Vim li cas Moscow xyaum Byzantium, tab sis tsis tau los ua lub thib peb Rome?

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Qhov twg peb tau txais kev lig kev cai ntawm kev tawm tsam sab hnub poob? Russia tau txais dab tsi los ntawm Constantinople, ntxiv rau cov domes ntawm cov tsev teev ntuj, Orthodoxy thiab cov lus qub Bulgarian? Vim li cas Moscow pheej xyaum Byzantium, tab sis tsis tau los ua lub thib peb Rome? Vim li cas cov huab tais Byzantine tso lawv cov hwj txwv? Nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam twg ntawm niaj hnub Russia yog qhov kawg tawg ntawm Byzantium khaws cia? Andrey Vinogradov, Tus Neeg Sib Tw ntawm Keeb Kwm Kev Tshawb Fawb, Tus Kws Lij Choj ntawm Tsev Kawm Ntawv Qib Siab ntawm Kev Lag Luam, hais rau Lente.ru txog txhua yam no.

Justinian tus kab mob plague

"Lenta.ru": Nws yog lub npe hu hais tias lo lus "Byzantium" yog tsim los ntawm European historians thaum lub sij hawm Renaissance, thiab Byzantines lawv tus kheej hu lawv tus kheej Loos - uas yog, cov neeg Loos. Tab sis puas yog Byzantium ib qho kev txuas ntxiv ntawm Ancient Rome, khaws cia rau lwm txhiab xyoo?

Andrei Vinogradov: Antiquity specialist Elena Fedorova figuratively sau nyob rau hauv nws phau ntawv hais tias cov inhabitants ntawm Rome, sawv ntxov sawv ntxov, tseem tsis tau paub hais tias lub Nrab Hnub nyoog twb pib. Cov keeb kwm tau sib cav ntev ntev txog qhov twg Rome xaus thiab Byzantium pib. Muaj ntau hom kev sib tham - los ntawm Edict ntawm Milan nyob rau hauv 313, thaum Christianity los ua ib tug kev cai dab qhuas kev cai dab qhuas nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Ottoman, mus rau kev tuag ntawm Basileus Heraclius nyob rau hauv 641, thaum Byzantium poob loj heev thaj chaw nyob rau sab hnub tuaj. Los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd, tsis tau tsuas yog hloov pauv lub npe ntawm tus kav thiab kev hloov pauv ntawm nws cov tsos (kwv yees li ntawm Persian Sassanids, Byzantine emperors pib hnav hwj txwv ntev), tab sis kuj hloov ntawm Latin los ntawm lub Lus Greek hauv kev ua haujlwm hauv chaw ua haujlwm.

Yog li ntawd, feem ntau historians hu lub sij hawm no (los ntawm thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 4th mus rau nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 7th) thaum ntxov Byzantine era, txawm hais tias muaj cov neeg uas xav txog lub sij hawm ntawd ib tug continuation ntawm Roman antiquity. Yog lawm, kev hloov pauv ntawm Roman faj tim teb chaws nrog kev loj hlob ntawm Byzantine cov cim qhia ncaj qha (Christianity raws li lub xeev kev ntseeg, kev tsis lees paub ntawm Latin, kev hloov pauv los ntawm kev suav xyoo los ntawm cov neeg sawv cev rau lub sijhawm los ntawm kev tsim lub ntiaj teb, hnav ib hwj txwv raws li ib tug kos npe rau ntawm kev hloov mus rau sab hnub tuaj version ntawm tus sawv cev ntawm lub hwj chim) coj qhov chaw maj mam. Piv txwv li, Patriarch ntawm Constantinople pib koom nyob rau hauv lub coronation ntawm Byzantine huab tais tsuas yog los ntawm nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 5th. Qhov no yog lub sijhawm tseem ceeb heev, vim tias txij li tam sim no mus rau huab tais tau txais lub zog tsis yog los ntawm Senate thiab cov tub rog, zoo li yav dhau los, tab sis kuj los ntawm Vajtswv.

Nws yog ces hais tias lub tswv yim ntawm ib tug symphony tshwm sim - qhov kev pom zoo ntawm lub xeev thiab lub tsev teev ntuj tub ceev xwm, borrowed los ntawm Russia los ntawm Byzantium?

Nws tshwm sim ib puas xyoo tom qab - nyob rau hauv Justinian kuv, thaum lub coronation pib coj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub tshiab tsim Hagia Sophia. Tab sis lub hauv paus ntawm txoj cai tseem yog txoj cai ntawm kaum ob lub rooj thiab cov kev xav ntawm cov kws lij choj Loos. Justinian codified lawv, thiab tsuas yog txhais txoj cai tshiab (Novellae) ua lus Greek.

Tau kawg, Byzantium tau dhau los ua ib qho kev txuas ntxiv ntawm Ancient Rome, txawm tias yog ib qho tshwj xeeb. Thaum nyob rau hauv 395 tus huab tais Theodosius tau faib lub teb chaws Ottoman ntawm nws cov tub - Arkady thiab Honorius, ob qho tib si ntawm nws pib tsim nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev. Qhov peb tam sim no hu ua Byzantium yog kev hloov pauv ntawm Eastern Roman faj tim teb chaws, thaum Western Roman faj tim teb chaws degraded thiab ploj mus nyob rau hauv lub onslaught ntawm barbarians nyob rau hauv 476.

Tab sis tom qab ob peb xyoo lawm, Emperor Justinian tau tswj kom rov qab tau thaj chaw ntawm niaj hnub Ltalis los ntawm cov neeg phem, nrog rau Rome, ib feem ntawm Spain thiab sab qab teb ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv Mediterranean. Vim li cas cov Byzantines ua tsis tau ib tug foothold nyob ntawd?

Ua ntej, nws ua tim khawv hais tias los ntawm lub sij hawm ntawd txoj kev ntawm sab hnub poob thiab sab hnub tuaj ntawm lub Roman faj tim teb chaws tau tag nrho parted. Lub tebchaws Roman sab hnub tuaj maj mam hloov mus rau Greek kab lis kev cai, tsis yog hauv kab lis kev cai xwb, tab sis kuj tseem nyob hauv tsoomfwv. Nyob rau sab hnub poob, lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb tseem nrog Latin. Qhov no yog ib qho ntawm thawj qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm kev coj noj coj ua thiab kev vam meej ntawm kev sib txawv ntawm ntau qhov chaw ntawm lub tebchaws ib zaug.

Keeb kwm Vasily Kuznetsov ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm Islam, thawj lub xeev Islamic thiab Daesh

Qhov thib ob, thaum lub sij hawm Great Migration of Peoples, Eastern Roman faj tim teb chaws tau ua tiav kev tawm tsam ntawm cov neeg barbarians tshaj li Western. Thiab txawm hais tias cov neeg barbarians ob peb zaug ua rau Constantinople thiab tsis tu ncua ua rau cov Balkans puas tsuaj, nyob rau sab hnub tuaj lub teb chaws Ottoman muaj peev xwm tiv taus, tsis zoo li sab hnub poob. Yog li ntawd, nws twb lig dhau lawm thaum, nyob rau hauv Justinian, lub Byzantines txiav txim siab rov qab mus rau sab hnub poob los ntawm barbarians. Los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd, haiv neeg thiab kev nom kev tswv toj roob hauv pes tau hloov pauv tsis tau. Cov Ostrogoths thiab Visigoths uas tuaj rau ntawd tau ntau xyoo lawm sib xyaw nrog cov neeg Loos hauv zos, thiab rau lawv cov Byzantines raug suav hais tias yog neeg txawv.

Thib peb, kev ua tsov rog tsis tu ncua tawm tsam cov neeg phem nyob rau sab hnub poob thiab tawm tsam Persia nyob rau sab hnub tuaj ua rau lub zog ntawm Byzantine Empire. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yog lub sijhawm no uas nws raug kev txom nyem los ntawm kev kis tus kab mob plague (Justinian tus kab mob plague), tom qab ntawd nws siv sijhawm ntev thiab nyuaj kom rov zoo. Raws li qee qhov kev kwv yees, txog li ib feem peb ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman cov pejxeem tuag nyob rau hauv Justinian plague.

Dub Ages

Yog vim li cas ib puas xyoo tom qab, thaum lub sij hawm Arab ntxeem tau, Byzantium poob yuav luag tag nrho cov sab hnub tuaj Mediterranean - lub Caucasus, Syria, Palestine, tim lyiv teb chaws thiab Libya?

Vim li no, ib yam nkaus, tab sis tsis yog xwb. Nyob rau hauv lub VI-VII centuries, Byzantium tau zoo heev overextended nyob rau hauv lub luj ntawm sab hauv thiab sab nrauv cov nyom. Rau tag nrho nws txoj kev vam meej, Justinian tsis muaj peev xwm kov yeej kev ntseeg kev ntseeg uas tau rhuav tshem lub teb chaws Ottoman txij li xyoo pua 4th. Nyob rau hauv cov ntseeg Vajtswv, tawm tsam tam sim no tshwm sim - Nikeanism, Arianism, Nestorianism, Monophyitism. Lawv tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv cov xeev sab hnub tuaj, thiab Constantinople tau tsim txom lawv rau kev ua phem.

Yog li ntawd, nyob rau tim lyiv teb chaws los yog Syria, cov ntseeg hauv zos-Monophysites zoo siab ntsib cov Arab conquerors, vim hais tias lawv cia siab tias lawv yuav tsis tiv thaiv lawv los ntawm kev ntseeg Vajtswv raws li lawv pom haum, tsis zoo li cov Chalcedonian Greeks ntxub. Los ntawm txoj kev, thaum xub thawj nws yog li ntawd. Lwm qhov piv txwv hais txog xyoo 614. Tom qab ntawd cov neeg Yudais tau pab cov Pawxia tuav lub nroog Yeluxalees, uas cov Byzantines tau ua tsov rog ntev thiab ntshav. Raws li qee qhov versions, qhov laj thawj yog qhov yooj yim - Heraclius tau yuam kom hloov cov neeg Yudais mus rau kev ntseeg.

Puas yog kev hloov pauv huab cua uas tshwm sim tib lub sijhawm cuam tshuam rau qhov tsis muaj zog ntawm Byzantium?

Byzantium yeej ib txwm cuam tshuam los ntawm tej yam ntuj tso. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv 526 av qeeg muaj zog tag nrho puas tsuaj ib lub nroog loj tshaj plaws ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman - Antioch. Qhov kev nyab xeeb pessimum ntawm lub Nrab Hnub nyoog thaum ntxov ua rau pom qhov txias txias. Tom qab ntawd lub Bosphorus txawm khov, thiab cov dej khov loj loj tau tsoo tawm tsam cov phab ntsa hauv nroog Constantinople, uas ua rau muaj kev ntshai thiab ntshai ntawm nws cov neeg nyob hauv, uas tau xav txog qhov kawg ntawm lub ntiaj teb.

Tau kawg, kev nyab xeeb pessimum, ua ke nrog kev txo qis hauv kev lag luam hauv paus ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman vim qhov poob ntawm ntau lub xeev sab hnub tuaj, ua rau nws tsis muaj zog heev. Thaum, nyob rau hauv qhov kev tawm tsam ntawm Arabs, Constantinople poob kev tswj hwm hauv tebchaws Iziv, uas tau muab nws cov ncuav ntev ntev, nws tau dhau los ua kev puas tsuaj tiag tiag rau Byzantium. Thaum tag nrho cov xwm txheej no tshwm sim, Eastern Roman faj tim teb chaws poob rau hauv "hnub nyoog tsaus" rau ob centuries.

Tus kws sau keeb kwm Andrei Andreev tau hais tias European txoj cai lij choj yog ua raws li Justinian cov lus pom nyob hauv Ltalis hauv xyoo pua 11th. Koj tau hais tias nyob rau hnub ua ntej ntawm qhov no, muaj "hnub nyoog tsaus nti" hauv Byzantium, tom qab ntawd Byzantine txoj cai suav nrog ntau txoj cai ntawm kev cai dab qhuas."Lub Hnub Nyoog Tsaus" hauv keeb kwm ntawm Byzantium - qhov no yog dab tsi?

Lub sij hawm tau qiv hauv keeb kwm ntawm Byzantium los ntawm Western kab lis kev cai, qhov twg "Dub Ages" yog lub npe ntawm lub sij hawm los ntawm lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm Western Roman faj tim teb chaws nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 5 mus rau lub "Carolingian Renaissance" nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj zeeg. kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 8th. Nyob rau sab hnub tuaj Roman faj tim teb chaws, "hnub tsaus ntuj" tau suav los ntawm Arab conquests ntawm lub xyoo pua 7th thiab Avar-Slavic ntxeem tau ntawm Balkans. Lub sijhawm no tau xaus rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 9, uas tau tshwm sim nrog qhov kawg ntawm Byzantine iconoclasm, thiab tom qab ntawd nrog kev tsim ntawm Macedonian dynasty.

Vim li cas Russia tsis tuaj yeem mus rau Tebchaws Europe hauv txhua txoj kev

"Lub Hnub Nyoog Tsaus" yog lub sijhawm keeb kwm tsis meej thiab tsis meej pem, thaum Byzantium sawv ntawm qhov kawg ntawm kev puas tsuaj, los yog yeej loj yeej ntawm nws cov yeeb ncuab. Ntawm qhov tod tes, ib qho kev coj noj coj ua tsis zoo tau pom nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Ottoman: kev tsim kho monumental tau tso tseg rau lub sijhawm ntev, ntau cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim vaj tsev qub thiab kos duab tau ploj mus, cov phau ntawv qub tsis tau theej.

Ntawm qhov tod tes, tag nrho cov no paradoxically coj mus rau kev nkag mus ntawm Byzantine kab lis kev cai kab lis kev cai rau sab hnub poob. Lub sijhawm ntawd, tsuas yog Byzantine masters tuaj yeem tsim cov khoom zoo li cov duab kos duab ntawm Papal Lub Koom Txoos ntawm Santa Maria Antiqua hauv Rome lossis cov frescoes hauv lub tuam tsev Lombard hauv Castelseprio ze Milan. Cov Muslim ntxeem tau nyob rau sab hnub tuaj coj mus rau qhov tseeb hais tias cov neeg ntseeg hauv zos nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov xeev tsiv mus rau sab hnub poob. Muaj ib tug paub thaum, tom qab ib tug Arab tua nyob rau hauv Cyprus, yuav luag tag nrho cov inhabitants ntawm Constantiana, lub nroog loj ntawm cov kob, tsiv mus rau lub Balkans.

Qhov ntawd yog, "hnub nyoog tsaus ntuj" kuj muaj qhov zoo?

Yog lawm, tom qab kev tawm tsam ntawm Roman lub xeev kev coj noj coj ua thiab qee qhov kev txwv tsis pub tsoomfwv thiab kev cai lij choj, cov tib yam nag hmo cov neeg ua phem tau pib sai sai rau hauv Byzantine haiv neeg. Kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev sib raug zoo elevator thiab ntsug dynamics tso cai rau lub teb chaws Ottoman rov qab tau sai heev los ntawm "hnub nyoog tsaus". Tsis tas li ntawd, Byzantium nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd tuaj yeem rub cov neeg nyob sib ze rau hauv lub orbit ntawm nws txoj kev nom kev tswv, kev lag luam thiab kev coj noj coj ua, uas tau muab lawv lub zog rau kev loj hlob ntxiv. Historian Dmitry Obolensky hu ua qhov tshwm sim no "Byzantine Commonwealth of Nations." Siv, piv txwv li, cov ntawv sau tias Goths, feem ntau ntawm cov Slavs, Georgians, Armenians thiab Caucasian Albanians tau txais los ntawm Byzantines.

Puas yog Ancient Russia yog ib tug tswv cuab ntawm "Byzantine Commonwealth of Nations"?

Ib nrab. Russia nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo nrog Byzantium feem ntau nyob rau hauv ib tug tshwj xeeb txoj hauj lwm. Politically, nws tsis nyob ntawm txhua txoj kev ntawm Constantinople. Qhov tshwj xeeb yog tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm Tmutarakan tus thawj tswj hwm, uas yog ib feem ntawm kev nom kev tswv ntawm Rurik lub hwj chim thiab tib lub sijhawm muaj cov xwm txheej ntawm Byzantine archon. Qhov no yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm ob txoj cai lij choj - ib qho tshwm sim tsis tu ncua nyob rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov teb chaws loj loj thiab lawv cov sab nrauv.

Tab sis nyob rau hauv ecclesiastical thiab kab lis kev cai cov ntsiab lus, dependence ntawm Russia ntawm Byzantium muaj nyob rau lub sij hawm ntev heev. Tau ntau pua xyoo, lub Koom Txoos Lavxias yog ib feem ntawm Patriarchate ntawm Constantinople. Txhua yam uas peb tam sim no koom nrog Ancient Russia - lub tuam tsev thiab domes ntawm lawv raws li lub cim ntawm lub firmament, icons, frescoes, mosaics, phau ntawv - yog ib tug Byzantine cuab yeej cuab tam. Txawm tias feem ntau ntawm cov niaj hnub Lavxias teb sab npe uas tshwm sim nrog peb nrog rau cov ntseeg Vajtswv yog ancient Greek los yog Hebrew keeb kwm.

Qhov kev nthuav dav kab lis kev cai thiab kev cai dab qhuas no yog ib qho kev txiav txim siab ntawm Constantinople. Piv txwv li, tom qab lub yeej ntawm Thawj Bulgarian Kingdom nyob rau hauv 1014 los ntawm huab tais Vasily II lub Bulgar fighter, lub Byzantines tau txais ib tug ntau ntawm cov Slavic lub tsev teev ntuj cov phau ntawv ntawm cov trophies, uas lawv hloov tawm mus rau tag nrho tsis tsim nyog, txij li thaum lawv tau mus tsim. lub tsev teev ntuj nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws no nyob rau hauv Greek.

Yog li ntawd, tag nrho cov phau ntawv no tau mus rau Russia, uas nyuam qhuav tau txais kev ntseeg los ntawm Byzantium. Qhov no yog li cas lub Koom Txoos Slavonic lus tuaj rau peb cov poj koob yawm txwv (qhov tseeb, nws yog ib qho txawv ntawm cov lus qub Bulgarian) thiab sau cov kab lis kev cai. Ib tug ntawm cov hiob Lavxias teb sab phau ntawv "Izbornik 1076" yog ib daim ntawv luam ntawm lub Izbornik "Izbornik" ntawm lub Bulgarian Tsar Simeon kuv, rewritten nyob rau hauv Russia.

Puas muaj zog Greek kev cuam tshuam rau Russia nyob rau hauv lig Byzantine era? Keeb kwm Mikhail Krom nyob rau hauv kev sib tham nrog "Lente.ru" hais tias tom qab lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm Constantinople nyob rau hauv 1453 thiab kev sib yuav ntawm Ivan III rau Sophia Palaeologus, Moscow txais tsis tau tsuas yog Byzantine terminology zoo li lub sij hawm "autocrat" (autocrat), tab sis kuj ntev. tsis nco qab nyob rau hauv lawv homeland kev lis kev cai thiab lub tsev hais plaub ceremonies.

Lub Mongol ntxeem tau ntawm Russia thiab lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm Constantinople nyob rau hauv 1204 cuam tshuam kev sib raug zoo ntawm Russia thiab Byzantium. Qhov no yog txawm pom nyob rau hauv cov ciaj sia nyob rau hauv ancient Lavxias teb sab ntawv. Txij li thaum xyoo pua 13th, Constantinople tau maj mam ploj mus los ntawm lub qab ntug ntawm Lavxias lub neej, tab sis tsis tag.

Crusaders tawm tsam Orthodox

Keeb kwm Alexander Nazarenko txog peculiarities ntawm kev sib cuag ntawm Ancient Russia thiab Europe

Nyob rau hauv lub ecclesiastical sphere, Byzantium txuas ntxiv mus ua ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm no, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum lub sij hawm thaum, tom qab lub Mongol ntxeem tau, ob tug yeeb ncuab nom tswv rog tshwm sim nyob rau hauv Russia - Moscow thiab Grand Duchy ntawm Lithuania. Thaum lub nroog Kiev tsiv mus rau Vladimir, thiab tom qab ntawd mus rau Moscow, nyob rau hauv Western Lavxias teb sab av subordinate rau Lithuania, lawv tsis tu ncua sim tsim lawv tus kheej lub nroog. Nyob rau hauv Constantinople, qhov teeb meem no tau ua tiav manipulated - yog hais tias lawv tau lees paub ib tug nyias muaj nyias lub nroog nyob rau hauv lub Grand Duchy ntawm Lithuania, ces nyob rau hauv qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb lawv coj ib sab ntawm Moscow.

Tab sis ntawm no qhov tseem ceeb yog txawv - yog lub Western Lavxias teb sab teb chaws (Galicia-Volyn thawj tswj hwm thiab Grand Duchy ntawm Lithuania), nyob rau hauv lub cuam tshuam ntawm kev sib cuag nrog lawv cov neeg nyob sab hnub poob, nkag mus rau hauv lub European nom tswv ntiaj teb no, ces nyob rau hauv Northeastern Russia (nyob rau hauv Moscow. los yog Tver) ib tug qauv kev nom kev tswv tau tsim raws li pre-Mongol Byzantine qauv. Thaum Moscow tau muaj zog thiab muaj zog, nws yeej pib xyaum Constantinople thiab sib zog ua lub chaw dawb huv tshiab.

Lub Wrong of the West

Li no lub npe huab tais ntawm Ivan lub txaus ntshai?

Yog, raws li zoo raws li lub siab xav rau nruab nws tus kheej yawg koob nyob rau hauv Moscow. Qhov tseeb yog tias Constantinople tau txiav txim siab nws tus kheej ob lub New Rome thiab Yeluxalees tshiab. Nws yog nyob ntawd tias tag nrho cov relics tseem ceeb ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman tau tsom mus rau lub neej-muab ntoo khaub lig, lub crown ntawm pos ntawm Tswv Yexus thiab ntau lwm yam thaj neeb coj mus rau cov teb chaws Europe los ntawm cov crusaders tom qab lub capture ntawm lub nroog nyob rau hauv 1204. Tom qab ntawd, Moscow coj ob qho tib si Constantinople li New Rome (li no "lub nroog ntawm xya toj") thiab Yeluxalees. Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, Constantinople yog lub hom phiaj ntawm ntau Roman-pagan thiab Eastern Christian kab lig kev cai thiab ceremonies, pom los ntawm Moscow precisely nyob rau hauv lub Byzantine daim ntawv.

Koj tau hais txog kev ntes thiab plundering ntawm Constantinople los ntawm European crusaders nyob rau hauv 1204. Tus kws sau keeb kwm Alexander Nazarenko ntseeg tias lub sijhawm no tau dhau los ua qhov hloov pauv ntawm kev nkag siab ntawm cov neeg Lavxias ntawm lawv cov neeg nyob sab hnub poob, tom qab ntawd "kev coj noj coj ua thiab kev vam meej ntawm Catholic West thiab Orthodox East" tau pib. Kuv kuj tau nyeem tias nws yog los ntawm qhov kev tshwm sim uas cov kab lig kev cai ntawm kev tawm tsam sab hnub poob hauv tebchaws Russia, uas tau ua los ntawm Byzantine txiv plig, keeb kwm. Tab sis nws puas yog qhov pib ntawm kev poob qis ntawm ib lub tebchaws uas muaj hwj chim?

Kev nom kev tswv, 1204 yog qhov kev puas tsuaj tag rau Byzantium, uas luv luv tawg mus rau ntau lub xeev. Raws li kev cai dab qhuas sphere, qhov xwm txheej ntawm no txawm ntau paradoxical. Kom txog rau thaum 1204, Russia yeej ib txwm nyob rau hauv ecclesiastical kev sib cuag nrog rau sab hnub poob, txawm nyob rau hauv lub schism ntawm 1054. Raws li peb tam sim no paub, nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua XII Lavxias teb sab pilgrims mus xyuas Santiago de Compostela (Spain), lawv graffiti twb tsis ntev los no pom nyob rau hauv Saint-Gilles-du-Garde, Ponce (Fabkis) thiab Lucca (Ltalis).

Piv txwv li, thaum, nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 11th, cov Italians nyiag lub relics ntawm St. Nicholas thiab coj lawv mus rau Bari, qhov kev tshwm sim los ua ib tug kev puas tsuaj rau lub Byzantines, thiab nyob rau hauv Russia, nyob rau lub sij hawm no, lawv sai sai tsim ib tug tshiab kev cai dab qhuas hnub caiv, nrov npe hu ua Nikola Veshny. Txawm li cas los xij, kev ntes ntawm Constantinople los ntawm Latins hauv 1204 tau pom hauv Russia tsis muaj qhov mob tsawg dua li ntawm Byzantium nws tus kheej.

Vim li cas?

Ua ntej, cov kab lig kev cai ntawm kev sib tham los ntawm Latin yog laus dua li cov xwm txheej ntawm 1204. Kev nkag siab txog kev ntseeg ntawm "qhov tsis tseeb ntawm Sab Hnub Poob" pib ua ntej hauv Byzantium, thiab tom qab ntawd hauv Russia, kwv yees li ntawm Photius schism ntawm lub xyoo pua 9th. Qhov thib ob, qhov no yog superimposed ntawm kev tsim ntawm qub Lavxias teb sab yog leejtwg - xws li cov txheej txheem ib txwm mus los ntawm repulsion los ntawm lwm yam.

Hauv qhov no, nws yog hais txog kev tsis lees paub ntawm cov neeg thov Vajtswv txawv thiab tau txais Kev Sib Koom Tes hauv txoj kev tsis ncaj ncees lawm. Nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej no, Byzantine anti-Western polemic tau pom nyob rau hauv Russia ntau zog thiab nteg nyob rau hauv fertile av. Yog li ntawd, lub Koom Txoos Lavxias nyob rau hauv qhov teeb meem ntawm kev khaws cia lub purity ntawm txoj kev ntseeg tau ua kom nruj dua Constantinople, uas, rau lub hom phiaj ntawm nws tus kheej ciaj sia taus, xaus lub Union ntawm Lyons nyob rau hauv 1274 thiab lub Union ntawm Florence nyob rau hauv 1439 nrog lub Vatican..

Nyob rau hauv koj lub tswv yim, lub Union ntawm Florence thiab kev pab ntawm lub sab hnub poob yuav tau cawm Byzantium los ntawm ib tug zaum kawg vau, los yog lub teb chaws Ottoman twb doomed los ntawm lub sij hawm ntawd?

Tau kawg, los ntawm lub sij hawm no Byzantium tau outlived nws muaj txiaj ntsig thiab raug puas tsuaj. Nws tseem yog amazing li cas nws muaj peev xwm mus txog rau nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th. Qhov tseeb, lub teb chaws Ottoman yuav tsum poob rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua XIV, thaum lub Ottoman Turks besieged thiab yuav luag coj Constantinople. Byzantium muaj peev xwm ciaj sia nyob rau lwm ib nrab xyoo pua ua tsaug rau qhov ntxeem tau ntawm Tamerlane, uas yeej Ottoman Sultan Bayezid I hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Ankara xyoo 1402. Raws li rau sab hnub poob, tom qab lub Union ntawm Florence, nws yeej sim pab cov Greeks. Tab sis lub crusade tawm tsam lub Ottoman Turks, sib sau ua ke nyob rau hauv lub auspices ntawm lub Vatican, xaus nrog lub yeej ntawm cov European knights ntawm lub sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Varna nyob rau hauv 1444.

Crimean shard ntawm Byzantium

Tam sim no peb qee zaum nyiam hais tias Sab Hnub Poob pheej niaj hnub dag Byzantium thiab, vim li ntawd, tau tso nws ntawm kev hlub tshua ntawm Turks.

Yog hais tias peb tham txog cov xwm txheej ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th, ces qhov no tsis yog txhua yam. Cov Byzantines sim dag cov Latins ib yam nkaus - lawv paub zoo txog lawv cov cunning tsis yog nyob rau sab hnub poob xwb. Nyob rau hauv Russia, thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 12th, lub chronicle sau hais tias "cov Greeks yog crafty." Los ntawm memoirs ntawm Sylvester Syropulus nws yog tseeb hais tias nyob rau hauv Florence lub Byzantines tsis xav kos npe rau lub union ntawm tag nrho cov, tab sis lawv tsuas tsis muaj lwm yam kev xaiv.

Tsis paub keeb kwm ntawm kev tawm tsam ntawm Russia thiab sab hnub poob

Yog hais tias peb tham txog cov Turks, los ntawm nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th lawv tau ntes yuav luag tag nrho cov Balkans thiab twb hem lwm lub teb chaws nyob sab Europe, thaum Constantinople tseem nyob tob rau hauv lawv rear. Tsuas yog cov neeg uas tau pab Byzantines tiv thaiv nws thaum lub sij hawm siege ntawm 1453 yog Genoese. Yog li, kuv xav tias cov lus thuam tsis ncaj ncees - hmoov tsis zoo, lawv tau siv ntau zaus hauv peb lub tebchaws los ua nom tswv cov xwm txheej yav dhau los.

Lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm Theodoro nyob rau hauv Crimea, uas outlived Byzantium los ntawm 20 xyoo, yog nws lub xeem tawg?

Yog lawm, lub xeev Byzantine lig tau poob rau xyoo 1475 nrog rau qhov kawg Genoese fortresses hauv Crimea. Tab sis qhov teeb meem yog tias peb tseem paub tsawg heev txog Theodoro keeb kwm. Feem ntau ntawm cov tseem muaj sia nyob txog nws yog Genoese notary cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov ntawv. Cov ntawv sau ntawm tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm Theodoro tau paub, qhov twg lawv tus kheej cov cim (tus ntoo khaub lig nrog lub npe ntawm Yexus Khetos), tus ntoo khaub lig Genoese thiab tus dav dawb hau ntawm Comnenian dynasty, cov thawj coj ntawm Trebizond Empire, muaj nyob rau tib lub sijhawm. Yog li Theodoro tau sim ua kom muaj kev sib tw ntawm cov tub rog muaj zog hauv cheeb tsam, thaum tswj kev ywj pheej.

Koj puas paub dab tsi txog cov haiv neeg ntawm cov pejxeem ntawm Theodoro?

Nws yog xim heev, vim hais tias lub Crimea yog zoo li ib lub hnab uas txhua leej txhua tus lossi nkag mus rau hauv, thiab tsis muaj txoj kev tawm ntawm qhov ntawd. Yog li ntawd, txij li thaum ancient sij hawm, ntau haiv neeg nyob rau hauv - lub Scythians, Sarmatians, Alans, ancient Greeks thiab lwm yam. Tom qab ntawd cov Goths tuaj rau hauv Crimea, uas nws cov lus tau khaws cia nyob ntawd kom txog rau thaum xyoo pua 16th, thiab tom qab ntawd cov Turks nrog cov Krymchaks thiab Karaites. Txhua tus ntawm lawv tau sib xyaw tas li - raws li cov ntaub ntawv sau tseg, Greek, Gothic thiab Turkic cov npe feem ntau hloov pauv hauv Theodoro.

Koj puas xav tias lub teb chaws Ottoman tau los ua, hauv kev txiav txim siab, tus txais txiaj ntsig ntawm Byzantium tuag, lossis, raws li Solzhenitsyn tau hais txog lwm qhov xwm txheej, ntsig txog nws yog ib tug neeg tua neeg rau ib tug tua neeg?

Ib tug tsis tuaj yeem hais txog qhov ua tiav ntawm Ottoman Empire ntawm Byzantium, yog tias tsuas yog vim nws yog lub xeev Muslim raws li lwm cov ntsiab lus - piv txwv li, Turkish sultan tau suav tias yog caliph ntawm tag nrho cov Muslims. Tab sis Mehmed II tus Conqueror, uas coj Constantinople nyob rau hauv 1453, nyob rau hauv nws cov hluas nyob rau hauv lub Byzantine lub peev raws li ib tug neeg ua hauj lwm thiab tau txais ntau los ntawm qhov ntawd.

Tsis tas li ntawd, ua ntej ntawd, cov Ottoman Turks tau ntes lub xeev ntawm Seljuk Turks hauv Asia Minor - Rum Sultanate. Tab sis lo lus "Rum" txhais li cas?

Lub npe distorted rau Rome?

Zoo heev. Yog li ntawd los ntawm ancient sij hawm nyob rau sab hnub tuaj lawv hu ua thawj Roman faj tim teb chaws, thiab ces Byzantium. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv lub zog ntawm lub hwj chim ntawm lub Ottoman Empire, ib tug yuav pom ib co Byzantine nta. Los ntawm Constantinople, piv txwv li, Istanbul tau txais lub tswv yim ntawm unconditional domination hla ib cheeb tsam loj los ntawm niaj hnub Moldova mus rau tim lyiv teb chaws. Cov cim zoo sib xws tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv cov cuab yeej tswj hwm ntawm ob lub xeev, txawm hais tias tag nrho cov bureaucratic empires zoo ib yam li ib leeg.

Thiab ua li cas txog Russia? Peb lub teb chaws tuaj yeem suav hais tias yog tus ua tiav ntawm Byzantium? Puas yog lub Peb Hlis Tim 3, raws li Txwj Laug Philotheus ib zaug sau txog?

Russia ib txwm xav tau qhov no ntau heev, tab sis nyob rau hauv Byzantium nws tus kheej lub tswv yim ntawm lub thib peb Rome yeej tsis muaj nyob. Ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, nws tau ntseeg tias qhov ntawd Constantinople yuav nyob mus ib txhis New Rome, thiab yuav tsis muaj dua lwm tus. Los ntawm nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th, thaum Byzantium tau dhau los ua lub xeev me me thiab tsis muaj zog nyob rau sab nrauv ntawm Tebchaws Europe, nws lub peev tseem ceeb ntawm kev nom kev tswv yog qhov muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm ib txhiab xyoo Roman imperial kev lig kev cai.

Leej twg tiag tiag tsim Russia

Tom qab lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm Constantinople nyob rau hauv 1453, qhov kev lig kev cai no thaum kawg suppressed. Yog li ntawd, tsis muaj lwm lub xeev ntseeg, txawm tias nws yuav muaj zog npaum li cas, txawm tias vim tsis muaj keeb kwm raug cai, muaj peev xwm thiab tsis tuaj yeem lees txais cov xwm txheej ntawm kev ua tiav ntawm Rome thiab Constantinople.