Qhov kawg nyob liberator ntawm Auschwitz: yuav ua li cas cov Poles poob ntawm kev hlub nrog Red Army cov txiv neej uas cawm lawv

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Nyob rau hnub ua ntej ntawm 75th hnub tseem ceeb ntawm kev ywj pheej ntawm lub concentration camp thiab lub 5th ntiaj teb Holocaust rooj sab laj, WWII qub tub rog Ivan Martynushkin qhia KP yuav ua li cas thiab yog vim li cas cov Poles hlub thiab tsis hlub cov tub rog Liab uas cawm lawv, thiab yuav ua li cas txog nws.

Thaum Lub Ib Hlis 18, Ivan Stepanovich Martynushkin muaj 96 xyoo. Tab sis nws tsis yooj yim sua kom ntseeg. Xws li lub zog, xws li lub siab ntse, kev txaus siab rau txhua yam thiab lub cev zoo nkauj tuaj yeem khib tib neeg ib nrab xyoo pua. Nws yuav tau npaj txhij, txawm tias raws li kev lig kev cai, mus rau kev ua koob tsheej hauv tebchaws Poland thaum Lub Ib Hlis, yog tias tam sim no cov tub ceev xwm hauv nroog tsis tau ua qhov lawv tau ua …

Nws tseem npau suav tias nyob rau hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua lub AUTOMATIC tsis tua

Ivan Stepanovich, qhov twg tsov rog nrhiav koj?

- Kuv nyob hauv zos thiab kuv tseem tsis tau muaj 18 xyoo. Tab sis thaum kawg ntawm lub Cuaj Hli, lawv pib coj cov me nyuam ntawm kuv hnub nyoog. Kuv tus phauj ntim kuv lub hnab, thiab kuv taug kev 15 km mus rau qhov chaw nrhiav neeg ua haujlwm. Rau cov neeg zej zog, xws li kev deb yog paub. Nyob ntawd lawv hais rau kuv tias: koj lub hnub nyoog tsis haum, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog vim koj tsis yog peb li (Kuv tau teev nyob rau hauv Moscow tub rog cuv npe thiab enlistment office), rov qab los tsev thiab tos ib tug neeg tuaj tos koj. Kuv tsis kam, coj lub tsheb ciav hlau mus rau Ryazan thiab tshwm sim ntawm lub rooj sib txoos. Lawv coj peb tsis mus rau pem hauv ntej, tab sis mus rau qhov chaw siab tshaj ntawm Far East, Lake Khanka. Nyob ntawd kuv kawm hauv tsev kawm ntawv kev sib txuas lus, ces kuv tau txais mus rau lub tsev kawm ntawv tank. Ua ntej ua tsov ua rog, kuv tau mus rau Moscow ya club - ces tag nrho cov hais mav xav los ua pilots, thiab tsis tsawg vim hais tias ntawm lawv zoo nkauj zoo nkauj. Tam sim no nws pom zoo koom nrog lub tank. Peb tau cuv npe rau hauv kev cais tawm, thiab thaum tsaus ntuj lub suab nrov, lub suab nrov … Thaum sawv ntxov lub tsev kawm ntawv ploj mus! Tom qab ntawd muaj qhov teeb meem nyuaj heev nyob ze Moscow thiab, pom tau tias, nws tau thauj tag nrho hmo ntuj thiab xa mus rau lub peev. Thiab peb tau hais tias: txawm tias koj rov qab mus rau koj lub tsev, lossis mus rau lub tshuab phom thiab mortar tsev kawm ntawv hauv Khabarovsk. Kuv xaiv txoj kev thib ob. Tom qab kawm ntawv qib siab kuv raug xa mus rau Siberian Tub Rog Cheeb Tsam, thiab lub Cuaj Hlis 1943 kuv tau mus rau pem hauv ntej. Peb tab tom npaj rau kev hla Dnieper. Peb tuaj txog hauv Kiev thaum nws twb raug coj mus lawm. Lub nroog tau hlawv, muaj kev tua …

Koj qhov kev nco phem tshaj plaws ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog yog dab tsi?

- Tus thawj coj ntawm peb pawg tau sau nws cov ntawv sau tseg "Los ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua mus rau kev sib ntaus sib tua". Pib los ntawm Dnieper thiab xaus nrog Czechoslovakia, peb nce mus rau ko taw, nkag, qhov chaw khiav. Nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau ib yam dab tsi los ntawm cov saw loj ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua thiab kev tuag. Txhua yam uas yuav tau ntsib, peb tau ntsib. Thaum ib lub foob pob tawm los ze peb thiab mus rau hauv hav dej, peb poob, pw thiab tos kom nws tawg. Tab sis nws tsis jerk! Muaj ntau lub sijhawm zoo li no. Thiab qhov nco tshaj plaws yog kuv thawj qhov kev sib ntaus sib tua nyob ze Zhitomir. Kuv yog tus thawj coj ntawm lub tshuab rab phom platoon, thiab kuv muaj lub carbine nrog kuv ua riam phom ntawm tus kheej. Peb tau mus tawm tsam, thiab qee lub sijhawm kuv pov kuv lub carbine, nqa rab phom tshuab los ntawm cov tub rog raug mob uas tau pw. Peb pom li cas ib nrab-liab qab Germans khiav tawm ntawm lub zos. Kuv sim tua, tab sis rab phom tshuab tsis tua. Kuv tseem muaj kev npau suav tias lawv tab tom tawm tsam kuv, kuv tuav riam phom, nias thiab tsis muaj dab tsi tshwm sim, kuv lub siab nyem. Hauv lub xeev no kuv sawv …

Yog tias peb tham txog lub sijhawm nyuaj, ces kuv nco qab txoj kev mus rau pem hauv ntej thaum kuv hla cov cheeb tsam uas nyob. Kev puas tsuaj li ntawd! Tsuas muaj qhov cub los ntawm lub zos xwb. Thiab qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog cov menyuam yaus uas tawm mus rau lub platform. Nws yog lub kaum hli ntuj sab nraud, thiab lawv tau taw liab qab, hauv quilted tsho pub dawb los ntawm ib tug neeg. Peb muab txhua yam uas peb ua tau rau lawv, mus rau hauv daim ntaub.

YUAV UA LI CAS THIAJ TAU TXAIS LUB CAUM

Koj tau tso Auschwitz li cas? Koj nco nws li cas?

- Peb tsis paub tias peb yuav tso Auschwitz. Tom qab kev ywj pheej ntawm Krakow, muaj kev sib ntaus sib tua rau lub zos, thiab cov Germans tawm tsam txaus ntshai. Peb nkag mus rau hauv ib lub teb loj loj, tag nrho fenced los ntawm ib tug haib barbed hlau laj kab. Tom qab ntawd peb kawm tias qhov no yog ib qho chaw pw hav zoov. Peb tau ua txoj haujlwm ntawm chav tsev los ntxuav thaj chaw, xyuas txhua lub tsev, hauv qab daus, cellar. Thaum lub sijhawm txav ntawm peb cov saw hlau, cov neeg raug kaw tau pib pom. Peb muaj 20-30 feeb sab laug, thiab cov tub ceev xwm thiab kuv nkag mus rau tib lub barrack. Ib pawg neeg sawv ze ntawm nws, peb tsis to taub ib leeg, tab sis qhov tseem ceeb uas lawv paub yog tias cov neeg dim tau los. Muaj kev xyiv fab nyob hauv lawv qhov muag. Lawv taw tes rau lawv tus kheej thiab hais tias: Hungary. Lawv hloov tawm los ntawm Hungary.

Qhov ntsuas ntawm qhov txaus ntshai tsis tau paub thaum ntawd?

- Tsis yog, peb pom tsuas yog ib qho me me ntawm "lub Hoobkas tuag". Peb ntsia mus rau hauv lub barrack, xav tias muaj cov neeg nyob rau hauv qhov tsaus ntuj nti. Thiab nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug lub xeev uas lawv sawv tsis tau. Ua ntej peb tuaj txog, txhua tus neeg tuaj yeem txav mus los, cov neeg German tau sib sau ua ke hauv kem thiab tsav tsheb tob rau hauv thaj chaw ntawm lub teb chaws Yelemees. Qhov no yog hais txog 8-10 txhiab tus neeg raug kaw. Qhov kev sib tw ntawd yog lub npe menyuam yaus "Lub Peb Hlis Ntuj". Thiab peb txhua tus tau kawm txog qhov ntsuas ntawm qhov chaw pw hav zoov los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm pawg thawj coj rau kev sim Nuremberg. Nws yog ib qho kev poob siab. Tom qab ntawd, tshwj xeeb, kuv tau kawm tias thaum Lub Kaum Hli 15,000 ntawm peb cov tub rog tuaj txog ntawd, uas cov neeg German tau sim Cyclone B roj thawj zaug, thiab thaum Lub Ob Hlis 60 ntawm lawv tseem nyob.

Ua ntej POLAND yog cov lus qhia tshwj xeeb

Cov Poles tau ntsib Red Army li cas?

- Ua ntej Poland, peb muaj kev cob qhia kev nom kev tswv ntau, lawv tau piav qhia peb txog peb txoj cai rau lub tebchaws no. Nws tau hais tias Poland yog ib tug phooj ywg nyob rau hauv kev sib ntaus tawm tsam fascist invader, nws tau raug kev txom nyem heev thiab xav tau peb kev pab. Txhua tus tub rog raug nug: koj yuav hais li cas thaum koj ntsib ib tug pej xeem Polish? Kom txhua tus tub rog tuaj yeem piav qhia rau cov pej xeem tias peb tau ua haujlwm li cas. Tom qab ntawd, los ntawm kuv cov ntawv sau cia, kuv tau kawm tias Stalin tau hais kom sau cov qauv ntawm kev coj tus cwj pwm ntawm Red Army txawv teb chaws. Lawv tau pom zoo los ntawm Pawg Saib Xyuas Kev Tiv Thaiv Hauv Lub Xeev, txo qis mus rau pem hauv ntej, thiab kev kawm ua haujlwm tau tsim nyob ib puag ncig cov ntaub ntawv no. Nws yog tsim nyog los tsim kom muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog cov Poles, tsis muaj kev kub ntxhov thiab expropriation. Qhov no yog lub siab xav peb tuaj. Peb kuj tau ntsib nrog txoj haujlwm ntawm kev tso tawm Krakow yam tsis muaj kev puas tsuaj, yog li peb tsis siv dav hlau. Nws paub tias lub nroog no tau tos txoj hmoo ntawm lub tshuab cua Warsaw. Thiab cov tub ceev xwm Soviet txawj ntse tau ua lub luag haujlwm loj hauv nws txoj kev cawm.

Kuj tseem muaj ib ntu uas tawm tsam. Ib tug neeg nyob hauv zos hais rau kuv tias: “Tus tub ceev xwm Pan, cov Germans tau coj kuv lub piano tawm ntawm kuv mus. Koj cov tub rog puas tuaj yeem nqa nws rov qab? . Ntau heev rau tus cwj pwm. Txawm hais tias cov Poles tau txais kev kho mob zoo los ntawm Goebbels: lawv hais tias, cov neeg Lavxias yuav tuaj, thiab koj tseem yuav quaj.

Goebbels yuav txaus siab rau kev kho tam sim no. Koj hais li cas rau cov Poles uas tsis ua kev zoo siab rau 75th hnub tseem ceeb ntawm kev ywj pheej ntawm Warsaw, tsis txhob caw tus thawj tswj hwm Lavxias mus ua kev nco txog kev ua koob tsheej ntawm Auschwitz, liam USSR ntawm kev tawm tsam Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog II, thiab niaj hnub Russia ntawm kev cuam tshuam keeb kwm?

- Koj yuav tsum paub Poland. Ntawm lub rooj sib tham Yalta thiab Potsdam, cov thawj coj ntawm Peb Lub Tuam Txhab Loj tau tham ntau txog Poland. Roosevelt tau sau tseg tias: "Poland tau tsib centuries dhau los yog Europe mob taub hau." Thiab Churchill hauv nws phau ntawv Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum II tom qab ntawd tau sau tias: “Cov neeg siab tawv tshaj plaws feem ntau raug coj los ntawm cov neeg lim hiam tshaj plaws! Thiab tseem muaj ib txwm muaj ob lub tebchaws Poland: ib qho tau tawm tsam rau qhov tseeb, thiab lwm qhov grovelled nyob rau hauv siab phem. " Nov yog qhov tshwm sim tam sim no. Xws li ib tug neeg tseem ceeb … Tab sis kuv tsis xav hais dab tsi phem txog cov neeg ntawm Poland: ua ntej cov nyiaj laus, kuv feem ntau tham nrog cov Poles, nyob rau hauv lub luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub Council for Mutual Economic Assistance, kuv mus muaj ntau, thiab muaj. yeej tsis muaj kev tawm tsam. Thiab thoob ntiaj teb nkauj festivals nyob rau hauv Sopot yog ib tug tag nrho tshwm sim, cov Poles hu nkauj peb cov nkauj txaus siab.

Thiab tam sim no nws yog txwv tsis pub hu nkauj "Hmo ntuj tsaus" …

- Xyoo 1957, kuv tuaj nrog ib qho kev nthuav qhia ntawm kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb. Budapest nyuam qhuav tso siab rau, cov tub ntxhais hluas Polish tau tawm tsam sab nraum lub tsev ntawm kws muaj txuj ci Minister Rokossovsky. Tab sis tag nrho tib yam peb tau txais tos ib txwm. Thiab tus tswv tsev ntawm kev hais kwv txhiaj, kuv nco qab, hais tias: "Peb muab Rokossovsky rau lub Soviet Union, thiab nws muab peb nplej." Tom qab tag nrho, peb muab Poland nrog zaub mov, khoom siv thiab ntau ntxiv.

Yuav ua li cas lawv pe hawm Putin

Nyob rau 60 xyoo ntawm kev ywj pheej ntawm Auschwitz, koj ya nrog Vladimir Putin.15 xyoo dhau los puas tseem tsim nyog?

- Yog lawm, muaj ntau dua 40 tus thawj coj ntawm lub xeev, txhua yam yog qhov tseem ceeb heev. Tom qab ntawd Polish Thawj Tswj Hwm Aleksandr Kwasniewski tau muab khoom plig rau cov qub tub rog nrog kev txiav txim, nyo hau rau Putin rau kev ywj pheej ntawm lub teb chaws thiab kev khaws cia ntawm Krakow, thiab them se rau cov tub rog Liab tua (uas yog 600,000 tus neeg). Nws tsis yog qee yam kev tshwm sim ntawm tsoomfwv: cov neeg ua yeeb yam nyeem cov ntawv los ntawm cov neeg raug kaw, hu nkauj ua tsov rog, qhov chaw sov so heev. Thiab tom qab 5 xyoo kuv tuaj txog hauv ib qho chaw sib txawv kiag li. Ib tus neeg sau xov xwm Euronews tuaj cuag kuv nrog cov lus nug: "Koj puas paub tias cov menyuam kawm ntawv Polish ntseeg tias cov neeg Asmeskas tau tso Krakow thiab Auschwitz? ". Peb xav tsis thoob: “Qhov no tsis tuaj yeem ua tau! ". Nws tau hais kom tawm mus sab nraud thiab kuaj xyuas. Tab sis kuv "cov neeg saib xyuas" tsis tau tso kuv mus vim yog huab cua txias heev, hais kom coj kuv lo lus rau nws … Thiab tom qab ntawd kuv tau hnov nws kuv tus kheej thiab los ntawm cov neeg laus.

Peb mus tua ib tug documentary txog lub liberation ntawm Krakow, thiab nws yog tsis yooj yim sua kom ntxias lawv. Tus thawj coj mam li tso ob peb daim nqi rau cov neeg uas sib cav nrog nws thiab hais tias: zoo, peb yuav mus ua haujlwm, thiab tam sim no koj yuav nrhiav cov ntaub ntawv hais txog tsawg kawg yog ib tus neeg Asmeskas. Thaum peb rov qab los, lawv xav tsis thoob ntawm qhov tshwm sim. Qhov ntawd yog hom propaganda nyob ntawd. Kuv hais rau lub taub hau ntawm Polish Seim thiab cov thawj coj ntawm Krakow txog qhov teeb meem no. Nws nug tias: Vim li cas kuv - tus neeg dim ntawm koj lub nroog - hnov tej yam zoo li no? Teb: zoo, tsis yog txhua tus xav li ntawd.

Qhov tseeb, txhua yam yog los ntawm 90s. Nws yog qhov tseeb tias tam sim no Russia yog declassifying cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv teb chaws Poland. Nws yog lub sijhawm los tshem tawm cov thoob khib nyiab no.

Kuv nkim yeej hauv tsev kho mob

Koj ua kev zoo siab Hnub Yeej Xyoo 1945 nyob qhov twg?

- Hauv tsev kho mob hauv Czechoslovakia. Kuv nco qab tias kuv xav li cas nrog cov tub ceev xwm thaum tsov rog yuav xaus. Ib tug neeg ntseeg tias lub Tsib Hlis 1, thiab kuv muab rau lub Plaub Hlis 20. Vim li ntawd, hnub ntawd kuv raug mob thiab kuv tau mus pw hauv tsev kho mob. Thiab lawv tau hu kuv mus rau lo lus nug: "Tus tub rog laus, koj puas paub hnub no yog hnub twg? 20 Plaub Hlis! Kev tsov rog twb dhau rau koj lawm." Thiab nyob rau ib hnub zoo, thaum sawv ntxov, xws li kev tua pib (thiab lub tsev kho mob nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej kab) uas kuv muab rab yaj phom tawm hauv qab lub hauv ncoo, saib tawm ntawm kuv lub qab nthab, thiab tom qab ntawd tus thawj coj qw: "Muaj tawm, koj pw ntawm yeej! ". Peb pib tau peb cov khoom siv thiab ua kev zoo siab. Kev zoo siab tau txaus ntshai!

Los ntawm DOSSIER "KP":

Ivan Stepanovich MARTYNUSHKINyug Lub Ib Hlis 18, 1924 hauv lub zos Poshupovo, Ryazan Thaj Chaw. Nyob rau hauv 1942 nws kawm tiav los ntawm Khabarovsk tshuab rab phom thiab mortar tsev kawm ntawv, nyob rau hauv 1943 nws raug xa mus rau pem hauv ntej. Nws tau ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv 1087th regiment ntawm 322nd phom loj, tus thawj coj ntawm lub tshuab phom platoon. Nws yog ntawm cov neeg uas tau tawm tsam Auschwitz concentration camp. Nws raug mob ob zaug. Retired laus lieutenant.

Tom qab tsov rog, nws tau ua hauj lwm nrog Kurchatov pab neeg nyob rau hauv lub Atomic Energy Committee nyob rau hauv kev coj ntawm Beria; ntawm Council for Mutual Economic Assistance.

Nws tau txais qhov Order of the Red Banner, Order of the Patriotic War I thiab II degrees, Order of the Red Star, khoom plig rau nws txoj kev koom tes hauv kev tsim cov atomic thiab hydrogen shields ntawm USSR, thiab lwm yam.