg tau suav hais tias yog chudyu.

Ntawm lub qhov ncauj ntawm Pechora, hauv Pustozersk thiab cov zos raws li cov lus piav qhia ntawm Lepekhin 1774. muaj 632 tus neeg nyob hauv uas nqis los ntawm Chud. Raws li lwm qhov chaw, tag nrho cov pej xeem ntawm Pustozersk tau tsim los ntawm Lavxias Cov Neeg Ntseeg qub. Ib yam li ntawd, keeb kwm ntawm Komi-Izhemtsy tau txuam nrog Chud. Tam sim no lawv suav hais tias yog Lavxias teb sab assimilated Komi-Zyryans.

Cov npe ntawm thaj chaw muaj neeg nyob hauv lub xeev Vologda xyoo 1859. qhia txog lub xub ntiag ntawm Chudi raws li ib pawg haiv neeg nyob rau hauv lub xeev, txawv ntawm cov Russians thiab cov Komi-Zyryans. Txawm hais tias cov kws tshawb fawb hauv nroog tau txiav txim siab nws Finns, thiab hauv cov npe ntawm pawg ntseeg - ib feem ntawm Belarusians.

Raws li cov npe ntawm pawg ntseeg, muaj ib lub chud nyob rau hauv Nikolsky, Solvychegodsky thiab Ustysysolsky koog tsev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam nyob sib ze nyob rau hauv 62 lub zos (4234 neeg).

Hauv koog tsev kawm ntawv Nikolsky (1630 tus neeg): Vymol, Lychenitsa, Pogudino, Seno, Kurilovo, Alferova Gora, Myateneeva Gora, Zavachug, Sushniki, Kayuk, Kobylino-Ilyinskoye, Spitsino, Ploskaya, Kobylkino, Navolok, Gorka, Gorvachov, Manshino (raws li tus dej Sherduga, Zhidovatka, Berezovaya, Zavachug, Ishenga, Kokoshiha, Imzyuga, Yugu).

Hauv cheeb tsam Solvychegodsky (2938 tus neeg): Astafyeva Gora, Pozharishche, Zmanovsky kho (Zmanovo), Mishutino, Leunino, Eremina Gora (Okolotok), Lisya Gora, Kuryanovo, Yaruny (Yartsevo), Goncharovo (Gondyukhiny) () Gushutiuk (), Mishutiukhin, Potanin kho (Prislon), Pozdeev kho (Omelyanikha), Naked Hill, Bull, Goryachevo, Konischevo, Vyatkina Gora, Verkholalsky lub tsev teev ntuj, Knyazha, Stroykovo, Popov exhibition (Navel), Tokarevo Zholtikovo, Pryanovskaya (Vahovili), Frolov Zuikha), Tregubovskaya, Varzaksa, Novikovskaya (Kuliga), Grishanovskaya (Balushkiny), Rychkovo, Konstantinovskaya (Fedyakovo), Fedyakovo, Teshilova Gora (Kushikha), Novoselova Gora (Novoselka), Kochurinskaya, Zarignoyovarovskaya,, Selivanovskaya (Isakovs), Nechaevskaya (Mezhnik), Ryabovo, Koneshevskaya (Butoryana), Sludka, Deshlevskaya (Koshary), Matyukovskaya (Balashovs), Chernyshevskaya (Artemyevshina), Prialelitsa, Zadorikha, Berezikul, Toorkanov, V., Podovin, Doro vice, Vychegda).

Hauv cheeb tsam Ustysolsk (749 tus neeg): Mishinskaya (Podkiberie), Spirinskaya (Zanulie), Rakinskaya (Bor), Shilovskaya (Zarodovo), Garevskaya (Trofimovskaya), Bor-Nadbolotomskaya (Keros), Urnyshevskaya (Verkhniy End), Matveyevskaya Porub), Karpovskaya (Gavrilova), Kulizhskaya (Chinicheva), Raevskaya (Ostashevskaya), Podsosnovskaya

(Lobanova), Nelitsovskaya (Shmotina), Trofimovskaya (Poryasyanova) (raws li tus dej Nevla, Nyula, Ntug dej, Luza, Poruba, Bube).

Hauv cheeb tsam Kargopol, cov pej xeem Chud tau sau tseg hauv 1316. raws Lekshmozero (Chelmogora), 53 km. los ntawm Kargopol. Nyob rau hauv 1349. Roman Lazar tau sau tseg tias muaj chudi thiab lopa hauv Obonezhie ze ntawm Murmansk monastery.

Hauv lub xeev Olonets, raws li cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm 1873. Nws raug suav tias yog Chudi - 26172 tus neeg (Chudi lub Russified 7699 tus neeg). Finns - 3,775 tus neeg, Lapps - 3,882 tus neeg, Karelians - 48,568 tus neeg raug txiav txim siab cais los ntawm nws. Chud nyob hauv Lodeynopolsky koog tsev kawm ntawv (7447 tus neeg), Olonetsky koog tsev kawm ntawv (1705 tus neeg), Vytegorsky koog tsev kawm ntawv (6701 tus neeg), Petrozavodsk koog tsev kawm ntawv (10,319 tus neeg).

Tab sis feem ntau ntawm cov haiv neeg nyob rau hauv lub xeev Olonets muaj lub npe txawv. Lub npe Chud raug ntaus nqi rau nws, vim hais tias ntawm kev kawm Shegren (1832), uas qhia tias cov neeg nyob rau hauv lub Belozersk thiab Tikhvin koog tsev kawm ntawv ntawm lub xeev Novgorod, uas, nyob rau hauv lub hwj chim ntawm lub Novgorodians, hu lawv tus kheej "Zjudi (Juudi)". Cov Novgorodians kuj txawv pawg ntawm Kolbyags (Tikhvin) thiab Varangians (Ilmen). Vim li cas cov kws tshawb fawb St. Petersburg tau txiav txim siab tias "Cov neeg Yudais" uas hu lawv tus kheej "Ljudi (Ljudi)" yog ib tug chud, thiab piv txwv li tsis yog cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm Novgorod "Cov Neeg Yudais", yog tsis meej kiag li. Feem ntau, muaj qhov yuam kev. Cov ntawv sau L zoo li lub peev Z, thaum cov ntawv sau tau luam tawm ua lus German, nws tau nyeem raws li Z, thiab tom qab ntawd thaum Sjogren txoj haujlwm tau tshaj tawm hauv Lavxias, lub npe ntawm cov neeg tau nyeem raws li chud. Thiab nyob rau hauv txoj cai ntawm kev kawm ntawv, uas tsis tau sau qhov no tag nrho, lawv pib hu cov neeg Veps - chudyu. Tom qab xyoo 1920 Cov neeg no tau pib raug hu los ntawm tus kheej tsim los ntawm feem ntau ntawm nws Vepsians, thiab tom qab ntawd, rau ntau qhov, lawv tau sau tseg tias yog Karelians.

Cov Russified Chud nyob sib cais los ntawm tus so ntawm Olonets Chud (Vepsians) nyob rau sab hnub tuaj, hauv cheeb tsam Vytegorsky raws ciam teb nrog Kirillovsky thiab Kargopol koog tsev kawm ntawv. Cov pej xeem ntawm cov chaw no nws tus kheej thiab tsis muaj ib qho ntawm ethnographers koom nrog Russified Vepsians.

Lub Russified Chud nyob hauv 118 lub zos ntawm Vytegorsky koog tsev kawm ntawv: Pesok, Venyukova, Vasilievskaya (Ishukova), Bobrova, Nikiforova, Zaparina, Ukhotsk pogost (Ilyina), Klimovskaya (Tobolkina), Efremova, Popad'ina, Niz, Meminova, Erere. Leontyeva, Bryukhova, Kobylina, Prokopyeva, Ermolina, Pankratova, Kopytova, Mishutkina, Kazulin, Vasilyeva, Moseevskaya (Chernitsina), Poganina, Yurgina (Yurkina), Ambrosova (Obrosova), Sergeeva, Saustova, Likhaya Shalvaga (Shalya)

Surminskaya (Teryushina), Emelyanovskaya (Sharapova), Patrovskaya, Filosovskaya, Ignatovskaya (Shilkova), Demidovskaya (Zapolye), Duplevskaya (Zapolye), Ermakovskaya (Zapolye), Budrinskaya (Kromina), Prokopinskoye, Antipinskaya (Gorkasky), Tigorievsky Pogost (Danilovo), Vakhrusheva, Palovsky Pogost (Dudino), Aksenova, Klepikova, Fatyanova, Fedorova, Burtsova, Demina, Rukina, Novoye Selo, Trofimovskaya (Chasovina), Oryushinskaya (Vydrina), Murkhonskaya, Lavnrovskaya (Petinarov), Fedotovskaya (Pavshevo), Feofilatovskaya (Rubyshino), Ryabovskaya (Simanova), Mininskaya (Berezhnaya), Kirshevskaya (Kruganova), Dalmatovskaya (Savina), Tretiakovskaya (Manylova), Mukhlovskaya (Knigina), Ferkarevskaya (Vaneva), Kosh (Ferkarevskaya (Vaneva), Kosh Iarakhivskaya (Parakeevna, Slasnikova), Sidorovskaya (Davydova), Eltomovskaya (Upper), Mikhalevskoe (Vypolzovo), Guevskaya (Fokino), Manuilovskaya, Zheleznikovskaya (Gurino), Kashinskaya (Upper), Kuromskaya (End), Gorlovskaya (Malkova), Ily Sloboda (nrog Tikhm River siab);

Antonovskaya (Baranova), Mokievskaya (Rusanova), Muravyevskaya, Gorbunovskaya (Pustyn), Fominskaya (Gorka), Fedosyevskaya (Matyushina), Kuznetsovskaya (Kirilovschina), Kachalovskaya (Privalova), Vershininskaya Pustosh (Vershinina), Isakov (Pushinskaya). Gurino) Davydovskaya (Maksimova) (nrog tus dej Shalgasu);

Perkhina (Antipina), Pashinskaya (Beregovskaya), Antipina (Antipa, Perkhina, Malaya Kherka), Fedorovskaya (Khaluy), Antsiferova (Khaluy) (nrog tus dej Indomanka);

Swan Wasteland (raws li Pustynny kwj);

Deminskaya (Dubininskaya), Matveevskaya (Procheva) (nrog Shey-kwj);

Falkov (ntawm Ukhtozero);

Antsiferovskaya (Bereznik, Khaluy), Krechetova (Pankratova), Agafonovskaya (Bolshaya), Rakovskaya (Coal) (ze Lake Antsiferovskoye);

Borisova Gora (Gora), Mitina, Pankratovo (Matveevo, Isaevo), Ivanova (Kiryanova), Blinova (Gorka), Elinskaya (Kropacheva, Novozhilova, Ermolinskaya) (ze Lake Isaevskoye);

Antsiferovskaya (Ananyina, Puzhmozero), Ermolino (Novozhilovo) (ze Puzhmozero).

Nyob rau hauv 1535. Cov pejxeem ntawm Toldozhsky, Izhersky, Dudrovsky, Zamoshsky, Yegoryevsky, Opoletsky, Kipensky, Zaretsky graveyards nyob rau hauv lub Novgorod av yog ntaus nqi rau Chudi.

Cov npe ntawm thaj chaw muaj neeg nyob hauv xeev Sankpeterburgskaya xyoo 1864. ntaus nqi rau Chud, nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm St. Petersburg zaum - Vod, uas nws lub npe (Vatia-Layzet) tau muab los ntawm lo lus "Vaddya", lub ntsiab lus ntawm uas tsis paub. Cov neeg no nyob ze rau Estonians dua li Karelians. Vod nyob hauv Peterhof thiab Yamburg koog tsev kawm ntawv. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, nyob rau hauv lub parish npe, ib co ntawm nws cov chaw nyob yog hu ua Izhora.

Tsis tas li ntawd, qee qhov chaw nyob hauv Lavxias thaj tsam raws tus dej Luga - Pulkovo, Sola (Sala), Nadezhdina (Blekigof), Mariengof, Koshkino, Zakhonye, Sveysko, Zhabino, Kalmotka, Verino (Nikolaevo), Kuzmino, Yurkino, Kepi, Gorka, Podoga, Lutskaya, Lutskoe.

Cov ntaub ntawv txheeb cais tau cais Chud los ntawm Kev Xaiv Tsa thiab Estonians. Raws li kev suav pej xeem ntawm 1897. nyob rau hauv Yamburg koog tsev kawm ntawv (tshwj tsis yog rau Vodi thiab Estonians), 303 cov neeg raug suav hais tias hais lus Chud. Veps tsis nyob ntawd

Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 19th, cov kws tshawb fawb indiscriminately hu ua cov neeg ntawm Permian pawg Chudyu, thiab Vod, thiab Chukhonts, thiab Karelians, thiab Estonians. Txawm hais tias tom qab ntawd nws tsis muaj kev nkag siab los tham txog cov haiv neeg mono- haiv neeg ntawm cov pejxeem ntawm Estonia. Muaj kev sib koom ua ke ntawm ntau haiv neeg (xws li Krivich Slavs thiab Danish Germans) rau hauv ib tus neeg Estonian. Xav txog qhov poob loj heev hauv cov pej xeem ntawm thaj tsam Novgorod thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th thiab thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, nrog rau kev rov qab los ntawm Finland, Estonia thiab Livonia nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th, ib tug muaj peev xwm xav tias assimilation ntawm lub zos. pejxeem los ntawm cov neeg nyob. Yog li ntawd, nws tuaj yeem xav tias lub npe Chudi tau muab rau Finnoized ib feem ntawm cov pej xeem hauv zos los ntawm Novgorodians, thiab los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb St. Nyob rau hauv lwm lub zos, lub xub ntiag ntawm Finno-Ugric muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm Chudi tsis tau sau tseg. Tsis muaj Estonian Chud nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Novgorod thiab Pskov av mus txog rau lub pas dej Peipsi.

Lub Vyatka chronicler hais txog Chud thiab Ostyak haiv neeg ntawm Chepets. Raws li cov lus dab neeg, nyob rau hauv cov chaw no muaj Chud kev nyob, thiab nws yog nyob ntawm no hais tias cov khoom tooj liab tau pom, koom ua ke los ntawm lub npe "Perm Tsiaj Style". Cov kws tshaj lij yeej ib txwm lees paub Iranian cawv ntawm kev kos duab ntawm "Perm Tsiaj Style".

Cov Sami, uas paub cov Chud zoo, tsis sib xyaw nrog cov Karelians. Raws li cov lus dab neeg ntawm Karelians thiab Sami Chud - "neeg tua neeg phem", txhua lub caij ntuj sov lawv tuaj ntawm roob thiab tua ntau tus neeg. Sami "chute, miracle" - "pursuer, tub sab, yeeb ncuab."

Nyob rau hauv cov lus dab neeg ntawm Sami, nws tau qhia tias nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm ib tug dawb-eyed coj txawv txawv tuaj rau lawv lub teb chaws. Nws hnav hlau armor rau nws cov khaub ncaws, thiab hlau horned kaus mom hlau rau ntawm nws lub taub hau. Lawv lub ntsej muag tau npog nrog hlau nets. Cov yeeb ncuab phem heev, lawv tua sawv daws ua ke. Ib daim ntawv zoo sib xws ntawm Scandinavian Vikings tsuas yog los ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th.

Cov neeg Finno-Ugric yeej ib txwm tham txog Chuds ib yam li lwm tus neeg. Komi-Zyryans thiab Permians txawv lawv tus kheej los ntawm "Chudi tiag". Yog vim li cas yog lub zej zog, lawv paub cov creep. Rau Permian Komi thiab Udmurts, muaj ib haiv neeg txawv teb chaws rau lawv cov lus, uas, zoo li Novgorodians thiab Vyatchans, tau koom nrog kev sib cav sib ceg thiab kev tsov kev rog.

Cov lus piav qhia ntawm Komi hais txog kev loj hlob txawv txawv ntawm cov neeg sawv cev Chudi. Ntxiv nrog rau Chudi giants, Perm Komi paub qhov txawv ntawm lwm tus neeg ntawm qhov me me - txuj ci tseem ceeb.

Legends txog txuj ci tseem ceeb yog txuam nrog cov lus dab neeg hais txog cov neeg ntawm Sirta (Sikhirta, Sirchi), uas nyob hauv tundra ua ntej tuaj txog ntawm Nenets. Raws li cov lus dab neeg, Sirta yog me me, lawv hais lus nrog me ntsis stutter, thiab hnav khaub ncaws zoo nkauj nrog hlau pendants. Lawv muaj qhov muag dawb. Cov xuab zeb siab siab tau ua lub tsev rau Sirte, lawv caij dev thiab grazed mammoths. Ib yam li Chud, Sirta tau suav hais tias yog cov kws ntaus hlau thiab cov tub rog zoo. Muaj kev xa mus rau kev sib tsoo tub rog ntawm Nenets thiab Sirta. Muaj cov neeg paub txog ntawm Nenets yuav poj niam Sirta. Cov Nenets txawv Sirta ntawm lawv tus kheej, Khanty thiab Komi.

Academician I. Lepekhin sau nyob rau hauv 1805: “Tag nrho Samoyed av nyob rau hauv lub Mezen koog tsev kawm ntawv muaj puv nrog desolated lub tsev ntawm cov neeg thaum ub. Lawv pom nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw: ze ntawm pas dej, ntawm tundra, nyob rau hauv hav zoov, ze cov dej ntws, ua nyob rau hauv roob thiab toj zoo li lub qhov tsua nrog qhov zoo li lub qhov rooj. Cov qhov cub tau pom nyob rau hauv cov qhov tsua no thiab cov khoom seem ntawm hlau, tooj liab thiab av nplaum tau pom."

Thawj zaug, Nenets lus dab neeg txog Sirta, uas hais ib hom lus uas tsis yog Nenets, tau sau los ntawm A. Shrenk hauv 1837. Nyob rau hauv lub Bolshezemelskaya tundra. Cov Nenets tau ntseeg tias qhov kawg Sirta txawm 5 tiam ua ntej xyoo 19th tau ntsib Yamal, thiab tom qab ntawd thaum kawg ploj mus.

Lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm lo lus Chud yuav tsum yog "Germans", los ntawm Gothic "Tsiuda" - "neeg". Qhov no cuam tshuam li cas rau Finno-Ugric ethnos tsis meej. Tab sis cov Chud (Thiudos) tau hais los ntawm lwm haiv neeg uas txuas rau Gothic lub xeev ntawm lub xyoo pua 4th thiab yog li ntawd tsis yog German. Jordan tau sau hais tias: “Lub teb chaws Yelemees, uas yog cov Amals uas yog cov thawj coj, uas tau kov yeej ntau pab pawg neeg sab qaum teb thiab yuam kom lawv ua raws li lawv txoj cai. Ntau tus kws sau ntawv thaum ub tau muab piv rau nws ntawm nws qhov tseeb muaj nqis nrog Alexander lub Great. Nws kov yeej cov xeem: Golteskifs, Chiyud, Inaunks, Vasinobronk, Meren, Morden, Imniskar, Rogas, Tazan, Ataul, Navgo, Bubegen, Txias. (Golthescytha, Thiudos, Ina unxis, Vas ina broncas, Merens, Mordens, Imnisscaris, Rogas, Tadzans, Athaul, Navego, Bubegenas, Coldas)”.

Hauv Puranas, cov neeg ntawm Kurus thiab Chedyas tau qhia ib sab ntawm Vatsa, hauv "Mahabharata" lub npe ntawm cov neeg Chedi yog siv.

Yog li, cov duab ntawm cov neeg loj hlob - ib tug muaj zog, nplua nuj, ywj siab, txawv los ntawm ib tug heroic physique, muaj kev paub dawb ceev thiab amazing muaj peev xwm. Ib feem ntawm nws tau ua rau lub tebchaws Rusia Alba (Dawb Russia), thiab ib feem tau mus rau thaj av tshiab, thiab tsis yog nyob rau sab qaum teb xwb. Nyob rau hauv Pomorie (hauv Kem), nws tau ntseeg tias chud muaj daim tawv nqaij liab thiab tawm ntawm no mus nyob hauv Novaya Zemlya. Nws yog qhov tsim nyog kom nco qab tias cov neeg nyob hauv tebchaws Iziv thaum ub (uas nws tus kheej lub npe yog Lub Tebchaws Kem) suav tias lawv tus kheej cov tawv nqaij tawv tawv los ntawm lub tebchaws Upper Kem.