Imaginarium ntawm Science. Ntu 2

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Tom qab kev taw qhia txog kev luam theej rau Asmeskas cov qauv thiab cov tsos ntawm cov tshuab EU-cov ntawv luam ntawm Asmeskas IBM360 / IBM370, USSR tus kheej kev txhim kho hauv kev siv tshuab computer tsis nres. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv yuav luag tag nrho mus rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm kev ua tub rog - cov tub rog tsis xav siv cov ntawv luam nkaus xwb, thiab tseem phem dua li lawv cov kev tsim kho. Ntshuam tsis haum rau lawv vim muaj peev xwm "bookmarks" - undocumented nta ntawm electronics uas yuav lov tes taw electronics nyob rau hauv kev txaus siab ntawm ib tug muaj peev xwm yeeb ncuab. ITM thiab VT, uas nws tus thawj coj yog Academician Lebedev, txawm hais tias nws txuas ntxiv mus ua ib lub koom haum kev kawm, tau los ua tub rog tseem ceeb thiab ua haujlwm txuas ntxiv mus rau kev txhim kho BESM-6 thiab tub rog M-40, M-50. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm txoj haujlwm no yog Elbrus kab, cov haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov haujlwm yog cov haujlwm rau kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv missile. Ua ntej, nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm cov tub rog computers 5E261 thiab 5E262, ib tug multiprocessor computer complex "Elbrus-1" nrog ib tug productivity ntawm 15 lab kev khiav hauj lwm / s. Nyob rau theem ob, Elbrus-2 MVK tau tsim nrog lub peev xwm ntawm 120 lab kev ua haujlwm / s. Elbrus-3, kev txhim kho uas tau ua tiav los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm 80s, muaj kev ua tau zoo ntawm 500 MFLOPS (million of floating point operations per second).

Cov ntsuas kev ua tau zoo rau lub khoos phis tawj yog qhov txheeb ze heev, nyob ntawm ob qho tib si ntawm cov qauv tsim vaj tsev thiab ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm compilers los ntawm cov lus programming. Yog li ntawd, cov qauv ntsuas feem ntau yog siv los sib piv kev ua tau zoo hauv ntiaj teb. Xyoo 1988, S. V. Kalin ntsuas qhov kev ua tau zoo ntawm CPU ntawm MVK "Elbrus-2" ntawm 24 "Livermore cycles" thiab, raws li cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov kev ntsuam xyuas no, qhov nruab nrab ntawm kev sib haum xeeb ntawm kev ua tau zoo yog 2.7 MFLOPS. Rau kev sib piv, Cray-X MP processor (kev txhim kho nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm Seymour Kray hauv 1982) muaj qhov taw qhia zoo sib xws - 9.3 MFLOPS (ntawm lub moos zaus 5 npaug siab dua li ntawm Elbrus-2 MVK). Qhov sib piv no qhia txog kev ua haujlwm siab ntawm Elbrus architecture, uas tso cai rau kev ua haujlwm ntau dua los ua ib lub voj voog processor.

Lub architecture ntawm Elbrus processors twb ho txawv ntawm lub qub BESM-6 thiab nws txawv heev ntawm cov tsoos ib txwm. Lub hauv paus ntawm "Elbrus 3-1" yog ib tug modular conveyor processor (MCP), tsim los ntawm Andrey Andreevich Sokolov. Sokolov yog ib tus neeg koom nrog hauv txhua qhov haujlwm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm Lebedev Institute, los ntawm BESM-1 txog AS-6. Thiab nws yog Sokolov cov txuj ci engineering uas cov npoj yaig feem ntau tau muab piv nrog cov txuj ci ntawm Seymour Krey - Lebedev tus neeg sib tw tsis tu ncua hauv kev sib tw hauv kev sib tw super-ceev. "MCP yog lub tshuab muaj zog uas muaj peev xwm ua tiav ob txoj kev ywj pheej ntawm cov lus qhia. Cov kav dej ntawm lub processor ua haujlwm nrog ob hom khoom - vectors thiab scalars. Scalars zoo li tau wedged rau hauv cov kav dej vector thiab ua tiav ntawm ob qhov sib txuas vectors. Ntau qhov kev nkag tau muab txog li 8 qhov sib npaug hu rau kev nco hauv ib lub voj voog. " Yuav luag tag nrho cov qauv vaj tsev ntawm Elbrus yog qhov qub, tab sis lawv feem ntau hu ua cov ntsiab lus qiv nyiaj los ntawm CDC thiab Burroughs, uas yog qhov tseeb dag. Lebedev pib siv ob lub raj xa dej thiab cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev suav ua ntej.

Lub koom haum Lebedev tseem yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws, tau dhau los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm Yeltsinism, txawm tias muaj kev poob loj, tab sis tsis poob nws lub peev xwm muaj tswv yim. Tseeb, nyob rau hauv ib tug tshiab incarnation - nyob rau hauv lub Plaub Hlis 1992, nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm lub departments ntawm lub Lebedev lub koom haum ntawm Precision Mechanics thiab Computer Technology, MCST tau tsim, uas txuas ntxiv kev loj hlob ntawm lub Elbrus architecture. Xyoo ntawd, ib tug thawj coj ntawm lub koom haum BA. Babayan thiab feem ntau ntawm MCST cov kws tshaj lij tau ntiav los ntawm Intel lub tuam txhab loj heev los ua haujlwm hauv nws cov ceg hauv Lavxias. Nws yuav zoo li tsis txaus ntseeg, tab sis nws yog Intel tom qab ntawd ua rau nws tuaj yeem khaws cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv tsev hauv hluav taws xob, qiv, tau kawg, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub koom haum nrog rau ib feem ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm. Raws li kev tsim qauv ntawm Elbrus MVK, cov kws tshaj lij ntawm lub tuam txhab tshiab hauv xyoo 2007 tau tsim Elbrus microprocessor, uas tau ua lub hauv paus rau Elbrus-3M1 suav tshuab, nrog lub moos zaus ntawm 300 MHz thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm 4.8 GFLOPS. (rau kev sib piv, Intel Core2Duo 2.4 GHz tsuas muaj 1.3 gigaflops). Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Lavxias teb sab microprocessor tsis txawm xav tau lub tshuab hluav taws xob kom txias. Qhov ob-processor version ntawm lub computer complex, hu ua UVK / S, muaj qhov ua tau zoo ntawm 19 GFLOPS (rau 32-ntsis cov ntaub ntawv). Qhov no yog cov lus teb rau cov uas xav tias peb cov tub rog niaj hnub no yuav tsum tau siv cov computers ntawm IBM nrog microprocessors los ntawm Intel. Hmoov zoo, qhov no tsis yog li ntawd. Txawm hais tias rau qhov no kuv yuav tsum tau yuav cov khoom siv txawv teb chaws rau kev tsim cov microcircuits.

System module nrog ob microprocessors "Elbrus" thiab xam complex "Elbrus-3M1":

Lub microprocessor yog tsim los siv 0.13 micron thev naus laus zis, uas tsis yog cov ntaub ntawv thev naus laus zis rau niaj hnub no, tab sis nws tsis poob qis dua lawv ib qho (cov thev naus laus zis tau suav tias yog qhov tshiab txog 5 xyoo dhau los). Tam sim no txoj kev loj hlob ntawm Elbrus-S microprocessor tab tom ua haujlwm ntawm kev siv tshuab ntawm 0.09 microns, uas twb yog "lub kaw lus ntawm lub nti", uas yog, nws suav nrog cov khoom siv sab hauv. Nws yog tsim los tsim kom muaj kev ua tau zoo ib leeg-board computers rau "wearable thiab embedded" daim ntaub ntawv, uas txhais tau hais tias peb lub dav hlau thiab missiles yuav tsis tau nruab nrog cov khoom txawv teb chaws.

Tab sis cia peb rov qab mus rau 60s. Lub USSR yog thawj zaug nyob rau hauv ntau yam kev tsim kho nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm electronics, feem ntau ntawm cov uas tau ua nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm cov tub rog tej yaam num thiab yog li ntawd tsis pub leejtwg paub. Thiab vim yog qhov tsis pub leej twg paub, cov kev ua tiav no tseem nyob sab nraud ntawm cov neeg sau keeb kwm. Tus tsim ntawm BESM-6, tus tsim qauv zoo tshaj plaws ntawm Soviet computer technology, Sergei Alekseevich Lebedev, kuj tau tsim cov khoos phis tawj ua tub rog rau thawj zaug, tseem sim, tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv missile (ABM) system:

"Cov khoos phis tshwj xeeb, tsim nyob rau hauv kev coj noj coj ua ntawm SA Lebedev rau kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv missile, tau los ua lub hauv paus rau kev ua tiav kev sib raug zoo ntawm USSR thiab Tebchaws Meskas thaum Tsov Rog Txias." Cov khoos phis tawj tshwj xeeb "Diana-1" thiab "Diana- 2" tau tsim rau cov ntaub ntawv tsis siv neeg rov qab los ntawm radar thiab tsis siv neeg taug qab cov hom phiaj. rau txoj hauv kev los xaus qhov kev pom zoo nrog USSR ntawm kev txwv ntawm kev tiv thaiv missile, uas tshwm sim hauv 1972."

Kev ua tiav ntawm USSR hauv kev siv tshuab computer yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau kev tiv thaiv thiab tau ua ib qho kev sib cav tseem ceeb rau qhov xaus ntawm kev cog lus ntawm kev txwv ntawm kev tiv thaiv missile.… Thiab tsuas yog thaum peb muaj qhov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb hauv qhov no. Lub USSR xyaum twb muaj nws tus kheej tiv thaiv missile tiv thaiv los ntawm nruab nrab-60s, thaum lub tebchaws United States tsuas yog npau suav ntawm nws. Cov kev cog lus txwv feem ntau yog USSR, tsis yog Tebchaws Meskas - raws li kev cog lus, lub foob pob hluav taws tiv thaiv tau siv tsuas yog nyob ib puag ncig Moscow. Thaum lub tebchaws United States thaum kawg muaj peev xwm ua tau ib yam dab tsi nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam no (qhov no yog 30 xyoo tom qab!), nws tam sim ntawd thim tawm ntawm lub treaty. Cov lus nug yog - puas muaj ib qho taw qhia rau USSR kos npe rau daim ntawv cog lus no? Peb muab lub foob pob hluav taws tiv thaiv thiab tsis muaj dab tsi rov qab los! Tebchaws Meskas tsuas tsis tuaj yeem tsim nws tus kheej rov qab los. Cov thawj coj ntawm USSR puas paub txog qhov no? Yog tias nws paub, ces ABM Treaty tuaj yeem raug suav hais tias yog ib qho kev ntxeev siab rau lub teb chaws txoj kev nyiam. Qhov xwm txheej no zoo li nco txog xyoo 1987, thaum lub tebchaws Soviet tau npaj siab los muab tso rau hauv lub voj voog ntawm qhov chaw foob pob hluav taws tiv thaiv kab ke - satellites nrog riam phom laser "SKIF". Tom qab ntawd Gorbachev, ntseeg hais tias qhov ua tau zoo ntawm qhov kev pab cuam, tam sim ntawd txiav txim siab tsis ncaj ncees rau nws, tshaj tawm los ntawm UN rostrum tias USSR yuav tso tseg "kev sib tw riam phom hauv qhov chaw." Tebchaws Asmeskas npaj yuav tso cov satellites zoo sib xws rau hauv lub voj voog tsuas yog xyoo 2012, 25 xyoo tom qab kaw qhov kev pabcuam zoo sib xws hauv Soviet. Tsis yog vim lawv dheev muaj lub siab xav li ntawd. Vim tias lawv cov thev naus laus zis, tsis yog yam tsis muaj kev pab los ntawm Lavxias tshwj xeeb, tsuas yog tam sim no tso cai rau nws. Vim li cas cov thawj coj ntawm USSR tau ua unilateral concessions? Tsis muaj official version ntawm cov lus teb rau lo lus nug no.

Rov qab mus rau thaum ntxov 60s, peb cov khoos phis tawj tau tswj hwm los suav cov trajectories ntawm ballistic missiles, txawm tias qhov tseeb tias thaum xub thawj peb cov kev tiv thaiv missile ua haujlwm ntawm cov khoos phis tawj qeeb. Lub tshuab M-40 thiab M-50 muaj peev xwm tsuas yog 40,000 thiab 50,000 ua haujlwm ib ob, raws li. Txawm li cas los xij, 5E92b, kev hloov pauv tub rog ntawm M-50, muaj kev tsim khoom ntawm 500 txhiab kev ua haujlwm ib ob, uas rau xyoo 1966, los ntawm nws cov khoom pib, ze rau lub ntiaj teb cov ntaub ntawv, yog tias tsis yog. Thiab muaj lwm yam me me-paub txog ntawm no.

Ntawm cov feem ntau hais txog Soviet computer qauv, cov npe ntawm cov khoos phis tawj tseem ceeb heev uas tau tsim nyob rau hauv ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo 60s - thaum ntxov 70s thiab tau siv tag nrho rau kev nrhiav tau ntawm USSR Armed Forces yog tsawg. Cov no yog cov tshuab ntawm 5E series (5E51, 5E92b, thiab lwm yam), tsim los ntawm Lebedev Design Bureau. BESM-6 tau paub dav, tab sis ob peb tus neeg paub tias BESM-6 tau los ua nto moo vim nws poob qhov kev sib tw rau cov khoom siv rau Tub Rog Tub Rog ntawm USSR - qhov kev sib tw yeej los ntawm "5E". Cov tub rog, tau xaiv rau "5E", hom "tsis lees paub" BESM-6 thiab tom kawg tau mus rau hauv kev nthuav dav rau pej xeem kev lag luam. Thiab 5E series tau raug cais tawm thiab raug xa mus rau tub rog nkaus xwb. Cov cav tov ntawm 5E series tau koom ua ke los ntawm "intermachine exchange" raws rau hauv cov tes hauj lwm hauv zos, uas nyob rau hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm lub 70s tsim ib tug multiprocessor xam ib puag ncig raws li lub hauv paus rau chaw tswj thiab chaw khoom tswj systems. Ntau lub khoos phis tawj muab tso ua ke rau hauv ib puag ncig xws li kev suav ua ib qho kev sib txuas ua ke, uas muaj ntau zaus ua tau zoo dua li BESM-6. Tib lub hauv paus ntsiab lus tam sim no ua lub hauv paus rau kev tsim cov supercomputers niaj hnub - cov no yog cov txheej txheem ib leeg, sau rau hauv ib lub network los ntawm kev sib txuas lus ceev ceev. Thiab qhov no yuav tsum muaj kev tshwj xeeb. Cov cav tov ntawm M series (M-40, M-50) kuj tau tsim kev cuam tshuam, lawv tuaj yeem tau txais thiab xa cov ntaub ntawv ntau dua xya duplex asynchronously khiav hauj lwm raws nrog tag nrho bandwidth ntawm 1 Mbit / s. Kev hloov kho M-50 - 5E92 tau tsim tshwj xeeb rau kev siv hauv cov ntaub ntawv ua haujlwm zoo li no.

Thawj thawj zaug hauv ntiaj teb no, multiplex channels tau siv hauv lub computer network thiab kev ua haujlwm sib luag ntawm cov khoom siv tswj hwm, kev nkag mus rau lub cim xeeb, cov khoom siv sab nraud thiab kev sib txuas lus tau ua tiav. Hais txog cov qauv thiab lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua haujlwm, nws yog lub ntiaj teb thawj multiprocessor system … Xyoo 1959, lub khoos phis tawj tau tsim los ntawm cov khoos phis tawj uas muaj ntau pua mais sib nrug - tsis muaj cov complexes txawv teb chaws nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd. Lub ntsiab lus txib thiab lub chaw computer ntawm "A" system tau tsim los ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm 5E92 lub computer. Lub khoos phis tawj network nws tus kheej yog qhov tshwj xeeb hauv qhov xwm txheej, nws yog nws tus thawj coj ua qhov pib ntawm kev tshawb fawb, uas tom qab ntawd coj mus rau kev tsim lwm cov ntaub ntawv thoob ntiaj teb thiab lub computer network. Tau kawg, lub network no nws tus kheej tsis zoo li, piv txwv li, niaj hnub Is Taws Nem, tab sis raws li cov txheej txheem ntawm cov tshuab ywj pheej daws cov kev ywj pheej ntawm cov teeb meem uas tshwm sim thiab sib pauv cov ntaub ntawv siv cov kev cai sib koom ua ke, nws tuaj yeem suav hais tias yog lub hauv ntej ntawm lub ntiaj teb niaj hnub network. Thawj lub network zoo sib xws, txuas ob lub khoos phis tawj TX-2 hauv Massachusetts thiab Q-32 hauv California ntawm kab xov tooj, tau sim tsuas yog xyoo 1965 … Thaum Lub Peb Hlis 4, 1961, kev sim tshuaj tiv thaiv missile system tau ua tiav kev sim - lub warhead ntawm R-12 missile raug rhuav tshem. Qhov kev sim tau pom tias txoj haujlwm ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua cov phiaj xwm sib koom ua ke uas muaj lub foob pob hluav taws xob lub cev thiab lub taub hau nuclear sib cais los ntawm nws tau raug daws daws teeb meem. Cov kev sim zoo sib xws tau tshwm sim hauv Tebchaws Meskas 21 xyoo tom qab.

System A yog ib qho kev tiv thaiv missile. Ua haujlwm ntawm kev tiv thaiv missile (system "A") tau ua lub luag haujlwm loj hauv kev tsim kho tshuab computer hauv USSR: los ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm cov tub rog, siv lub hauv paus tseem ceeb, cov kws tshaj lij los ntawm Lebedev Design Bureau (ITMiVT) tsim cov cuab yeej siv computer. tau superior nyob rau hauv lawv parameters rau txawv teb chaws sawv daws yuav. Lawv kuj tau tsim mobile versions ntawm xws li systems, piv txwv li 5E261 - mobile multiprocessor high-performance tswj system tsim nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus modular. Nws yog nws uas tau siv los ua ib feem ntawm S-300PT huab cua tiv thaiv tshuab rau av thiab dej hiav txwv:

Tab sis qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, txhais tau tias ntawm kev cuam tshuam ib tus neeg lub khoos phis tawj rau hauv ib puag ncig kev suav - nrawm asynchronous multiplex kev sib txuas lus thiab cov software sib xws - tau tsim. Thiab ntawm no peb tuaj rau lwm qhov tseem ceeb heev rau lub teb chaws, qhov system OGAS - "National automated system ntawm accounting thiab cov ntaub ntawv ua", ib tug system ntawm automated economic kev tswj nyob rau hauv lub USSR, raws li nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm cybernetics. Cov txheej txheem no, tsim los ntawm Academician Viktor Mikhailovich Glushkov, tau ua raws li qhov tseeb ntawm cov txuj ci zoo li no.

Tus sau - Maxson