Video: Metallurgy nyob rau hauv Russia. Fairy tales txog swamp hlau thiab xim av coal
2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06
Feem ntau ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv lub qub USSR muaj cov tswv yim tsis meej txog qhov tseeb ntawm metallurgy ua ntej xyoo pua 20th. Tej zaum cov neeg nyob deb tau hnov txog Demidovs, lawv cov chaw tsim khoom hauv Urals.
Feem ntau xav txog qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm kev tsim metallurgy nyob rau hauv European ib feem ntawm Russia uas tsis muaj metallurgy, vim hais tias tsis muaj ore deposits nyob rau hauv lub European ib feem ntawm Russia.
Ib tug neeg tawm ntawm lub ces kaum ntawm nws pob ntseg hnov ib yam dab tsi txog ntsia liaj qhov rooj hlau, uas supposedly ore twb mined los ntawm swamps, lub ore xyov, cov neeg ua teb nyob rau hauv lub barns smelted ib tug ceg tawv mare ntawm horseshoes, thiab ces tib neeg xav - yog hais tias lub hlau yog swamp, Tom qab ntawd tag nrho cov no yog qhov tseem ceeb heev, tab sis cov hlau nws tus kheej yog qhov tsis zoo.
Yog tias tsis muaj hlau ib txwm, ces tsis muaj kev txhim kho ntawm kev lag luam, uas txhais tau hais tias nyob rau hauv Russia muaj rov qab, khau bast thiab txhua yam yog ua los ntawm ntoo.
Lub tswv yim no tau txeeb los ntawm cov neeg sau keeb kwm - cov neeg ua raws ntawm Norman txoj kev xav ntawm kev rov qab mus ib txhis ntawm Slavs, uas peb nco ntsoov tas li hauv tsev cia puav pheej.
Hauv qhov teeb meem no, kuv xav qhia rau koj txog qhov txawv ntawm kev txhim kho metallurgy nyob rau hauv Russia, debunk cov dab neeg hais txog lub pas dej hlau, qhia lub nroog uas ploj lawm, thiab kuj mus rau thaj tsam ntawm lub ancient nroog ntawm Vyatichi - Dedoslavl thiaj li yuav. sim mus nrhiav ib tug qub mine, saib cov kab ntawm ore mining, thiab tej zaum, yog tias koj muaj hmoo, thiab cov ore nws tus kheej.
Metallurgy yog ob qho tib si kev tshawb fawb thiab kev kos duab, nws yog lub xub ntiag ntawm metallurgy uas paub qhov txawv ntawm ib haiv neeg tsim los ntawm ib qho qub qub.
Peb tam sim no muaj kev cuam tshuam cov hlau, vim peb muaj kev lag luam tsim, thiab nws tsis yog ib qho teeb meem kom tau hlau, tab sis xav txog seb nws siv zog npaum li cas rau tib neeg kom tau cov hlau rau plows, horseshoe swords thiab lwm yam khoom … cov ciaj sia taus ntawm kev puas tsuaj., thaum lawv tseem tsis tau muaj lub ru tsev saum koj lub taub hau?
Nyob rau hauv phau ntawv ntawm 1826 nws tau sau hais tias thawj cov hlau tau qhib nyob rau hauv 1632, liam los ntawm Dutchman Vinius, seb qhov no yog tiag tiag li tsis paub, thiab yog vim li cas nws yog ib tug Dutchman - nws tseem tsis tau paub meej tias Holland yog ib tug metallurgical hwj chim?
Vim li cas cov neeg ua haujlwm txawv teb chaws xav tau yog tias 40 tons ntawm cov khoom raug pov hauv Moscow 100 xyoo dhau los? Nws yog pom tseeb hais tias rau lub casting ntawm 40 tons ntawm bronze, advanced metallurgy, kev lag luam, thauj thiab kev tshawb fawb yog xav tau.
Keeb kwm ntawm metallurgy, thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov invention ntawm txoj kev rau smelting steel, tau ntev mus los ntawm lub teb ntawm kev nkag siab zoo mus rau lub teb ntawm kev nom kev tswv, yog hais tias koj nyeem cov keeb kwm ua hauj lwm, ces lub teb chaws ntsuas qhov siab ntawm blast furnaces, leej twg muaj nws siab dua. thiab ua ntej tshaj lwm tus.
Russia raug ntaus tawm ntawm cov npe ntawm lub zog uas muaj kev lag luam steel tsim, txawm hais tias peb muaj txhua yam rau steel smelting - ore, hav zoov rau hlawv rau hauv charcoal, kuj tseem muaj cov thee, dej tob rau lub zog, cov neeg txawj ntse inventors, engineers, craftsmen thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm…
Tsis tas li ntawd, thaum ntaj, plows thiab horseshoes tau forged, kev lag luam yuav tsum tau tsim ntxiv.
Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev lag luam yuav tsum tau metallurgists kom muaj hlau alloyed, yam tsawg kawg nkaus rau cutters, xyaum, ntaj thiab tuag. Tag nrho cov khoom no yuav tsum tau alloying ntxiv los ntawm metallurgists - tungsten, molybdenum, npib tsib xee, chromium - nyob qhov twg cov deposits ntawm cov hlau nyob rau hauv abundance?
Hauv Tebchaws Europe? Tej zaum nyob rau hauv Russia nyob rau hauv lub Urals?
Raws li txoj cai, hlau tsis tau tsim hauv Is Nrias teb lossis Mexico, lossis hauv tebchaws Iziv, thiab ib txwm tsis nyob hauv Russia, tab sis hauv tebchaws Askiv. Raws li txoj cai, thawj txoj kev ntawm cov hlau tsim tau tsim nyob rau hauv 1784 thiab hu ua Pudling, thiab qhov thib ob, tsim nyob rau hauv 1856 los ntawm txoj kev Bessemer.
Thiab tam sim no me ntsis keeb kwm ntawm kev siv cov hlau thiab hlau.
Nyob rau hauv 1852, ib tug loj steel choj tau tsim nyob rau hauv Kiev.
Lub ru tsev ntawm thawj cov neeg tuav roj hauv St. Petersburg, ua rau xyoo 1835, tau them nrog cov kab hlau.
Kuv xav qhia koj ib lub tsev qub, txij li xyoo 18th txog rau thaum ntxov xyoo pua 19th, uas cov hlau I-beams yog siv los ua cov plag tsev.
1600-1700 breech-loading steel phom nrog rab phom phom
Nyob rau hauv daim ntawv qhia ntawm Moskovsky nyob rau hauv 1706, nyob ze ntawm lub Baltic Hiav txwv, koj tuaj yeem pom ib lub nroog nrog lub npe txawv txawv thiab piav qhia tus kheej - Johannesstal, tam sim no lub nroog no tsis muaj nyob.
St. Sophia Cathedral nyob rau hauv Veliky Novgorod tau tsim txog 1000 xyoo dhau los, nws muaj tooj liab loj …
Pom zoo:
Ya nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj pleev nyob rau hauv lub tsev khaws puav pheej Vatican: daim duab txiav npluav thiab qias neeg txawm tias $ 90 lab hauv cov txiaj ntsig
Thaum kuv mus xyuas Vatican Tsev khaws puav pheej, uas yog qhov tsim nyog thiab nthuav, Kuv pom ntau lub ntsiab lus tsis zoo, qee qhov ua rau kuv xav tsis thoob. Cas kuv tsis tau xav txog qhov no, tsawg kawg los ntawm Vatican. Thiab nyob rau hauv lub npe nrov Sistine Chapel, nws tsis yog txhua yam yooj yim rau kuv ua, txawm tias me ntsis tsis kaj siab. Tab sis cov frescoes ntawm legendary Michelangelo tsis yog rau txim. Nyob rau hauv dav dav, ib tug tseem ceeb ya nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj pleev tau tawm mus rau hauv ib lub thoob ntawm zib mu hu ua lub Vatican. Wb tham txog qhov no
Nyob rau hauv lub barbed hlau: Lub neej nyob rau hauv kaw lub zos los ntawm lub qhov muag ntawm cov neeg zoo tib yam
Cov neeg nyob hauv nroog kaw - Znamensk, Seversk thiab Trekhgorny - raug cais tawm ntawm lub ntiaj teb sab nraud los ntawm lub laj kab siab thiab cov tub rog ntawm qhov chaw kuaj xyuas. Lub ciam teb yog guarded raws li lub xeev ciam teb. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, muaj peb caug-yim nyob rau hauv Russia nrog ib tug tshwj xeeb kev ruaj ntseg tswj. Nkag mus rau hauv cheeb tsam fenced yog qhov nyuaj heev, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov neeg ncig tebchaws. Muaj kev ua txhaum cai tsawg, lub neej nyob ntsiag to thiab ntsuas - ntawm ib sab, ntawm lwm qhov - kev cia siab tsis zoo
Cov txheej txheem ntawm tub ceev xwm ua hauj lwm nrog tub sab thiab tub lag luam nyob rau hauv Russia nyob rau hauv lub XIX-XX centuries
Nws tsis paub meej thaum cov lus hais tias "Yog tias koj tsis khib, koj yuav tsis muag" tshwm sim, tab sis qhov teeb meem no, cov tub lag luam hauv tsev tau ua tiav daim duab tsis tau pom dua. "Nyob rau hauv kev lag luam, nws yog tsis yooj yim sua yam tsis muaj kev dag ntxias … Tus ntsuj plig yuav tsis nyob ntev! Los ntawm ib tug - ib lub nyiaj, los ntawm lwm yam ob, thiab nws tau mus ntev heev. Peb tau qhia kev lag luam no tau tsib xyoos, "tus neeg ua haujlwm tsis paub txog kev xav tau ib puas xyoo dhau los
Insidious av se nyob rau hauv Russia thiab yuav ua li cas nws nyob rau hauv lub USSR
Ntau tus neeg nyob hauv lub caij ntuj sov thiab cov neeg zej zog nug cov lus nug tsim nyog: vim li cas kuv thiaj li yuav tsum them se rau lub tsev uas kuv tsim kuv tus kheej? Tom qab tag nrho, kuv tsim nws ntawm kuv tus kheej qhov chaw, nrog kuv tus kheej tes thiab nrog kuv tus kheej nyiaj
Nyob rau hauv kev tshawb fawb ntawm lub pob zeb philosopher: tus qauv rau tig hlau mus rau hauv kub
Lub pob zeb philosopher muaj nyob thiab cov ntaub ntawv hais txog nws tau muaj sia nyob rau niaj hnub no. Raws li Lavxias teb sab historians, ib tug undeciphered artifact