Lub nroog nyob qhov twg? Ntu 8. Axonometric txoj kev npaj

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Ntawm no yog ib tug luv luv official keeb kwm ntawm nws creation:

Thaum Lub Ob Hlis 3, 1765, Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Lub Tsev Pob Zeb tau nthuav tawm rau Catherine II ib tsab ntawv ceeb toom ntawm "kev kos ib txoj kev npaj nrog facades", uas tus Empress tau sau ib tsab ntawv: "Yog li ntawd, ua." Daim ntawv tshaj tawm hais tias tag nrho cov xwm txheej tau pom zoo nrog P. Saint-Hilaire hauv Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas, yog li ntawd, txij Lub Ob Hlis 3, 1765, nws tau teev npe raws li tau txais los ntawm Pawg Saib Xyuas kom kos ib txoj kev npaj "ntev mus ntev". Raws li cov ntaub ntawv, thawj qhov kev sim tua pib sai tom qab qhov kev pom zoo los ntawm Catherine II. Nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua yeeb yaj kiab, cov teeb meem tshwm sim yuav luag tam sim ntawd, txij li cov tswv ntawm lub tsev tau teeb meem, tsis cia cov tub ntxhais kawm ua yeeb yaj kiab hauv lawv thaj chaw. Thiab lub taub hau ntawm kev ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub memorial, hais rau cov tswv cuab ntawm lub Commission, thov kom tshaj tawm nyob rau hauv cov ntawv xov xwm hais txog qhov pib ntawm filming ua hauj lwm thiab muab cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawv nrog rau cov ntaub ntawv "kom cov tub ntxhais kawm tuaj yeem xa daim ntawv tshwj xeeb kos npe." Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, txoj haujlwm nyuaj thiab mob siab rau kev nrhiav neeg ua haujlwm tab tom pib. Hauv qhov no, tau kawg, I. I. Betskoy tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb, txij li nws yog los ntawm cov tsev kawm ntawv uas tau coj los ntawm nws tias pawg P. Saint-Hilaire tau raug xaiv. Yog li ntawd, Ivan Sokolov, ib tug kawm tiav ntawm lub Academy of Arts, tau thib ob rau pab neeg. Ntawm qhov pov tseg ntawm lub taub hau ntawm kev ua haujlwm, 10 cov tub ntxhais kawm los ntawm Academy ntawm Kev Ua Yeeb Yam tau faib, "kev cob qhia hauv kev kos duab kos duab." Txhawm rau hnav cov hlua ntsuas, ntsuas thiab lwm yam cuab yeej, 10 cov menyuam kawm ntawv los ntawm cov "tub rog cov menyuam" los ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv garrison ntawm St.

Lub sijhawm ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm pab pawg tuaj yeem suav tias yog qhov pib ntawm kev teeb tsa Axonometric txoj kev npaj. Kev ua haujlwm ntawm txoj kev npaj yuav muab faib ua ob lub sijhawm - nyob rau hauv kev coj noj coj ua ntawm P. Saint-Hilaire (1765-1768) thiab nyob rau hauv kev coj noj coj ua ntawm I. Sokolov (1768-1773).

Lub Rooj Tsav Xwm ntawm Lub Tuam Tsev Pob Zeb thaum lub Plaub Hlis 1768 tau nthuav tawm rau Empress ib tsab ntawv ceeb toom txog kev nce qib ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm txoj kev npaj, qhov uas nws raug yuam kom tshaj tawm tias kev ua haujlwm tau pib qeeb thiab nws yuav siv sijhawm tsawg kawg peb xyoos ntxiv kom tiav txoj kev npaj. Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas tau thov kom faib cov peev txheej tib yam rau cov haujlwm uas tau ua los ntawm kev tshawb fawb ntawm txoj kev npaj los ntawm pab pawg P. Saint-Hilaire. Tus Empress tau txiav txim siab rau daim ntawv tshaj tawm: "Yog li ntawd, ua nws. Peb 5, 1768 Tsarskoe Selo". Kev tso cai ua haujlwm txuas ntxiv tau txais, tab sis tus sau ntawm qhov project P. Saint-Hilaire, tau soj ntsuam nws lub peev xwm thiab ntshai lub luag haujlwm, thaum Lub Xya Hli 19, 1768, xa tsab ntawv tawm, uas nws sau: tuaj yeem ". Qhov kev tawm haujlwm tau txais.

Kev npaj ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Vasilievsky Island nyob ib sab ntawm Bolshaya Neva embankment (Lieutenant Schmidt embankment) ntawm 25th thiab 19th kab.

Thaum lub Tsib Hlis 26, 1771, ntawm qhov kev txiav txim siab ntawm Catherine II, daim ntawv cog lus tau kos npe nrog nws "txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm nws tus huab tais hauv kev yees duab thiab kos duab, raws li nws txoj kev paub thiab kos duab tshwj xeeb, kev pom zoo ntawm qhov chaw ntawm qhov chaw. nyob rau hauv lub zos ntawm Tsarskoye, Peterhof thiab Oraninbom, palaces thiab txhua yam ntawm lub tsev, qhov twg thiab raws li nws yuav tsum tau txiav txim. " Kev tua ntawm axonometric cov phiaj xwm ntawm empress lub teb chaws nyob txuas ntxiv mus txog rau xyoo 1780s. P. Saint-Hilaire tuag thaum lub Plaub Hlis 1780.

Nyob rau hauv tsab ntawv ceeb toom ntawm lub Commission, xa mus rau Catherine II nyob rau hauv Lub ob hlis ntuj 1772, nws tau hais tias cov Lavxias teb sab masters "los ntawm lawv kev mob siab rau ua pov thawj tias lawv muaj peev xwm tsim cov kev npaj mus sij hawm ntev, uas lawv tsis tau ua nyob rau hauv Russia ua ntej," thiab nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav tsis. kom tawm ntawm txoj kev npaj ua tsis tiav, lub sijhawm ob xyoos yog thov kom nws kawg.

Thaum Lub Peb Hlis 5, 1772, Catherine II tau muab cov lus qhia txog nyiaj txiag rau kev ua haujlwm rau ob xyoos ntxiv, tab sis twb thaum kawg ntawm xyoo 1773, kev teeb tsa ntawm txoj kev npaj tau raug txwv, thiab lawv tsis rov qab los ua haujlwm no.

Txoj hmoo ntawm lub monument tshwj xeeb yog tragic heev. Tom qab kaw txoj haujlwm, cov phiaj xwm phiaj xwm tau muab tso rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm Main Engineering Directorate, thiab lawv tau hnov qab ntev, thiab, tej zaum, lawv tsis tau txuas ntau qhov tseem ceeb rau qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm daim ntawv no. P. N. tsis hais nws. Petrov thiab A. L. Mayer hauv nws cov ntawv sau txog keeb kwm ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm Lavxias teb sab peev. Txawm li cas los xij, kev ua haujlwm nrog txoj kev npaj tau ua tiav, raws li pom los ntawm cov ntawv sau tom qab ntawm nws cov ntsiav tshuaj, ua, feem ntau yuav, nyob rau xyoo 19th, thiab ib feem ntawm "Schubert Plan" ntawm 1828 khaws cia ua ke nrog Axonometric txoj kev npaj. nrog ciam teb ntawm Admiralty sab daim phiaj cim rau ntawm nws.

Nyob rau hauv 1840-1850s. ib feem ntawm cov ntsiav tshuaj yog lithographed, depicting thaj tsam ntawm Bolshaya thiab Malaya Konyushenny txoj kev, lub tsev teev ntuj Lutheran ntawm St. Peter thiab lub tsev teev ntuj Swedish.

Tom qab ntawd oblivion poob dua, thiab tsuas yog tom qab thaum xyoo 1934 S. P. Yaremich hauv nws txoj haujlwm "Lavxias Academic School of the 18th century." luam tawm ob feem ntawm txoj kev npaj qhia txog lub tsev ntawm Academy of Arts nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho, nws tau nco qab.

Thaum Axonometric Plan tau coj los ntawm Moscow mus rau Leningrad hauv xyoo 1947, nws yog qhov tseem ceeb. Nws tseem yog qhov tsis paub tseeb tias muaj dab tsi tshwm sim rau lub phiaj xwm thaum nws khaws cia hauv cov ntaub ntawv …

Axonometric txoj kev npaj ntawm St. Petersburg 1765-1773 (Plan P. de Saint-Hilaire, I. Sokolov, A. Gorikhvostov thiab lwm tus): Cov ntawv txuas ntxiv / Kev Tshawb Fawb. Ed. V. S. Sobolev; Ib. S. V. Silinsky, I. I. Burova, S. B. Yampolskaya. - SPb.: Kriga, 2003. Nplooj 51-54.

Ntawm no koj tuaj yeem kawm paub ntxiv txog cov duab qhia chaw thiab cov phiaj xwm

… thiab qhov no yog 1765-1773 xyoo. Cov vaj tse puas tsuaj sawv ntawm ntug dej ntawm hauv av, submerged hauv av. Leej twg tsim zoo li no? Cov vaj tse qub qub, cib, nrog qee qhov khaws cia qab nthab … Thiab dab tsi cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm hais tias: Nyob rau hauv Peter I, qhov zoo ntawm cib tau soj ntsuam nruj heev. Cov batch ntawm cib coj mus rau qhov chaw tsim kho tsuas yog muab pov tseg los ntawm lub laub: yog tias ntau tshaj 3 lub cib tawg, ces tag nrho cov batch raug tso tseg. Cov khoom siv hauv tsev zoo heev, yog vim li cas cov tsev thiaj li nyob luv? … los yog cov keeb kwm cunning? Thaum lub sij hawm tsim kho ntawm St. Petersburg, Peter kuv qhia lub thiaj li hu ua. "stone tax" - them nrog cib rau nkag mus rau hauv lub nroog. Txhawm rau txhawm rau txhim kho kev tsim kho ntawm St. Petersburg, Peter I tau tshaj tawm tsab cai lij choj uas nws tau txwv tsis pub tsim cov tsev pob zeb thoob plaws hauv lub tebchaws, nyob rau hauv kev hem thawj ntawm kev puas tsuaj thiab raug ntiab tawm. Qhov no tau ua kom cov bricklayers los ntawm lwm lub nroog, sab laug yam tsis ua hauj lwm, tuaj rau St. Tsis tas li ntawd, Peter kuv tau qhia txog "pob zeb se". Txhua tus uas tuaj rau hauv lub nroog yuav tsum them tus nqi nkag nrog cov cib uas lawv nqa nrog lawv. Muaj ib tug version uas Kamenny Pereulok hu ua li ntawd vim hais tias warehouses nrog ib tug "pob zeb se" nyob rau hauv nws qhov chaw. Koj puas ntseeg tias muaj ntau lub cib tau coj los rau hauv cov tsev no? Yog hais tias muaj, koj yog gullible.

Lub tsev yuav tsum tau sawv ntev npaum li cas kom ncav cuag lub xeev no, 200 … 300 xyoo lossis ntau dua?

Kuv tseem tsis tau tham txog yuav ua li cas kho ntau npaum li cas lawv tau dhau mus, ua rau hauv av ib thiab ib nrab mus rau ob meters. Ntawm no yog lwm qhov tawg ntawm txoj kev npaj, qhov siab ntawm lub tshav puam yog 2 meters hauv qab ntawm sab nrauv xoom.

Ntawm no yog ib qhov txuas mus rau lub keeb kwm ntawm kev tsim kho ntawm St. Petersburg - nws zoo nkaus li zoo li kev ua haujlwm loj heev, tsis yog kev tsim kho. Lavxias teb sab nyiaj txiag tsis tau rub rau ntawm qhov chaw tsim kho.

Cia peb them sai sai rau lub xeev ntawm embankment, nws yog clad kiag li nyob rau hauv granite, nws yog tsis tau tsim, tab sis ua hauj lwm, tau sawv rau ib ntev lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv ib tug tag nrho lub xeev.

Bolshaya Neva embankment (Lieutenant Schmidt embankment)

Kev npaj ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Vasilievsky Island nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam ntawm Bolshaya Neva embankment (Lieutenant Schmidt embankment) ntawm 13th thiab 9th kab.

Txoj kev npaj ntawm thaj chaw ntawm sab hnub tuaj ntawm Vasilievsky Island raws Bolshaya Neva embankment (Universitetskaya embankment) ntawm 1st kab thiab sab laug tis ntawm Menshikov Palace.

Sab qab teb ntawm Great Perspective - Bolshaya Neva embankment (Lieutenant Schmidt embankment), 4 - Cadet kab.

Tab sis cov qauv no txhais li cas yog qhov tsis meej loj rau kuv

Mausoleum los yog foundry???

Ntau cov ntaub ntawv NO !!

LUB NEEJ

Ib daim phiaj qhia ntxaws ntxaws ntawm lub nroog tau ua ib zaug hauv xyoo 1828.

Qhov kev tsim no tsuas yog rov ua dua nyob rau hauv peb lub sijhawm raws li cov duab saum toj saud (nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Schubert pom qhov tseeb qhov tseeb ntawm cov duab ntawm qee lub rooj muag khoom me me, uas tuaj yeem rhuav tshem txhua lub sijhawm, thaj av plowed ntawm cov teb. thiab lwm cov ntsiab lus siv zog ua haujlwm tsis muaj txiaj ntsig rau lub nroog txoj kev npaj).

Ua los ntawm txoj kev engraving ntawm tooj liab, nws zoo li tau ciaj sia nyob rau hauv ib daim ntawv luam (tseem ceeb, Schubert muab Nicholas kuv ib daim ntawv, thiab, txawm tias muaj kev ua hauj lwm loj, nws tsoo lub rooj zaum tooj liab).

Nws yog qhov ua tau tias lwm cov phiaj xwm tsis paub ntawm lub nroog tau ua los ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm qhov kev npaj tsuas yog ib zaug uas tau sau nrog ib yam dab tsi.

Raws li ib txwm muaj, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm "daim ntawv" keeb kwm, cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj tau txuas nrog (rau cov xeeb ntxwv) tias nws muaj peev xwm tua cov phiaj xwm zoo li no. Qhov no yog lub npe hu ua cov phiaj xwm nthuav dav trigonometric network. Ntawm txoj kev npaj, huab tais thiab lwm tus neeg sab hauv tuaj yeem ua tsis tau yog tsis muaj nws.

Zoo li Schubert twb muaj ib txoj kev npaj.

Qhov nthuav tshwj xeeb tshaj plaws ntawm txoj kev npaj no yog qhov khoom plig ntawm foresight:

Txoj kev npaj (1828 - Triv) qhia txog lub monument rau Emperor Alexander I nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib puag ncig kem nrog ib tug laj kab, txawm lub fact tias tsuas yog thaum pib ntawm lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1829. (yuav luag nyob rau hauv 1830. - Triv) "Lub Sovereign Emperor tau deigned mus hais kom lub monument rau Emperor Alexander kuv erect nyob rau hauv qhov chaw, raws li qhia nyob rau hauv txoj kev npaj."

VC. Shuisky Auguste Montferrand. Keeb kwm ntawm lub neej thiab kev ua haujlwm. - SPb.: OOO MiM-Delta; M.: ZAO Tsentrpoligraf, 2005. p. 189

RGIA, daim 1311, p. 3, d 1, ib. 2v., 3, 6-8., 15, 30, 34.

Nikolai Pavlovich Lub Ob Hlis 18, 1829. Qhov project ntawm Carl Rossi (Senate thiab Synod) tau pom zoo”.

Ovsyannikov Yu. M. Great architects ntawm St. Trezzini. Rastrelli. Rossi.- SPb.: "Art - SPb" - 2nd ed., Ntxiv. - 2001. Nplooj 515.

Nicholas kuv thaum kawg tso tseg lub balustrade nyob ib ncig ntawm lub Issakievsky Cathedral nyob rau hauv 1844.

VC. Shuisky Auguste Montferrand. Keeb kwm ntawm lub neej thiab kev ua haujlwm. - SPb.: OOO MiM-Delta; Moscow: ZAO Tsentrpoligraf, 2005. p. 129.

Thiab nyob rau hauv txoj kev npaj ntawm 1828. nws tsis nyob ntawd lawm.

Cov tsev hais los saum toj no, hauv kuv lub tswv yim, kuj yog, tab sis lub balustrade tsis muaj lawm. Ib zaug ntxiv, qhov xaus qhia nws tus kheej - muaj ib lub nroog ntawm Neva ua ntej Peter (nrog nws tus kheej daim duab qhia chaw thiab cov phiaj xwm).

Cov neeg tawm tsam ntawm kuv txoj kev xav yuav hais tias nyob rau hauv peb puas xyoo txhua yam tau hloov pauv, lub tsev tau sib haum xeeb, cov dej hauv av tau ntws nrog cov av, thiab lwm yam, Kuv npaj siab sib cav nrog lawv. Saib ntawm qhov kev piav qhia ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm Peter thiab Paul Fortress ntawm Schubert cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws ntawm 1828.

Thiab ntawm no yog peb lub sijhawm rau koj …

Tau ntau xyoo, tsis muaj kev hloov pauv …

Lub "Plan ntawm lub nroog lub nroog ntawm St. Petersburg, filmed los ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawm lub koom haum ntawm Railways …" nyob rau hauv kev coj ntawm Major General A. A. Betancourt (1819, scale 1: 2520, nyob rau hauv 19 nplooj ntawv) yog heev qhia.

Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tau kos koj cov xim rau "Plan ntawm lub nroog ntawm St. Petersburg" nrog cov duab ntawm qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws txoj kev ntawm nws, luam tawm los ntawm cov hauj lwm ntawm lub Imperial Academy ntawm Sciences thiab Arts nyob rau hauv St. Art. M. A. Alekseeva, lus. F. M. Lurie. - Reprint ib tsab ntawm 1753 - St. Petersburg: Alpharet, 2007. - 22 p.: 8 p., 21 p. Facsimile reproduced. plan., ib.

Lub nroog tsuas muaj 50 xyoo xwb…

Lub tsev pob zeb loj tsis yog sawv ntawm ntug dej xwb, lawv sawv ntawm ntug dej. Paub txog dej nyab, architects tab tom tsim cov tsev nrog ib nrab hauv qab daus txoj cai ntawm lub tsev txhab nyiaj tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv … los yog lawv tsis? Tej zaum lawv tab tom ua tiav dab tsi? Lub sijhawm ntawd, tsis muaj lwm lub nroog hauv Tebchaws Europe muaj qhov ze ntawm lub tsev pob zeb rau dej.

Thiab niaj hnub no St. Petersburg archaeologists tuaj hla lub hauv paus ntawm colossal lug, thiab niaj hnub no lawv txuas ntxiv muab lawv rau cov uas, nyob rau hauv lawv lub tswv yim, yuav tsim nws …

Ntxiv rau cov lus saum toj no "Peter's Skyscrapers", muaj cov yeeb yaj kiab, saib.

Qhov chaw nyob puv: "Lub nroog nyob qhov twg? (Los ntawm ZigZag)"