Kev kawm dav dav hauv tebchaws Russia

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Ib qho tshwj xeeb ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb Lavxias yog qhov dav ntawm kev txaus siab ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab kev paub thoob ntiaj teb, kev nkag siab zoo ntawm daim duab ntawm lub ntiaj teb, kev pab cuam ntawm tag nrho cov kev kawm hauv kev kawm thiab qhov tob ntawm kev nkag mus rau hauv nws, kev tshawb fawb zoo. nqa tawm nyob rau hauv ua ke nrog tus nqi me me ntawm kev coj nws, kev ywj pheej ntawm cov cuab yeej kuaj thawj, kev koom tes hauv cov txheej txheem kev kawm.

Kov raws lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov yam ntxwv thiab kev ua tiav ntawm Lavxias teb sab scientific tsev kawm ntawv, ib tug tsis tau tab sis hais txog kev koom tes ntawm pej xeem kev kawm system rau cov achievements ntawm Lavxias teb sab xeev nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm science thiab technology. Nws yog kev kawm muab los ntawm Lavxias teb sab lub tsev kawm ntawv uas piav qhia txog kev ua tiav ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb Lavxias.

Nyob rau hauv Tsarist Russia, pej xeem txoj kev kawm ntawv muaj cov xwm txheej ntawm kev ua haujlwm pej xeem, thiab cov kws qhia ntawv yog cov tub ceev xwm, thiab cov neeg them nyiaj ntau heev. Qhov nyiaj hli tsawg kawg nkaus rau tus kws qhia ntawv hauv xyoo 1912 yog 1600 rubles. ib xyoo (ntau tshaj $ 25,000 ntawm tus nqi pauv tam sim no). Ib tug xibfwb hauv tsev kawm ntawv zoo tib yam muaj qib ntawm tus thawj coj loj.

Txhua tus kws qhia ntawv ntawm lub gymnasium classical yuav tsum paub tsawg kawg peb yam lus txawv teb chaws, dua li Latin thiab Ancient Greek, thiab txhua tus kawm tiav - tsawg kawg yog ob hom lus txawv teb chaws, tshwj tsis yog Latin thiab Ancient Greek. Cov neeg hwm hu ua cov kws qhia ntawv, thiab cov tub ntxhais kawm - cov txiv neej.

Artist Morozov Alexander Ivanovich "Free Rural School 1865"

Kev kawm nyob rau hauv Russia yeej ib txwm muaj nuj nqis. Kev loj hlob ntawm kev kawm siv nyiaj los ntawm 1906 txog 1914 tau siab dua qhov kev loj hlob ntawm kev siv nyiaj tiv thaiv. Nyob rau hauv 1908, nyob rau hauv ib tug xov tooj ntawm Lavxias teb sab xeev, compulsory dawb kev kawm thawj coj tau qhia, thiab nyob rau hauv 1921 nws tau npaj ua kom thoob plaws lub teb chaws.

Kev kawm zoo hauv tebchaws Russia tuaj yeem txiav txim siab los ntawm cov lus ntawm cov tswvcuab ntawm pawg neeg sawv cev German, uas tau kawm txog kev hloov pauv kev ua liaj ua teb hauv tebchaws Russia rau rau lub hlis xyoo 1913, uas tau soj ntsuam cov tub ceev xwm koom nrog kev hloov kho kev ua liaj ua teb raws li kev kawm siab, Cov kws tshaj lij tsim nyog ntawm qib European (uas yog ob peb nyob hauv Europe), uas paub txog lawv txoj kev lag luam zoo heev.

Lub ntsiab lus xaus ntawm pawg thawj coj yog tias yog kev hloov kho kev ua liaj ua teb txuas ntxiv mus, tom qab ntawd hauv 10 xyoo Russia yuav tsis tuaj yeem ua tiav thiab tsis muaj txiaj ntsig los ntawm kev lag luam thiab kev ua tub rog ntawm kev pom!

Diam duab ntawm ob tug poj niam cov tub ntxhais kawm (kev ua haujlwm niaj hnub). 1910s ua. Thawj qhov kev cob qhia yog dawb Raws li txoj cai txij thaum pib ntawm lub reign ntawm Tsar Nicholas II, thiab los ntawm 1908 nws los ua yuam … Nyob rau xyoo 1918, nws tau npaj los qhia txog kev kawm pub dawb rau theem nrab. Qhov no yog hu ua. "universal education", uas yuav tsum muaj nyob rau hauv 1920s.

Phau ntawv rau qib pib sau ntawv, 1910s.

Tsev kawm ntawv pre-revolutionary diary. Xyoo 1915-1916

Kev qhuas daim ntawv pov thawj ntawm cov menyuam kawm ntawv ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv zemstvo Ekaterina Ivanova. xyoo 1905. Thawj qhov kev cob qhia yog yuam.

Phau ntawv "Kom pab tsev neeg thiab tsev kawm ntawv", luam tawm ntawm lub pedagogical Academy "Kev kawm nyob rau hauv tsev neeg thiab tsev kawm ntawv", Moscow, 1911. Los ntawm tshooj "Kindergarten thiab lub hauv paus ntawm nws lub koom haum".

Los ntawm phau ntawv xov xwm "Tus Kws Tsim Kho Vaj Tsev", No. 8, Lub Ob Hlis 1911. Nyob rau hauv lub IV Congress ntawm Lavxias teb sab Architects. Los ntawm cov ntawv ceeb toom ntawm L. P. Shishko, N. P. Kozlov. 1st All-Lavxias Congress ntawm Public Education nyob rau hauv St. Txij lub Kaum Ob Hlis Ntuj xyoo 1913 txog Lub Ib Hlis Ntuj xyoo 1914, Thawj Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Kawm Hauv Zej Zog tau muaj nyob hauv St. Petersburg, qhov chaw uas cov kws qhia ntawv los ntawm txhua qhov tob ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws tau sib sau los tham txog cov teeb meem tam sim no ntawm pej xeem kev kawm thiab txoj kev saws daws los ntawm COMPUULSORY kev kawm … Peb muab rau kev nyeem ib feem ntawm tsab xov xwm tshaj tawm nyob rau hauv cov ntawv xov xwm Lavxias teb sab nrov txhua lub lim tiam ntawm cov ntawv nyeem, kev nom kev tswv thiab lub neej niaj hnub "Niva", No. 3, hnub tim 18, 1914.

Tib neeg lub tsev ntawm Nicholas II nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg, uas tau qhib lub rooj sib tham ntawm 1st All-Lavxias teb sab Congress ntawm Public Education. Lub rooj sib tham ntawm Tsev Neeg. Xyoo 1913-1914

Cov tswv cuab ntawm 1st All-Lavxias Congress ntawm Public Education ntawm Kazan Cathedral, tom qab thov Vajtswv.

№ 22 OF THE MAGAZINE ISKRA, Xyoo 1911. Tsev kawm ntawv exhibition. Nyob rau ntawm Olginsky Pyatnitsky 3rd City Primary School, nyob rau hauv Moscow, ib tug exhibition ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv kos duab, qauv, handicrafts thiab needlework. Phot. B. Yablokova. Cov lus piav qhia: Cov ntaub pua plag embroidered nrog ntau xim ntaub plaub. Me nyuam zaj duab xis rau zaj dab neeg. Ntoo ua haujlwm nrog carving thiab hlawv. Gymnastics zaj lus qhia. Kev ua qauv.

Txhua-Lavxias Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv Exhibition, uas tau qhib rau lub Rau Hli 7, 1913 hauv St. Petersburg, hauv Maly Petrovsky Park. Los ntawm cov ntawv xov xwm "Niva" No. 30, 1913. Ib feem ntawm tsab xov xwm hais txog lub cev kab lis kev cai, tsim kom muaj kev noj qab nyob zoo ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm:

Tsev kawm ntawv ua yeeb yam

Phau ntawv "Kom pab tsev neeg thiab tsev kawm ntawv", luam tawm ntawm lub pedagogical Academy "Kev kawm nyob rau hauv tsev neeg thiab tsev kawm ntawv", Moscow, 1911. Los ntawm tshooj "Children's Theatre".

Cov menyuam yaus - cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawm Tsev Kawm Qib Siab Nuv Ntses 1913-1914. Lub zos Rybatskoye.

Cov menyuam yaus - Cov menyuam kawm ntawv ntawm Zemsky Primary School ntawm lub zos Rybatskoye. Xyoo 1913-1914

Cov me nyuam ua liaj ua teb ntawm lub zos Rybatskoye yog cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv pawg ntseeg, uas nyob ib puag ncig tus pov thawj Nikolai Kuligin. Nyob rau hauv 1907, ib tug sib sau ua ke ntawm peasants los ntawm lub zos Rybatskoye txiav txim siab los tsim ib lub tsev kawm ntawv loj tshiab, uas 70,000 rubles tau faib los ntawm pej xeem cov nyiaj. Cov neeg ua liaj ua teb txoj kev pib pom muaj cov lus teb sov so hauv Ministry of Public Education, uas tau faib 40,000 rubles rau kev tsim kho.

Txoj haujlwm ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv tau tsim los ntawm tus kws kos duab nto moo LP Shishko thaum lub sijhawm ntawd thiab yog 3-4-storey (vim txoj kab nqes ntawm cov av hauv thaj tsam ntawm kev tsim kho) cib tsev, uas tau tsim los ntawm cov cib zoo tshaj plaws. tsim los ntawm cov chaw ua haujlwm cib nyob ze. Kev tsim kho lub tsev kawm ntawv tau ua tiav xyoo 1909.

Lub zos Sereda, Nerekhtsky koog tsev kawm ntawv, Kostroma xeev. Nyob rau hauv ib lub tsev kawm ntawv qib 2 ntawm cov kws qhia ntawv ntawm T-va Manufactory Br. G. thiab A. Gorbunovs. xyoo 1913.

Tsev kawm ntawv ntawm lub Hoobkas ntawm T-va Manufactory Br. G. thiab A. Gorbunovs.

Los ntawm 1892, lub Hoobkas muaj 1,650 mechanical mills, 2,900 tus neeg ua haujlwm ua haujlwm, nws cov nyiaj txhua xyoo yog kwv yees li 4 billion rubles. Kev sib koom tes yuav tsum tau pov hwm cov neeg ua haujlwm; tsev kho mob, tsev kawm ntawv, thiab chaw zov me nyuam tau tsim.

Cov ntawv xov xwm txhua lub lim tiam ntawm kev sib raug zoo thiab kev qhuab qhia "Lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv thiab Lub Neej", No. 25, Lub Rau Hli 18, 1912.

“Xov Xwm rau Cov Me Nyuam thiab Cov Hluas” No. 15, Lub Ob Hlis 12, 1915.

Cov ntawv tshaj tawm hauv "Cov Ntawv Xov Xwm rau Cov Me Nyuam thiab Cov Hluas": Kev tso npe rau cov ntawv xov xwm txhua lub lim tiam thiab kev coj noj coj ua "Narodny Uchitel"

Firefly magazine rau cov menyuam yaus. Npog phau ntawv xov xwm hnub tseem ceeb, No. 10, Kaum Hli Ntuj, 1911. Txog xyoo 1917, txog peb puas phau ntawv xov xwm rau cov menyuam yaus thiab cov hluas tau luam tawm hauv tebchaws Russia, feem ntau hauv ob lub nroog, Moscow thiab St. Nov yog cov npe ntawm qee qhov kev tshaj tawm:

"Tus phooj ywg ntawm cov me nyuam" "Children's Museum"

"Tus khub"

"Relaxation", "Chit".

"Kindergarten"

"Kho khoom ua si"

"Gift for Children"

"Me nyuam", "Kev Lag Luam thiab Kev Lom Zem"

"Path", "Golden Childhood"

"Snowdrop"

"Lub hnub"

"Zaj kaj"

Cov ntawv xov xwm txhua lub lim tiam ntawm kev sib raug zoo thiab kev qhuab qhia "Lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv thiab Lub Neej", No. 25, Lub Rau Hli 18, 1912.

Lub tsev so rau cov kws qhia ntawv hauv nroog pej xeem cov tsev kawm ntawv hauv St. Los ntawm phau ntawv xov xwm "Tus Kws Tsim Kho" No. 35, 1912. Ntawm tag nrho cov khoom siv nyiaj, zemstvos cov kev siv nyiaj rau pej xeem kev kawm tau nyob rau hauv qhov chaw thib ob tom qab siv kev kho mob rau cov tib neeg (cov khoom siv nyiaj siab tshaj plaws) thiab los ntawm 1910 tau nce 356.7% hauv 15 xyoo. Xyoo 1910, 24% ntawm tag nrho cov kev siv zemstvo tau muab faib rau pej xeem kev kawm. Rau kev kho mob, txawm tias 28.4% ntawm cov peev nyiaj siv dav dav.

"Cov nyiaj tau los thiab kev siv nyiaj ntawm Zemstvos ntawm 34 Lub Xeev los ntawm Kev kwv yees rau xyoo 1910". Tsim los ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Ua Haujlwm ntawm Lub Chaw Haujlwm Nyiaj hli. Saint Petersburg. xyoo 1912.

Qee cov kab nyiaj siv:

"Cov nyiaj tau los thiab kev siv nyiaj ntawm Zemstvos ntawm 34 Lub Xeev los ntawm Kev kwv yees rau xyoo 1910". Tsim los ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Ua Haujlwm ntawm Lub Chaw Haujlwm Nyiaj hli. Saint Petersburg. xyoo 1912. Qee kab ntawm cov nuj nqis.

Kev kawm thiab kev lag luam exhibition "Lub tsev kawm ntawv cov cuab yeej thiab khoom siv". Phau ntawv xov xwm "Architect" No. 24, 1912. Txij lub Tsib Hlis 3 txog Lub Xya Hli 15, 1912, International kev kawm thiab kev lag luam exhibition "Tsev kawm ntawv cov cuab yeej thiab khoom siv" tau tuav hauv St. Lub exhibition, coj nyob rau hauv lub patronage ntawm lub Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich, muaj cov nram qab no departments: tsev kawm ntawv tsim; tsev kawm ntawv ib puag ncig thiab kev huv; kev pab qhia pom kev; khoom siv rau cov tsev kawm ntawv khoom siv tes ua thiab kev ua haujlwm, kev cob qhia thiab chav kawm; cov cuab yeej siv rau kev ua liaj ua teb thiab av soj ntsuam cov tsev kawm ntawv thiab cov chav kawm; gymnastic apparatus thiab tsev kawm ntawv cov khoom ua si. 91 lub tsev kawm ntawv, 10 lub xeev cov tsev kawm ntawv, 31 lub koom haum pej xeem, 119 Lavxias teb sab tuam txhab, 30 tuam txhab txawv teb chaws, 5 tus neeg thiab 8 lub sijhawm tau koom nrog kev tshuaj xyuas. 525 tus neeg tau koom nrog hauv kev npaj ua yeeb yam: cov kws qhia ntawv, pej xeem cov duab, cov neeg tsim khoom lag luam. Nws yog tus yam ntxwv uas lub exhibition txuas ntxiv txhawb nws tus kheej nrog cov pavilions tshiab thiab cov khoom pov thawj txawm tias tom qab qhib ceremony. Yog li ntawd, ib tug nyias muaj nyias pavilion tau tsim, muaj nplooj siab rau txhua yam kev ua si. Ntxiv nrog rau kev ua yeeb yam ntawm cov khoom siv gymnastic, lub cim "kev ua kis las" tau teeb tsa hauv nws, qhov kev sim cuam tshuam txog kev ua tiav hauv kev ua kis las. Lub astronomical observatory nrog cov cuab yeej astronomical zoo tshaj plaws tsis muaj kev txaus siab. Ib qho kev nthuav qhia nrog tib lub npe "Tsev kawm ntawv cov cuab yeej thiab cov cuab yeej" tau muaj nyob rau hauv Moscow los ntawm Lub Peb Hlis 20 txog Lub Peb Hlis 31 ntawm tib lub xyoo, ib hlis ua ntej St. Koom nrog Moscow ceg ntawm Imperial Lavxias teb sab Technical Society.

Los ntawm cov ntawv xov xwm "Tus Kws Tsim Kho" No. 4, 1912. Thaum lub sij hawm reign ntawm Emperor Nicholas II, pej xeem kev kawm tau mus txog extraordinary kev loj hlob. Hauv tsawg dua 20 xyoo, cov nyiaj qiv tau faib rau Ministry of Public Education, los ntawm 25, 2 lab. rubles nce mus rau 161,2 lab. Qhov no tsis suav nrog cov peev nyiaj ntawm cov tsev kawm ntawv uas tau txais lawv cov nyiaj qiv los ntawm lwm qhov chaw (tub rog, tsev kawm txuj ci), lossis kev txhawb nqa los ntawm tsoomfwv tus kheej hauv nroog (zemstvos, nroog), uas nws cov nyiaj qiv rau pej xeem kev kawm tau nce los ntawm 70,000,000 rubles. Nyob rau hauv 1894 mus txog 300,000,000 rubles. Nyob rau hauv 1913. Thaum pib ntawm 1913, tag nrho cov peev nyiaj ntawm pej xeem kev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv Russia nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm mus txog ib tug colossal daim duab, uas yog 1/2 billion kub rubles. Xyoo 1914 nws yog 50,000 zemstvo tsev kawm ntawv nrog 80,000 tus kws qhia ntawv thiab 3,000,000 tus tub ntxhais kawm (ntxiv rau cov tsev kawm hauv pawg ntseeg). Xyoo 1914, lub zemstvos tau tsim 12,627 cov tsev qiv ntawv pej xeem.

Stamp of the pre-revolutionary People's free reading room-library of the zos Serednevo, Georgievskaya Volost, Rybinsk Uyezd, Yaroslavl Province, renamed by the Bolsheviks on January 29, 1919 into Lenino-Volodarskaya Volost. (Ceeb toom: Volodarsky, lub npe tiag tiag thiab lub xeem - Moisey Markovich Goldstein, 1891-1918.) Chav nyeem ntawv dawb no nyob txawm nyob hauv ib lub zos uas tsis muaj lub tsev teev ntuj. Lub zos nyob rau hauv Russia ua ntej 1917 kiv puag ncig yog meej meej txawv ntawm lub zos: ib txwm muaj ib lub tsev teev ntuj nyob rau hauv lub zos.

Hnub Sunday yav tsaus ntuj cov tsev kawm ntawv tau qhib rau cov neeg laus.

Los ntawm cov ntawv xov xwm "Tus Kws Tsim Kho" No. 8, 1911.

Tsuas yog ob peb nqe lus tshaj tawm txog kev qhib cov tsev kawm ntawv tshiab:

Los ntawm phau ntawv xov xwm "Tus Kws Tsim Kho Vaj Tsev" No. 34, 1913.

Los ntawm cov ntawv xov xwm "Zodchiy" No. 46, 1912.

Los ntawm cov ntawv xov xwm "Tus Kws Tsim Kho" No. 48, 1912.

Los ntawm phau ntawv xov xwm "Tus Kws Tsim Kho" No. 49, 1912.

Los ntawm phau ntawv xov xwm "Tus Kws Tsim Kho Vaj Tsev" No. 52, 1912.

Sevastopol. Los ntawm phau ntawv xov xwm "Tus Kws Tsim Kho Vaj Tsev" No. 52, 1912.

Los ntawm phau ntawv xov xwm "Tus Kws Tsim Kho Vaj Tsev" No. 52, 1912.

Los ntawm cov ntawv xov xwm "Tus Kws Tsim Kho" No. 3, 1913.

Los ntawm phau ntawv xov xwm "Tus Kws Tsim Kho Vaj Tsev" No. 6, 1913.

Los ntawm cov ntawv xov xwm "Niva" No. 4, 1914. Los ntawm ib tsab xov xwm mob siab rau 50th hnub tseem ceeb ntawm lub hav zoov ntawm Russia zemstvo tswj.

Cov tsev neeg.

"National Calendar", 1914. Tsev Neeg yog ib lub koom haum pej xeem kab lis kev cai thiab kev kawm nyob rau hauv pre-revolutionary Russia. Russia yog thawj lub tebchaws hauv ntiaj teb los tsim cov tsev zoo sib xws rau cov neeg. PThawj Tib Neeg Lub Tsev tau tsim nyob rau xyoo 1882 hauv Tomsk, thiab hauv St. Petersburg thawj Tib Neeg Lub Tsev tau qhib rau xyoo 1883.

Kharkov. Tsev Neeg. Pre-revolutionary postcard

Tsev Neeg. Blagoveshchensk. Duab los ntawm 1900s.

Tsev Neeg. Kostroma. Pre-revolutionary yees duab.

Los ntawm "Niva" magazine, No. 10, 1906. Thawj zaug hauv ntiaj teb no Cov poj niam lub koom haum Polytechnic tau tsim nyob rau hauv Russia, nyob rau hauv St. Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm tus naj npawb ntawm cov poj niam cuv npe kawm nyob rau hauv kev kawm ntawv qib siab, lub Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws ranked thawj nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe, yog hais tias tsis yog tag nrho lub ntiaj teb no. … (Brazol BL. Kev kav ntawm Emperor Nicholas II 1894-1917 hauv cov duab thiab qhov tseeb, 1958)

Ua ntej Nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe, cov poj niam lub koom haum kho mob nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg, qhov qhib uas coj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub Cuaj Hli Ntuj 14 (26), 1897. Los ntawm cov ntawv xov xwm "Niva" No. 41, 1897

Los ntawm cov ntawv xov xwm "Niva" No. 41, 1897 XII Congress ntawm Naturalists thiab Kws Kho Mob hauv Moscow. Lub Ib Hlis 28, 1909 txog Lub Ib Hlis 6, 1910. Ib feem ntawm tsab xov xwm:

“Universal Fortnight” No. 1, 1910.

Kawm tiav los ntawm Physics thiab Mathematics Kws qhia ntawv ntawm Moscow Higher

poj niam cov kev kawm. xyoo 1913.

Phau ntawv journal "Nature and People" No. 29, 1914. Ib feem ntawm tsab xov xwm.

Hluav taws xob teeb pom kev zoo thiab hluav taws xob engineering. xyoo 1908

European Geography Course rau Secondary Educational Institutions. 1910 xyoo. Qee nplooj ntawv:

"Cov me nyuam lub ENCYCLOPEDIA" 1914

***

"Kev ua qauv hauv tsev neeg thiab tsev kawm ntawv". Phau ntawv qhia rau cov kws qhia ntawv thiab cov kws qhia. Cov duab kos duab los ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm ua haujlwm (73 kos duab). Artist K. Lepilov. 2nd edition ntawm tus sau. Petrograd, 1916.

"Contemporary painting nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv pej xeem" … Vekoslav Koschevich. Cov kev paub ntawm kev coj ua zoo rau kev coj ua ntawm qhov hu ua "dawb" kos duab hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv pej xeem thiab cov tsev kawm theem pib feem ntau. Nrog cov duab hauv cov ntawv nyeem. St. Petersburg 1911.

"Yuav ua li cas pleev xim nrog txhuam" 15 cov lus piv txwv nrog cov lus piav qhia. K. Walter. Lub tsev qiv ntawv rau cov menyuam yaus I. Gorbunov-Posadov. Moscow xyoo 1911.

"Basic drawing course". Phau ntawv qhia rau kev kawm tus kheej ntawm cov menyuam hauv tsev kawm ntawv thiab hauv tsev. Qhov teeb meem III. V. Werther thiab Tikhomirov. 4th tsab. Luam tawm los ntawm K. Zikhman, Riga 1912.

"Ib txoj hauv kev tshiab ntawm kev qhia qhov ncauj thiab kev sau ntawv ntawm kev xav." Phau ntawv qhia rau cov tsev kawm ntawv pej xeem, tsev neeg, kindergartens thiab cov tsev kawm ntawv theem nrab. F. P. Borisov thiab N. I. Lavrov. K. Tikhomirov lub tsev luam ntawv, Moscow 1911.

TEXTBOOKS OF CZAR RUSSIA: Children's games and entertainment edition 1902 St. Petersburg.djvu Grotto Ya. K. Lavxias teb sab spelling 1894.pdf Sau cov teeb meem nrog cov ntsiab lus tiv thaiv cawv. 1914 M. M. Belyaev, S. M. Belyaev.djvu Training course of theory of literature. Livanov N. 1913.djvu Rubakin N. A._Russia nyob rau hauv cov duab. Lub teb chaws. Cov neeg. Cov vaj tse. Classes_1912.djvu Vajtswv tsis tuaj yeem lees paub los ntawm kev tshawb fawb. I. A. Karyshev1895.pdf Lub ntsiab lus ntawm ib tug neeg. I. A. Karyshev1895.pdf Lub ntsiab ntawm lub neej. I. A. Karyshev 1897.pdf Phau ntawv ntawm logic A. Svetilin 1880.pdf