Leej twg tsim cov Railways hauv Tsarist Russia?

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Raws li cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm nyob rau hauv tsarist Russia, cov txiv neej, nrog kev pab los ntawm ib tug xaiv thiab shovel, ua railways sai dua, nrog kev pab los ntawm niaj hnub technology, lawv tsim lub BAM - qhov loj tshaj plaws kev tsim kho project nyob rau hauv lub USSR. Qhov no puas tau?…

Tsoomfwv Lavxias tau txhawj xeeb txog kev tsim kho tsheb ciav hlau thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th. Lub hauv paus rau kev taw qhia no yog Department of Water Communications, tsim nyob rau hauv 1798 … … Xyoo 1809 nws tau nthuav nws lub hwj chim thiab tau hloov npe hu ua Lub Chaw Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Dej thiab Av.

Xyoo 1830Ib tsab xov xwm los ntawm NP Shcheglov tau tshwm sim, uas nws tau taw qhia tias qhov teeb meem ntawm kev tsim lub network ntawm kev tsheb ciav hlau "yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau kev txhim kho kev lag luam ntawm Russia."

Xyoo 1834ntawm kev caw ntawm lub tuam tsev mining tuaj txog hauv Russia Austrian engineer Franz von Gerstner, uas tau thov kom Emperor Nicholas kuv tsim ib txoj kab tsheb ciav hlau. Xyoo 1835txheeb ze ntawm huab tais suav Alexey Bobrinsky tsim ib lub tuam txhab sib koom ua lag luam, lub hom phiaj yog los pab nyiaj txiag kev tsim kho kev tsheb ciav hlau. Nyob rau hauv 1836, tus huab tais tau tshaj tawm tsab cai ntawm kev tsim kho ntawm Tsarskoye Selo railway. Tsis pub dhau ob peb lub hlis, qhov chaw tso tawm tau tsim los ntawm Bolshoy Kuzmin mus rau Pavlovsk, uas cov tsheb khiav tau pib thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo, thiab txoj kev qhib txoj kev tau tshwm sim thaum kawg ntawm 1837.

Lub active tsim ntawm railway network ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws coj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub XIX caug xyoo.; Ua ntej ntawd, lub xeev-muaj Warsaw-Vienna railway thiab Nikolaev railway tau tsim. Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm txoj kev network tau tsav los ntawm ob qho tib si kev xav tau ntawm kev lag luam thiab kev ua tub rog nyiam ntawm lub xeev.

Lub Cuaj Hlis 1854Kev txiav txim tau raug tshaj tawm los pib kev tshawb fawb ntawm Moscow - Kharkov - Kremenchug - Elizavetgrad - Olviopol - Odessa kab. Thaum Lub Kaum Hli 1854, tau tshaj tawm tsab ntawv xaj kom pib tshawb fawb ntawm Kharkov-Feodosia kab, thaum Lub Ob Hlis 1855 - ntawm ib ceg ntawm Kharkov-Feodosiya kab mus rau Donbass, thaum Lub Rau Hli 1855 - ntawm Genichesk - Simferopol - Bakhchisarai - Sevastopol kab. Lub Ib Hlis 26, 1857 Lub imperial decree tau tshaj tawm nyob rau hauv lub creation ntawm thawj railway network.

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau lub xeev thiab concession txoj kev (Nikolaevskaya, Moscow-Nizhegorodskaya, Petersburg-Varshavskaya, Vologdo-Vyatskaya, Samara-Zlatoustovskaya, thiab lwm yam), muaj ntau yam private systems tau tsim (Ryazan-Uralskaya railway, Moscow-Yaroslavl, Kiev-Brest thiab lwm yam). lwm yam). Feem ntau nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, tag nrho cov chaw tsheb ciav hlau uas twb muaj lawm hauv nroog loj tau tsim.

Kev tsim kho ntawm Trans-Siberian Railway pib hauv 1891 Ib txhij los ntawm Chelyabinsk mus rau Novonikolaevsk rau Krasnoyarsk thiab Irkutsk thiab los ntawm Vladivostok mus rau Khabarovsk. Tsheb thauj mus los tau qhib tag nrho ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws tom qab ua haujlwm ntawm tus choj hla Amur River hauv xyoo 1916. Lwm txoj kev zoo tshaj plaws - Tuam Tshoj Eastern Railway - tau tsim nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Tuam Tshoj nyob sib ze.

Zoo, qhov chaw no yog official version ntawm kev tsim kho ntawm railways. Trans-Siberian Railway, los ntawm Miass (Chelyabinsk Cheeb Tsam) mus rau Vladivostok, yog li 7 txhiab km ntev. ua hauv 25 xyoo … Zoo heev, thiab tsis muaj dab tsi ntxiv.

Thiab niaj hnub no, Krasnoyarsk thiab Novosibirsk archaeologists, thaum lub sij hawm excavations ntawm qhov chaw tsim kho ntawm ib tug choj hla lub Yenisei, nrhiav ib seem ntawm txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau nteg nyob rau hauv Nicholas II, ntau tshaj 100 xyoo dhau los. Qhov kev tshawb pom tuaj raws li kev xav tsis thoob, thiab rau ntau qhov laj thawj ib zaug. Ua ntej, vim nws cov nplai: cov kws tshawb fawb feem ntau pom cov me me ntawm cov tsheb ciav hlau qub - cov tsheb ciav hlau, cov neeg pw tsaug zog, cov cuab yeej, tab sis qhov no yog thawj zaug uas txoj kev 100-meter tau pom.

Qhov thib ob, txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau tau muab zais tob hauv av - nyob rau hauv ib thiab ib nrab meter txheej ntawm av.

Txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau tau pom los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb heev los ntawm kev sib tsoo: lawv xav mus rau hauv qab ntawm txheej kab lis kev cai qub ntawm Mount Afontova, tib lub sijhawm lawv pom cov lem. Raws li archaeologists, qhov kev tshawb pom xav tsis thoob lawv: nws yog tseeb hais tias cov hauj lwm yog nqa tawm nyob ze ntawm lub Trans-Siberian Railway, yog li ib tug yuav cia siab tias lawv yuav tuaj hla cov ntsiab lus sib cais - cov khoom ntawm cov pw tsaug zog, crutches, tab sis tsis yog tag nrho railway kab. ! Qhov no, cov tswv cuab ntawm kev ntoj ke mus kawm lees, yog thawj zaug hauv lawv lub cim xeeb. Thiab txoj kev tau khaws cia, qhov tseeb, los ntawm kev sib tsoo. Peb tuaj yeem hais vim yog ib tus neeg tsis saib xyuas. Nyob rau hauv Soviet lub sij hawm, qhov chaw no tau siv los ua txoj kev nkag mus rau cov nroj tsuag hloov, ces nws tsis xav tau, tab sis lawv tsis demolished, tab sis tsuas yog npog nws nrog lub ntiaj teb.

"Feem ntau thaum lub sij hawm excavations, Afontova Gora yog thiab txaus siab rau peb. Thiab nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav tau mus rau lub txheej txheej kab lis kev cai, peb yuav tsum tau tshem ntawm cov neeg tsim cov khib nyiab. Tag nrho cov deposits tau pom nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam no: ib tug hluav taws xob cable, pieces. ntawm cov qub asphalt, ib co qub khoom rusted los ntawm thiab los ntawm, thiab lwm yam. Tag nrho cov no so nyob rau hauv ib tug tuab txheej ntawm lub ntiaj teb - thaj, yog li ntawd ntau xyoo dhau los lawv txiav txim siab tshem tawm tag nrho cov disgrace no tawm ntawm pom. Nyob rau hauv tib qhov chaw - nws nkaum nyob rau hauv ib tug tuab txheej ntawm av, txhua yam, nyob rau hauv Soviet lub sij hawm, lawv tsim tshiab, niaj hnub txoj kev, thiab cov qub, uas tsis muaj nqi los ntawm ib tug technical point ntawm view, txiav txim siab tsis mus demolished (vim li cas. nkim nyiaj thiab lub zog?), tab sis tsuas yog ua kom tiav. tau nce ntau xyoo dhau los."

Cov lus piav qhia ntawm archaeologists yog qhov nthuav heev. Thiab nyob rau hauv lub xyoo twg ntawm lub Soviet era ua qhov chaw no tsaug zog? Thiab yuav ua li cas archaeologists paub hais tias txoj kev no tau muab tso rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm lub reign ntawm Nicholas II, ntau tshaj 100 xyoo dhau los?

Thiab ntawm no yog ib daim duab tsis tshua muaj heev ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, koj tuaj yeem pom yuav ua li cas txoj kev tau khawb, tshem tawm cov av ntau-meter.

Thiab cov no yog cov duab los ntawm ib qho album ntawm kev pom ntawm West Siberian thiab Yekaterinburg-Chelyabinsk railways. Xyoo 1892-1896

Ntxiv mus…

Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom los ntawm cov duab no, nws tsis zoo li txoj kev no tau tsim tsis ntev los no. Cov neeg pw tsaug zog tau npog nrog lub ntiaj teb, tej zaum lawv tau npog los ntawm plua plav cua daj cua dub, lossis tej zaum lawv tsuas yog tsis tau khawb ntxiv lawm.

Thiab yog li ntawd lawv tau tsim cov vaj ntxwv railways.

Kev tshaj tawm

Nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau ntseeg hais tias nyob rau hauv 25 xyoo lub Trans-Siberian Railway tau tsim nrog kev pab los ntawm shovels, yog hais tias peb muab piv cov kev tsim kho ntawm loj kev tsim kho tej yaam num nyob rau hauv lub Soviet Union, Dneproges, Belomorkanal, BAM, thiab lwm yam.

Cia wb mus saib qhov kev tsim kho ntawm BAM, 3819 km ntev

Cia peb nyeem "Wikipedia".

Xyoo 1888 qhov project tau tham txog Kev tsim kho ntawm Pacific railway hla sab qaum teb ntawm Lake Baikal, tom qab ntawd Lub Xya Hli - Cuaj Hlis 1889 Colonel ntawm General Staff N. A. Voloshinov nrog ib tug me me detachment kov yeej ib txhiab-kilometer qhov chaw ntawm Ust-Kut mus rau Muya, nyob rau hauv cov chaw uas BAM txoj kev tam sim no dag. Thiab kuv tau los xaus: "… kos ib kab hauv qhov kev taw qhia no hloov mus ua tsis tau kiag li vim qee qhov kev nyuaj, tsis hais txog lwm yam kev xav. " Voloshinov tsis yog ib tug pessimist, tab sis nws yog soberly paub hais tias nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawd Russia tsis muaj cov cuab yeej los yog txhais tau tias mus ua hauj lwm grandiose.

Xyoo 1926 Ib lub koom haum tshwj xeeb ntawm cov tub rog kev tsheb ciav hlau ntawm Red Army pib ua qhov kev tshawb nrhiav qhov chaw ntawm txoj kev BAM yav tom ntej. Xyoo 1932 (Lub Plaub Hlis 13) USSR Council of People's Commissars tau tshaj tawm tsab cai "Rau kev tsim kho ntawm Baikal-Amur railway", raws li uas tsim thiab tshawb nrhiav haujlwm tau pib thiab kev tsim kho tau pib. Thaum lub caij nplooj zeeg, nws tau pom meej tias Qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim kho yog qhov tsis muaj neeg ua haujlwm. Nrog rau cov neeg ua haujlwm raug tsim tawm ntawm 25 txhiab tus neeg, nws tuaj yeem nyiam tsuas yog 2.5 txhiab tus neeg.

Xyoo 1938 kev tsim kho pib nyob rau sab hnub poob ntawm Taishet mus rau Bratsk, thiab hauv xyoo 1939 Kev npaj ua haujlwm nyob rau sab hnub tuaj ntawm Komsomolsk-on-Amur mus rau Sovetskaya Gavan.

Lub Rau Hli 1947 Kev tsim kho ntawm sab hnub tuaj ntawm Komsomolsk-on-Amur - Urgal txuas ntxiv (tsuas yog los ntawm cov tub rog ntawm Amur ITL (Amurlag)). Thawj lub tsheb ciav hlau nyob rau tag nrho ntev ntawm Taisshet - Bratsk - Ust-Kut (Lena) kab dhau Nyob rau hauv Lub Xya hli ntuj 1951, thiab nyob rau hauv 1958 lub site tau muab tso rau hauv mus tas li ua hauj lwm.

Xyoo 1967 (Lub Peb Hlis 24) tau tshaj tawm tsab cai lij choj ntawm Central Committee ntawm CPSU thiab Council of Ministers ntawm USSR, kev tsim thiab kev tshawb fawb tau rov pib ua haujlwm. Los ntawm txoj cai ntawm Central Committee ntawm CPSU thiab Council of Ministers ntawm lub USSR los ntawm Lub Xya Hli 8, 1974 "Ntawm kev tsim kho ntawm Baikal-Amur railway" cov nyiaj tsim nyog tau muab faib rau kev tsim kho tsheb ciav hlau Thawj qeb Ust-Kut (Lena) - Komsomolsk-on-Amur nrog qhov ntev ntawm 3145 km, txoj kev thib ob Taiset - Ust-Kut (Lena) - 680 km, Bam - Tynda thiab Tynda - Berkakit kab - 397 km.

Thaum lub Plaub Hlis Ntuj xyoo 1974, BAM tau tshaj tawm tias yog ib qho kev poob siab ntawm Komsomol qhov chaw tsim kho, thiab cov tub ntxhais hluas coob tuaj ntawm no

Xyoo 1977, txoj kab Bam - Tynda tau muab tso rau hauv kev ua haujlwm tas mus li, thiab xyoo 1979, Tynda - Berkakit kab. Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm txoj kev tau tsim kho rau ntau tshaj 12 xyoo Lub Plaub Hlis 5, 1972 txog Lub Kaum Hli 27, 1984. Thaum lub Kaum Ib Hlis 1, 1989, tag nrho peb txhiab-kilometer tshiab ntawm txoj kev loj tau muab tso rau hauv kev ua haujlwm tas mus li. nyob rau hauv lub ntim ntawm lub start-up complex. Qhov ntev tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv Russia Severo-Muisky qhov (15,343 meters), kev tsim kho uas pib thaum lub Tsib Hlis 1977, tau tho mus rau qhov kawg nkaus hauv lub Peb Hlis 2001 thiab tau muab tso rau hauv kev ua haujlwm ruaj khov thaum lub Kaum Ob Hlis 2003.

Xyoo 1986 Mus rau Ministry of Transport Kev tsim kho ntawm USSR rau kev tsim kho txoj kev loj ntawm ib lub sijhawm Ntau tshaj 800 units ntawm cov khoom siv Japanese tsim tau raug xa tawm.

Tus nqi ntawm lub tsev BAM nyob rau hauv 1991 tus nqi yog 17.7 billion rubles. Yog li, BAM tau dhau los ua qhov project kim tshaj plaws hauv keeb kwm ntawm USSR.

Ntxiv mus, cov duab ntawm kev tsim kho ntawm BAM.

Cia kuv nco koj lub ntsiab ntawm txoj kev tau tsim rau ntau tshaj 12 xyoo, siv cov cuab yeej niaj hnub.

Raws li leej twg, tab sis kuv tus kheej tsis ntseeg nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho ntawm feem ntau ntawm cov railways los ntawm tsarist Russia. Restored, nws yog feem ntau yuav. Txawm nyob ntawm no, kev tsim thiab kev soj ntsuam kev ua haujlwm tuaj yeem siv sijhawm txog kaum xyoo, yog tias tsis ntxiv. Thiab qhov banal "tsis txaus ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm" yog ib qho teeb meem loj, uas lawv tau ntsib thaum lub sij hawm tsim kho BAM, uas ua rau lawv tshaj tawm BAM ib qho chaw tsim kho tag nrho.

Tag nrho lub tebchaws tau tsim BAM, thiab siv cov peev txheej loj hauv kev ua li ntawd.

Thiab thaum kawg, ob peb cov yeeb yaj kiab.