Zubov qhov tseem ceeb pab rau dej hiav txwv thiab kev kawm ntawm Arctic hiav txwv

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Tus naas ej Soviet oceanologist Nikolai Zubov yug 135 xyoo dhau los. Nws yog ib tug ntawm cov founders ntawm txoj kev tshawb no ntawm lub ntiaj teb no dej hiav txwv nyob rau hauv lub USSR thiab tus tsim ntawm lub Department of Oceanology ntawm Moscow State University. M. V. Lomonosov.

Thawj thawj zaug hauv keeb kwm ntawm noob neej, nws ncig lub Franz Josef Land archipelago los ntawm sab qaum teb, tsim txoj cai ntawm dej khov ntws raws isobars thiab tsa qhov teeb meem ntawm dej khov huab cua hauv hiav txwv Arctic. Raws li cov kws tshaj lij, cov txiaj ntsig ntawm nws txoj haujlwm tseem cuam tshuam txog kev txhim kho ntawm Arctic mus rau hnub no. Tsis tas li ntawd, txawm tias qhov mob hnyav tau txais hauv nws cov hluas, uas ua rau nws txoj kev noj qab haus huv tsis zoo, tus kws tshawb fawb dej hiav txwv tau koom nrog plaub kev tsov rog thiab tau ua tub rog mus txog thaum nws muaj 63 xyoo. Hais txog kev siv dag zog ntawm Nikolai Zubov ntawm txoj kev tshawb fawb thiab tub rog - hauv cov khoom RT.

© Wikimedia commons

Nikolay Zubov yug rau lub Tsib Hlis 23, 1885 nyob rau hauv lub nroog Lipkany, Bessarabian xeev, rau hauv ib tug tub ceev xwm tsev neeg. Nws txiv yog ib tug neeg pluag cavalryman uas txawv nws tus kheej thaum lub sij hawm Russia-Turkish tsov rog ntawm 1877-1878. Nyob rau hauv 1901, Zubov Sr. tau nce mus rau lieutenant colonel thiab tau txais lub nobility.

Qhov pib ntawm txoj kev sib ntaus sib tua

Nikolai Zubov thaum yau nyob rau hauv Tiraspol. Thaum tus tub hluas muaj kaum xyoo, nws raug xa mus rau ib qho ntawm cov tub rog tub rog, uas tso cov tub rog rau tub rog, tab sis nws txiv txoj kev ua nom ua tswv tau qhib qhov kev xav tshiab rau nws. Xyoo 1901 nws nkag mus rau hauv ib lub tsev kawm ntawv muaj cai - Naval Cadet Corps hauv St.

Thaum Lub Ib Hlis Ntuj xyoo 1904, Nikolai Zubov, thaum muaj hnub nyoog 18 xyoo, tau nce mus rau tub ceev xwm thaum ntxov, tso tawm ntawm cov tub rog tub rog thiab xa mus rau 14th Baltic naval crew mus kawm luv luv nyob rau hauv artillery thiab kuv affairs.

“Tus cwj pwm muaj zog thiab muaj lub siab xav. Yooj yim subordinates nws comrades rau nws lub hwj chim. Muaj tseeb tiag thiab ncaj ncees ncaj ncees. Ua siab zoo thiab pab tau, tab sis tswj hwm nws lub meej mom. Kwv tij nyob rau hauv qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm lo lus. Nws muaj peev xwm ua tau zoo heev thiab ua haujlwm hnyav heev, Zubov cov ntawv pov thawj kawm tiav nyeem.

Tom qab ntawd, tus tub ntxhais hluas midshipman tau txais ob txoj haujlwm sib law liag: mus rau lub nkoj sib ntaus sib tua "Eagle" thiab rau lub nkoj tua "Brilliant". Raws li ib feem ntawm pab pawg kawg, Zubov tau hloov mus rau Far East los koom rau hauv Russo-Japanese Tsov Rog.

Lub Tsib Hlis 27, 1905, Shiny nkag mus rau hauv Kev Sib Tw ntawm Tsushima. Tsis ntev lub nkoj tau txais lub qhov thiab poob nrawm, tab sis txawm li cas los xij, nws cov neeg coob tau sim cawm cov neeg tsav nkoj los ntawm cov neeg tuag sib ntaus sib tua Oslyabya. Kev tawg ntawm ib tug yeeb ncuab lub plhaub tua tus thawj coj ntawm lub "Shiny" Aleksandr Shamov thiab raug mob hnyav tus thawj saib xyuas, midshipman Nikolai Zubov. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, lub nkoj sib ntaus sib tua hnyav hnyav tau poob, thiab nws pab neeg (xws li Zubov) ntawm lub nkoj rhuav tshem "Bodry" tuaj txog hauv Suav teb, qhov chaw nws tau ua haujlwm los ntawm cov tub ceev xwm hauv zos.

Rau lub hlis tom qab, tus kho Zubov rov qab mus rau Russia, qhov chaw uas nws twb muab tsub lub Orders ntawm St. Stanislaus, 3rd degree thiab St. Anna, 4th degree. Nyob rau hauv 1907 nws tau txais lub ranked lieutenant, thiab ib xyoos tom qab nws nkag mus rau lub Nikolaev Naval Academy, uas nws kawm tiav los ntawm lub hydrographic department.

Nikolay Zubov © Wikimedia commons

Ua tsis tiav nws lub luag haujlwm, tus tub ceev xwm hluas tau nce mus rau tus thawj tub rog laus hauv xyoo 1912 thiab xa mus rau lub nkoj "Bakan", uas tau saib xyuas kev lag luam hauv tebchaws Russia nyob rau sab qaum teb. Thaum lub sij hawm lub phiaj los nqis tes, Zubov koom nyob rau hauv ib tug scale daim ntawv ntsuam xyuas ntawm sab qaum teb sab hnub tuaj ntawm Russia, uas, raws li historians, feem ntau predetermined nws cov kev txaus siab tom qab.

Kev sib ntaus sib tua tsis zoo cuam tshuam rau Zubov txoj kev noj qab haus huv - nws raug mob taub hau thiab nkees sai, uas tau yuam nws so haujlwm ntawm tub rog xyoo 1913.

Tsov rog thiab Science

Tom qab nws tawm haujlwm, Zubov tau txais ib txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub department ntawm kev lag luam chaw nres nkoj ntawm Ministry of Trade thiab Industry, qhov chaw uas nws pib tsim ib lub chaw nres nkoj hydrometeorological kev pab cuam. Xyoo 1914 nws tau ua tiav kev xyaum ua haujlwm ntawm lub koom haum ntawm Geophysics hauv Bergen (Norway). Thaum nws rov qab los rau Russia, nws tau qhia txog hydrology thiab tactical navigation.

Tab sis Zubov txoj kev ua pej xeem tsis tau ntev. Tom qab qhov tshwm sim ntawm Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib ib, nws rov qab los rau hauv tub rog thiab thaum lub caij nplooj zeeg xyoo 1914 tau raug tsa los ua tus thawj coj ntawm lub nkoj rhuav tshem Obedient.

Nyob rau hauv 1915, Zubov tau hloov mus rau txoj hauj lwm ntawm tus thawj coj navigational nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm lub taub hau ntawm lub Baltic hiav txwv submarine division, thiab ces mus rau lub hauv paus chaw ntawm lub fleet commander. Nws tau raug nce sai sai rau qib ntawm tus thawj coj ntawm qib 2, thiab rau nws txoj kev koom tes hauv kev ntes tus yeeb ncuab steamer nws tau txais qhov Order of St. Anne, 3rd degree. Nyob rau hauv 1916 nws tau los ua tus thawj coj ntawm lub destroyer muaj hwj chim.

Thaum lub sij hawm Tsov Rog Pej Xeem, Zubov tau tsiv mus rau hauv cov tub rog Kolchak thiab txib ib pab tub rog tub rog tsheb ciav hlau. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tsis tau koom nrog hauv kev ua phem nyob rau hauv qib ntawm White txav, nws raug kaw los ntawm Tub Rog Liab thiab mus rau nws sab.

Nyob rau hauv 1920, Zubov los ua tus thawj coj ntawm kev cob qhia department ntawm lub hauv paus chaw ntawm lub Red Army Naval Forces Directorate. Rau qee lub sijhawm nws kuj tau ua haujlwm hauv Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Kawm thiab USSR State Planning Committee, qhia kev tawm tsam ntawm Naval Academy. Tom qab ntawd, Zubov los ua ib tug neeg ua haujlwm ntawm Floating Marine Scientific Institute (Plavmornina). Nyob rau hauv 1923 nws tau los ua ib tug tswv cuab ntawm kev ntoj ke mus kawm ntawm lub nkoj tshawb fawb "Perseus", ua lub hydrological ua hauj lwm. Tab sis nyob rau hauv 1924 nws tau nco txog nws lub White Guard yav dhau los, raug tshem tawm ntawm kev ua haujlwm thiab raug xa mus rau qhov chaw nyob hauv nroog Cherdyn tau plaub xyoos.

Nyob rau hauv 1930, Zubov los ua ib tug xib fwb thiab raug ntiav los ntawm Moscow Hydrometeorological lub koom haum, qhov uas nws tsim thiab ua tus thawj department ntawm oceanology nyob rau hauv lub USSR. Ib xyoos tom qab, nws tau los ua Tus Thawj Saib Xyuas Kev Tshawb Fawb ntawm Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Tebchaws Soviet rau Lub Xyoo thib ob International Polar.

Thawj Soviet expeditionary nkoj, ob-masted ntoo schooner Perseus. RIA Xov Xwm

Nyob rau hauv 1932, Nikolai Zubov, nyob rau hauv ib tug me me lub nkoj tsav nkoj "Nikolai Knipovich", thawj zaug nyob rau hauv keeb kwm, ncig lub Franz Josef Land archipelago los ntawm sab qaum teb. Thiab nyob rau hauv 1935 nws tau los ua tus thawj coj ntawm kev ntoj ke mus kawm nyob rau hauv lub icebreaking steamer "Sadko", uas mus txog rau ib tug sau tseg sab qaum teb latitude nyob rau hauv dawb navigation. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev ntoj ke mus kawm, cov dej ntiav loj ntawm Sadko thiab Ushakov Island tau kos npe, thiab cov dej sov ntawm Atlantic keeb kwm tau pom nyob rau hauv nruab nrab txheej.

Zubov ua ke kev tshawb fawb thiab theoretical. Nyob rau xyoo 1930, nws tau ua ib qho tseem ceeb rau txoj kev kawm ntawm dej hiav txwv dej khov, uas ua rau muaj kev hem thawj loj rau cov nkoj hauv Northern Sea Route. Ob peb lub kaum os uas luam tawm los ntawm nws yog ob qho tib si scientific txaus siab thiab tseem ceeb cov txiaj ntsig. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv 1937, tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv ib tug thesis, nws twb muab tsub lub degree ntawm Doctor of Geographical Sciences. Ib xyoos tom qab, Zubov tau luam tawm nws thawj phau ntawv loj "Hiav Txwv Dej thiab Dej khov", uas tau ntau xyoo dhau los ua phau ntawv rau cov kws tshawb fawb dej hiav txwv.

Science tawm tsam Nazism

Tom qab pib ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Loj Loj, Moscow Hydrometeorological Institute tau khiav tawm mus rau Central Asia. Txawm li cas los xij, Zubov, uas twb dhau los ntawm peb kev tsov rog, tsis kam tawm mus tom qab. Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias 56-xyoo-laus xib fwb tsis raug mus rau lub hnub nyoog, nws yog nyob rau hauv lub luag hauj lwm ntawm Moscow rooftops thiab extinguished incendiary foob pob.

Vim nws muaj hnub nyoog, Zubov raug tsis kam lees mus rau hauv qib ntawm Navy mus txog rau thaum nws xa nws daim ntawv thov los ntawm Hero ntawm lub Soviet Union Konstantin Badigin tus kheej rau cov neeg Commissar ntawm Navy Nikolai Kuznetsov. Nws paub txog qhov zoo ntawm Zubov thiab tau txiav txim los tsa nws mus rau lub luag haujlwm ntawm tus thawj coj ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm lub icebreaking detachment ntawm Dawb Hiav txwv tub rog flotilla. Tom qab ntawd nws tau los ua ib tug tub ceev xwm rau kev ua haujlwm tshwj xeeb ntawm pawg tub rog ntawm Northern Fleet.

"Zubov ua haujlwm ntau heev tau ua tiav los ntawm kev sau cov dej khov, suav cov dej khov zog, tsim kev tsheb ciav hlau thiab caij nees hla ntawm dej khov, thiab muab kev thauj mus los. Nws yog Nikolai Zubov uas yog lub luag hauj lwm rau nteg cov khiav ntawm lub Northern Dvina thaum thawj koom haum convoy nrog tso tsheb hlau luam thiab aircraft rau lub Red Army tuaj txog nyob rau hauv Arkhangelsk, "Stanislav Davydov, lub taub hau ntawm lub scientific thiab methodological department ntawm lub tsev khaws puav pheej Victory., tau hais hauv kev xam phaj nrog RT.

Nyob rau hauv 1943, Zubov tau nce mus rau qib ntawm tus thawj coj ntawm qib 1 thiab tau raug xaiv los ua tus kws tshawb fawb rau tus thawj coj ntawm Main Directorate ntawm Northern Sea Route (GUSMP). Ib xyoos tom qab, nws tau los ua tus thawj coj ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Dej hiav txwv uas nyuam qhuav tsim los ntawm Xeev (GOIN) thiab tau sau ib tsab ntawv tshiab "Ice of the Arctic", uas, raws li cov kws tshaj lij, khaws nws cov kev tshawb fawb tseem ceeb txawm tias niaj hnub no.

Nikolay Zubov © Wikimedia commons / Russian Post

Raws li tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm Moscow Club of Fleet History Konstantin Strelbitsky, kev paub txog kev paub txog Nikolai Zubov ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev ua tiav ntawm cov tub rog Soviet thaum muaj kev kub ntxhov nyob rau sab qaum teb. Rau nws cov kev pabcuam hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua tawm tsam Nazism, tus kws tshawb fawb tau txais qhov Kev Txiav Txim ntawm Kev Ua Tsov Rog ntawm 1st degree thiab khoom plig "Rau Kev Tiv Thaiv ntawm Soviet Arctic."

Nyob rau lub Tsib Hlis 1945, Nikolai Zubov tau txais lub npe ntawm Rear Admiral Engineer. Thaum kawg ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog, nws tau ua haujlwm ua haujlwm thiab kev tshawb fawb, txuas ntxiv ua haujlwm ntawm cov phau ntawv tshiab thiab dej khov huab cua rau Glavsevmorput thiab txawm pom lub sijhawm los koom nrog kev mus ncig ua si siv dav hlau.

Nyob rau hauv 1948, Nikolai Zubov so haujlwm, siab rau nws tus kheej mus rau scientific thiab pedagogical kev ua ub no. Ntawm nws txoj kev pib ntawm Kws qhia ntawv ntawm Geography, Moscow State University. M. V. Lomonosov, Department of Oceanology tau teeb tsa, qhov chaw nws tau los ua tus kws qhia ntawv.

Nyob rau hauv lub post-war lub sij hawm, xib fwb Zubov luam tawm ob peb monographs: "Lub hauv paus ntawm cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm lub tides ntawm lub ntiaj teb no dej hiav txwv", "Lub tsev navigators - explorers ntawm lub hiav txwv thiab dej hiav txwv", thiab "Oceanological ntxhuav". Nws tau tso lub hauv paus rau cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm txoj kab ntsug ntawm cov dej thiab lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm cov txheej txheem txias nruab nrab hauv hiav txwv, tsim ib txoj hauv kev los xam cov compaction ntawm cov dej thaum sib tov, thiab tsim txoj cai ntawm dej khov drift raws isobars. Nyob rau hauv 1960, Zubov tau muab tsub lub title ntawm Honored Worker ntawm Science thiab Technology ntawm RSFSR.

Nikolai Zubov tuag rau lub Kaum Ib Hlis 11, 1960 hauv Moscow. Nws lub npe tau muab rau Lub Xeev Lub Tsev Haujlwm Dej Hiav Txwv, uas nws tau mus, ib qho chaw nyob rau ntawm Novaya Zemlya archipelago, ib lub bay nyob rau hauv Mawson Hiav Txwv, thiab ib tug xov tooj ntawm Soviet thiab Lavxias teb sab nkoj. Nyob rau hauv kev hwm ntawm tus kws tshaj lij dej hiav txwv zoo tshaj plaws, tus tshiab icebreaker Nikolai Zubov tau tso rau hauv 2019 ntawm St. Petersburg shipyard Admiralty Shipyards.

Lavxias Thawj Tswj Hwm Vladimir Putin hais lus ntawm lub rooj sib tham ntawm Nikolay Zubov ice-chav saib xyuas nkoj RIA Novosti © Mikhail Klimentyev

Raws li Stanislav Davydov, Zubov txoj kev tshawb fawb tau pab txhawb txoj kev loj hlob ntawm Northern Hiav Txwv Txoj Kev, yog li lawv qhov tseem ceeb ntawm thaj chaw rau hnub no yog qhov nyuaj rau overestimate.

"Zubov tau ua ib qho txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev tshawb fawb. Cov neeg zoo li nws yog lub meej mom thiab kev khav theeb ntawm peb Leej Txiv. Nws tau cob qhia tag nrho tiam neeg ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb thiab cov tub rog tub rog, thiab nws lub cim xeeb tau ua lub teeb ci rau lawv, "Davydov hais txog.