Electromagnetic txoj kev xav txog tus ntsuj plig ntawm lub ntiaj teb

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

"Thaum xyoo 1945, lub sijhawm hauv cheeb tsam, ib hom tsiaj ntawm cov tsiaj ua ntej-ntseeg hauv ntiaj teb lub ntiaj teb tau tawg thawj cov khoom siv thermonuclear., uas ntau haiv neeg mystical hu ua "lub cev ntawm Vajtswv."

Tsis ntev tom qab ntawd, cov tub rog zais cia ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov neeg txawj ntse tau raug xa mus rau lub ntiaj teb los saib xyuas qhov xwm txheej thiab tiv thaiv kev puas tsuaj ntawm hluav taws xob txuas ntxiv ntawm lub ntiaj teb thoob ntiaj teb."

Cov lus qhia hauv cov lus hais zoo li ib zaj dab neeg rau kev tshawb fawb tsis tseeb, tab sis qhov no yog qhov tseeb uas tuaj yeem kos tau tom qab nyeem tsab xov xwm no. Lub xub ntiag ntawm lub network no permeating tag nrho lub ntiaj teb no yuav piav qhia ntau - piv txwv li, lub UFO tshwm sim, lawv elusiveness thiab invisibility, zoo kawg li possibilities, thiab ntxiv rau, indirectly, qhov kev xav ntawm "lub cev ntawm Vajtswv" muab peb tiag tiag kev pom zoo tias muaj. txoj sia tom qab kev tuag.

Peb nyob rau theem pib ntawm kev loj hlob thiab qhov tseeb peb yog "pre-intelligent beings" thiab leej twg paub yog tias peb tuaj yeem nrhiav tau lub zog los ua ib haiv neeg txawj ntse tiag tiag.

Astronomers tau pom tias magnetic teb permeate feem ntau ntawm cosmos. Latent magnetic field kab ncav cuag ntau lab lub teeb xyoo thoob plaws ntiaj teb.

Txhua zaus cov kws tshawb fawb astronomers tuaj nrog txoj hauv kev tshiab los tshawb nrhiav cov hlau nplaum hauv thaj chaw deb ntawm qhov chaw, lawv nrhiav tsis tau lawv.

Cov chaw quab yuam no yog tib lub chaw uas nyob ib puag ncig lub ntiaj teb, Lub Hnub, thiab tag nrho cov galaxies. Nees nkaum xyoo dhau los, astronomers pib tshawb xyuas magnetism permeating tag nrho pawg ntawm galaxies, nrog rau qhov chaw ntawm ib lub galaxy thiab lwm. Invisible teb kab cheb los ntawm qhov chaw intergalactic.

Xyoo tas los, astronomers thaum kawg tau tswj xyuas thaj tsam ntau dua ntawm qhov chaw - qhov chaw ntawm galaxy pawg. Nyob ntawd lawv nrhiav tau qhov loj tshaj plaws magnetic teb: 10 lab lub teeb-xyoo ntawm magnetized qhov chaw, spanning tag nrho ntev ntawm no "filament" ntawm lub cosmic web. Ib qhov thib ob magnetized filament twb tau pom nyob rau lwm qhov hauv qhov chaw uas siv tib txoj kev. Federica Govoni ntawm National Institute of Astrophysics hauv Cagliari, Ltalis hais tias, "Peb tsuas yog saib ntawm qhov kawg ntawm cov dej khov nab kuab, tej zaum," said Federica Govoni ntawm National Institute of Astrophysics hauv Cagliari, Ltalis, uas yog thawj zaug tshawb pom.

Cov lus nug tshwm sim: qhov twg cov hlau nplaum loj loj no tuaj ntawm?

Franco Vazza, tus kws tshaj lij astrophysicist ntawm University of Bologna tau hais tias "Nws tsis tuaj yeem cuam tshuam txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm ib tus neeg galaxies lossis kev tawg ntawm tus kheej lossis, kuv tsis paub, cua los ntawm supernovae," said Franco Vazza, tus kws tshaj lij astrophysicist ntawm University of Bologna uas ua niaj hnub computer simulations ntawm cosmic magnetic teb. qhov no."

Ib qho ua tau yog tias cosmic hlau nplaum yog qhov tseem ceeb, taug qab txhua txoj kev rov qab mus rau qhov yug ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Hauv qhov no, cov hlau nplaum tsis muaj zog yuav tsum muaj nyob txhua qhov chaw, txawm tias nyob hauv "voids" ntawm lub vev xaib cosmic - qhov tsaus ntuj tshaj plaws, feem ntau khoob ntawm ntug. Omnipresent magnetism yuav tseb cov teb muaj zog uas vam meej hauv galaxies thiab pawg.

Thawj cov hlau nplaum tseem tuaj yeem pab daws lwm qhov kev sib tw cosmological hu ua Hubble kev ntxhov siab - sib cav qhov kub tshaj plaws hauv cosmology.

Qhov teeb meem hauv qab ntawm Hubble nro yog tias lub ntiaj teb zoo li nthuav dav sai dua li qhov xav tau los ntawm nws cov khoom paub. Nyob rau hauv ib tsab xov xwm luam tawm nyob rau hauv lub Plaub Hlis thiab tshuaj xyuas ua ke nrog Physical Review Letters, cosmologists Karsten Jedamzik thiab Levon Poghosyan sib cav hais tias tsis muaj zog magnetic teb nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no thaum ntxov yuav ua rau kom tus ceev ntawm cosmic expansion pom niaj hnub no.

Primitive magnetism relieves Hubble txoj kev nruj kom yooj yim hais tias tsab xov xwm los ntawm Jedamzik thiab Poghosyan tam sim ntawd nyiam. Mark Kamionkowski, tus kws tshawb fawb theoretical cosmologist ntawm Johns Hopkins University tau hais tias "Qhov no yog ib tsab xov xwm zoo thiab lub tswv yim," said Mark Kamionkowski, tus kws tshawb fawb theoretical cosmologist ntawm Johns Hopkins University uas tau npaj lwm txoj kev daws teeb meem rau Hubble tension.

Kamenkovsky thiab lwm tus hais tias yuav tsum muaj kev sim ntau ntxiv los xyuas kom meej tias cov hlau nplaum thaum ntxov tsis cuam tshuam lwm cov kev suav cosmological. Thiab txawm hais tias lub tswv yim no ua haujlwm ntawm daim ntawv, cov kws tshawb fawb yuav tsum nrhiav cov pov thawj tsim nyog rau cov hlau nplaum ua ntej kom paub tseeb tias nws yog tus neeg sawv cev tsis tuaj yeem ua rau lub ntiaj teb.

Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov xyoo no ntawm kev sib tham txog Hubble nro, nws yog kab tias khib uas tsis muaj leej twg tau xav txog kev sib nqus ua ntej. Raws li Poghosyan, uas yog tus xibfwb ntawm Simon Fraser University hauv Canada, feem ntau cosmologists tsis xav txog cov hlau nplaum. Nws tau hais tias "Txhua tus paub qhov no yog ib qho ntawm cov tsis meej pem," nws hais. Tab sis tau ntau xyoo lawm, tsis muaj txoj hauv kev los qhia yog tias cov hlau nplaum yog qhov tseeb ubiquitous thiab yog li ntawd yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub cosmos, yog li cosmologists tau nres ntau yam.

Lub caij no, astrophysicists txuas ntxiv sau cov ntaub ntawv. Qhov hnyav ntawm cov pov thawj ua rau lawv feem ntau xav tias cov hlau nplaum muaj tseeb nyob txhua qhov chaw.

Magnetic Soul of the Universe

Xyoo 1600, tus kws tshawb fawb Askiv William Gilbert, kawm txog cov pob zeb hauv av - ib txwm muaj cov pob zeb magnetized uas tib neeg tau tsim nyob rau hauv compasses rau txhiab xyoo - xaus lus tias lawv lub zog sib nqus "imitates tus ntsuj plig." "Nws raug suav tias lub ntiaj teb nws tus kheej yog." "thiab hais tias cov ncej hlau nplaum" saib ntawm tus ncej ntawm lub ntiaj teb."

Sib nqus teb yog generated txhua lub sij hawm ib tug hluav taws xob nqi yog ntws. Lub ntiaj teb teb, piv txwv li, los ntawm nws sab hauv "dynamo" - ib tug kwj ntawm cov kua hlau, seething nyob rau hauv nws cov tub ntxhais. Cov teb ntawm cov hlau nplaum tub yees thiab cov kab hlau nplaum yog los ntawm cov hluav taws xob orbiting lawv cov atoms.

Txawm li cas los xij, sai li sai tau thaum "cov noob" sib nqus tawm los ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hauv kev txav mus los, nws tuaj yeem loj dua thiab muaj zog dua yog tias cov teb tsis muaj zog nrog nws. ntawm lub koom haum ntawm Astrophysics Max Planck nyob rau hauv Garching, lub teb chaws Yelemees - vim hais tias magnetic teb kais mus rau hauv txhua qhov chaw pub dawb ntawm lub zog lawv muaj peev xwm tuav mus rau thiab loj hlob los ntawm. Lawv tuaj yeem kis tau thiab cuam tshuam rau lwm thaj chaw los ntawm lawv lub xub ntiag, qhov chaw uas lawv loj hlob tuaj."

Ruth Durer, tus kws tshawb fawb theoretical cosmologist ntawm University of Geneva, tau piav qhia tias kev sib nqus yog tib lub zog uas tsis yog lub ntiajteb txawj nqus uas tuaj yeem tsim cov qauv loj ntawm lub cosmos, vim tias tsuas yog hlau nplaum thiab lub ntiajteb txawj nqus tuaj yeem "mus txog koj" dhau qhov kev ncua deb. Hluav taws xob, ntawm qhov tod tes, yog nyob hauv zos thiab luv luv, txij li cov nqi zoo thiab tsis zoo nyob rau hauv ib cheeb tsam yuav raug nruab nrab tag nrho. Tab sis koj tsis tuaj yeem thim qhov chaw sib nqus; lawv nyiam quav thiab ciaj sia.

Txawm li cas los xij, rau tag nrho lawv lub zog, cov kev quab yuam no muaj qis profile. Lawv yog cov tsis tseem ceeb thiab pom tau tsuas yog thaum lawv ua rau lwm yam.“Koj tsis tuaj yeem tsuas yog yees duab daim teb magnetic; Nws tsis ua haujlwm li ntawd, hais tias Reinu Van Veren, tus kws tshawb fawb hnub qub ntawm Leiden University uas tau koom nrog qhov kev tshawb pom tsis ntev los no ntawm cov hlau nplaum filaments.

Nyob rau hauv ib daim ntawv xyoo tas los, Wang Veren thiab 28 co-sau sau hypothesized ib magnetic teb nyob rau hauv lub filament ntawm lub galaxy pawg Abell 399 thiab Abell 401 los ntawm yuav ua li cas lub teb redirects high-ceev electrons thiab lwm yam khoom uas them los ntawm nws. Raws li lawv cov trajectories twist nyob rau hauv lub tshav pob, cov nqi hais emit tsis muaj zog "synchrotron hluav taws xob."

Lub teeb liab synchrotron muaj zog tshaj plaws ntawm cov xov tooj cua tsawg zaus, ua rau nws npaj txhij rau kev kuaj pom nrog LOFAR, ib qho ntawm 20,000 lub xov tooj cua tsis tshua muaj xov tooj cua tau tawg thoob plaws Tebchaws Europe.

Pab neeg no tau sau cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm cov filament rov qab rau xyoo 2014 tshaj li ib yim-teev chunks, tab sis cov ntaub ntawv tau zaum tuav raws li lub xov tooj cua astronomy zej zog siv ntau xyoo los txiav txim seb yuav ua li cas los txhim kho qhov ntsuas ntawm LOFAR qhov ntsuas. Lub ntiaj teb huab cua cuam tshuam cov xov tooj cua tsis dhau los ntawm nws, yog li LOFAR pom qhov chaw zoo li los ntawm hauv qab ntawm lub pas dej da dej. Cov kws tshawb fawb tau daws qhov teeb meem los ntawm kev taug qab qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm "beacons" saum ntuj - xov tooj cua emitters nrog cov chaw paub meej - thiab kho qhov kev hloov pauv kom tsis txhob thaiv tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv. Thaum lawv siv lub deblurring algorithm rau cov ntaub ntawv filament, lawv tam sim ntawd pom cov hluav taws xob synchrotron ci.

Lub filament zoo li magnetized nyob txhua qhov chaw, tsis yog nyob ze ntawm pawg galaxies uas txav mus rau ib leeg los ntawm ob qho kawg. Cov kws tshawb fawb vam tias 50-teev cov ntaub ntawv lawv tab tom tshuaj xyuas tam sim no yuav nthuav tawm ntau yam ntxiv. Tsis ntev los no, kev soj ntsuam ntxiv tau pom cov chaw sib nqus propagating raws tag nrho qhov ntev ntawm cov filament thib ob. Cov kws tshawb fawb npaj yuav tshaj tawm txoj haujlwm no sai sai.

Lub xub ntiag ntawm cov hlau nplaum loj heev hauv yam tsawg kawg ob txoj hlua no muab cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb tshiab. Wang Veren tau hais tias "Nws ua rau muaj kev ua haujlwm ntau heev," vim tias tam sim no peb paub tias thaj chaw sib nqus muaj zog heev."

Teeb los ntawm qhov khoob

Yog tias cov chaw sib nqus no tau tshwm sim hauv lub ntiaj teb me nyuam mos, cov lus nug tshwm sim: ua li cas? Tanmai Vachaspati ntawm Arizona State University tau hais tias "Cov tib neeg tau xav txog qhov teeb meem no tau ntev,"

Xyoo 1991, Vachaspati tau hais tias cov hlau nplaum sib nqus tuaj yeem tshwm sim thaum lub sijhawm hloov pauv ntawm electroweak - lub sijhawm, ib feem ntawm ib qho thib ob tom qab Big Bang, thaum electromagnetic thiab tsis muaj zog nuclear los ua qhov txawv. Lwm tus tau hais tias cov hlau nplaum tsim tau microseconds tom qab thaum protons tsim. Los yog tsis ntev tom qab ntawd: tus kws tshaj lij astrophysicist Ted Harrison tau sib cav nyob rau hauv qhov ntxov tshaj plaws primordial txoj kev xav ntawm magnetogenesis nyob rau hauv 1973 hais tias lub plasma turbulent ntawm protons thiab electrons tej zaum yuav tshwm sim thawj magnetic teb. Txawm li cas los xij lwm tus tau hais tias qhov chaw no tau dhau los ua magnetized txawm tias ua ntej tag nrho cov no, thaum lub sij hawm cosmic inflation - ib qho kev nthuav dav ntawm qhov chaw uas supposedly dhia mus - launched lub Big Bang nws tus kheej. Nws kuj tseem ua tau tias qhov no tsis tshwm sim kom txog thaum cov qauv loj hlob ib txhiab xyoo tom qab.

Txoj hauv kev los ntsuam xyuas cov kev xav ntawm magnetogenesis yog los kawm cov qauv ntawm cov hlau nplaum hauv cov cheeb tsam pristine feem ntau ntawm qhov chaw intergalactic, xws li qhov chaw nyob ntsiag to ntawm filaments thiab txawm ntau qhov khoob khoob. Qee cov ntsiab lus - piv txwv li, txawm hais tias cov kab hauv teb yog du, muab kauv, lossis "kho rau txhua qhov kev qhia, zoo li lub pob ntawm cov xov paj lossis lwm yam" (raws li Vachaspati), thiab yuav ua li cas daim duab hloov pauv hauv ntau qhov chaw thiab ntawm cov nplai sib txawv - nqa cov ntaub ntawv nplua nuj uas tuaj yeem muab piv rau kev xav thiab kev ua qauv. Piv txwv li, yog tias cov chaw sib nqus tau tsim thaum lub sij hawm hloov hluav taws xob, raws li tau hais los ntawm Vachaspati, ces cov kab ntawm lub zog yuav tsum tau muab kauv, "zoo li lub corkscrew," nws hais.

Kev ntes yog tias nws tsis yooj yim rau kev ntes cov teb quab yuam uas tsis muaj dab tsi los nias rau.

Ib txoj hauv kev, pioneered los ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb Askiv Michael Faraday rov qab rau xyoo 1845, kuaj pom cov hlau nplaum los ntawm txoj kev nws tig cov kev taw qhia ntawm polarization ntawm lub teeb hla nws. Tus nqi ntawm "Faraday rotation" nyob ntawm lub zog ntawm cov hlau nplaum thiab qhov zaus ntawm lub teeb. Yog li, los ntawm kev ntsuas lub polarization ntawm ntau zaus, koj tuaj yeem suav lub zog ntawm cov hlau nplaum raws kab ntawm qhov pom. "Yog tias koj ua los ntawm ntau qhov chaw, koj tuaj yeem ua daim ntawv qhia 3D," Enslin hais.

Cov kws tshawb fawb tau pib ua qhov ntsuas hnyav ntawm Faraday qhov kev sib hloov nrog LOFAR, tab sis lub koob yees duab muaj teeb meem xaiv lub teeb liab tsis muaj zog. Valentina Vacca, tus kws sau hnub qub thiab cov npoj yaig ntawm Govoni ntawm National Institute of Astrophysics, tau tsim cov txheej txheem ob peb xyoos dhau los los ua cov txheej txheem zoo Faraday kev sib hloov cov cim los ntawm kev ntxiv ua ke ntau qhov ntev ntawm qhov chaw khoob. "Qhov tseeb, qhov no tuaj yeem siv rau qhov tsis muaj," Wakka hais.

Tab sis Faraday txoj kev yuav tawm mus tiag tiag thaum lub xov tooj cua telescope tiam tom ntej, ib txoj haujlwm loj thoob ntiaj teb hu ua "array of square kilometers", tau tsim tawm xyoo 2027. Enslin tau hais tias "SKA yuav tsum tsim kom muaj ib daim phiaj Faraday zoo heev."

Txog tam sim no, tsuas yog cov pov thawj ntawm cov hlau nplaum hauv qhov khoob yog tias cov neeg soj ntsuam tsis tuaj yeem pom thaum lawv saib cov khoom hu ua blazars nyob tom qab cov voids.

Blazars yog cov kab teeb ci ci ntawm gamma rays thiab lwm qhov chaw muaj zog ntawm lub teeb thiab teeb meem, siv los ntawm cov qhov dub loj heev. Thaum gamma rays mus los ntawm qhov chaw, lawv qee zaum tsoo nrog cov microwaves thaum ub, uas ua rau muaj hluav taws xob thiab positron. Cov particles no ces hawb pob thiab tig mus rau hauv qis-zog gamma rays.

Tab sis yog hais tias lub teeb ntawm ib tug blazar dhau los ntawm ib tug magnetized void, ces low-zog gamma rays yuav tshwm sim tsis tuaj, vim li cas Andrei Neronov thiab Yevgeny Vovk ntawm lub Geneva Observatory nyob rau hauv 2010. Magnetic teb yuav deflect electrons thiab positrons los ntawm kab pom. Thaum lawv lwj mus rau hauv cov hluav taws xob gamma rays, cov gamma rays yuav tsis raug coj mus rau peb.

Tseeb tiag, thaum Neronov thiab Vovk txheeb xyuas cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm qhov chaw tsim nyog nyob hauv blazar, lawv pom nws lub zog gamma rays, tab sis tsis yog lub teeb liab gamma-ray qis. Vachaspati tau hais tias "Nws yog qhov tsis muaj lub teeb liab, uas yog lub teeb liab," Vachaspati tau hais.

Qhov tsis muaj lub teeb liab tsis zoo li yog riam phom haus luam yeeb, thiab lwm cov lus piav qhia rau qhov ploj lawm gamma rays tau raug npaj. Txawm li cas los xij, cov kev soj ntsuam tom qab nce ntxiv mus rau qhov kev xav ntawm Neronov thiab Vovk tias cov voids yog magnetized. Qhov no yog qhov kev xav ntawm feem coob, - hais tias Dürer. Feem ntau convincingly, nyob rau hauv 2015, ib pab neeg superimposed ntau qhov ntev ntawm blazars qab voids thiab tswj los tease lub faint halo ntawm low-zog gamma rays nyob ib ncig ntawm lub blazers. Cov nyhuv yog raws nraim li cas ib tug yuav xav tau yog hais tias cov khoom tau tawg los ntawm cov hlau nplaum tsis muaj zog - ntsuas tsuas yog ib lab ntawm ib trillion muaj zog li lub tub yees hlau nplaum.

Qhov loj tshaj tsis meej ntawm cosmology

Nws yog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg tias qhov nyiaj ntawm cov hlau nplaum tseem ceeb no yuav yog qhov xav tau los daws qhov kev ntxhov siab Hubble - qhov teeb meem ntawm kev nthuav dav ntawm lub ntiaj teb sai heev.

Qhov no yog qhov uas Poghosyan pom tau thaum nws pom lub computer simulations tsis ntev los no ntawm Carsten Jedamzik los ntawm University of Montpellier hauv Fabkis thiab nws cov npoj yaig. Cov kws tshawb fawb tau ntxiv cov hlau nplaum tsis muaj zog rau lub simulated, plasma-filled ntug thiab pom tias protons thiab electrons nyob rau hauv lub plasma ya raws magnetic teb kab thiab sau nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam uas tsis muaj zog teb zog. Cov nyhuv clumping no ua rau cov protons thiab electrons los ua ke los ua hydrogen - ib qho kev hloov pauv thaum ntxov hu ua recombination - ntxov dua li lawv yuav muaj.

Poghosyan, nyeem Jedamzik tsab xov xwm, pom tau hais tias qhov no tuaj yeem txo qhov kev ntxhov siab ntawm Hubble. Cosmologists tau xam seb qhov chaw yuav tsum tau nthuav dav npaum li cas hnub no los ntawm kev soj ntsuam lub teeb qub thaum lub sij hawm recombination. Lub teeb pom lub ntiaj teb hluas dotted nrog blobs uas tau tsim los ntawm lub suab nthwv dej tawg ncig hauv lub plasma primordial. Yog hais tias qhov recombination tshwm sim ntxov tshaj qhov xav tau vim yog cov nyhuv ntawm thickening ntawm magnetic teb, ces lub suab tsis muaj peev xwm propagate tias deb rau pem hauv ntej, thiab qhov tshwm sim yuav me me. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias cov chaw peb pom saum ntuj txij li kev sib koom ua ke yuav tsum nyob ze rau peb dua li cov kws tshawb fawb xav. Lub teeb emanating los ntawm cov clumps yuav tsum tau taug kev luv luv mus txog peb, uas txhais tau hais tias lub teeb yuav tsum tau mus los ntawm qhov chaw nthuav dav. “Nws zoo li sim khiav ntawm qhov chaw nthuav dav; koj npog qhov luv luv, - hais tias Poghosyan.

Qhov tshwm sim yog tias cov tee me me txhais tau hais tias qhov kev kwv yees siab dua ntawm kev nthuav dav cosmic, uas coj qhov kev kwv yees nrawm dua los ntsuas qhov nrawm npaum li cas supernovae thiab lwm yam khoom siv hnub qub tshwm sim tau ya sib nrug.

Poghosyan tau hais tias, "Kuv xav tias, wow," qhov no yuav qhia rau peb txog qhov muaj tiag ntawm [magnetic fields]. Yog li kuv tau sau ntawv mus rau Carsten tam sim ntawd." Ob leeg tau ntsib hauv Montpellier thaum Lub Ob Hlis, ua ntej lub tsev loj cuj raug kaw, thiab lawv cov kev suav tau pom tias, qhov tseeb, tus nqi ntawm cov hlau nplaum tseem ceeb uas xav tau los daws qhov teeb meem ntawm Hubble tension kuj tseem ua tau raws li blazar qhov kev soj ntsuam thiab qhov xav tias qhov loj me ntawm thawj qhov chaw. Poghosyan hais tias, "Yog li ntawd, nws yuav tsum tau ua kom loj hlob cov hlau nplaum loj loj, npog cov pawg ntawm galaxies thiab filaments."