Semyon Lavochkin - Jewish designer ntawm Soviet aviation

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Ib tug tub ntxhais kawm ntawm Tupolev, nws tsim lub dav hlau uas Chkalov thiab Maresyev ua lawv feats. Tag nrho lub teb chaws txaus siab rau tus tsim Semyon Lavochkin, tsis paub tias nws yog Shelema Magaziner los ntawm Petrovichi.

Tus tsim aircraft Lavochkin yog ib tug ntawm cov tsis pub leejtwg paub cov duab nyob rau hauv lub Soviet tub rog-kev lag luam complex. Piv txwv li, thaum pib ntawm nws official biography, zoo li no: "Semyon Alekseevich Lavochkin yug rau lub Cuaj hlis 11, 1900 nyob rau hauv Smolensk nyob rau hauv lub tsev neeg ntawm ib tug xib fwb qhia nyob rau hauv lub nroog gymnasium mus txog rau 1917". Txawm li cas los xij, ib daim duab sib txawv tshwm sim los ntawm cov lus tim khawv ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv lub tebchaws.

Ua ntej lub kiv puag ncig nyob rau hauv lub Smolensk cheeb tsam muaj ib tug thriving trading chaw Petrovichi - ntawm lwm yam, nws yog lub npe hu rau lub fact tias cov science ntawv tseeb sau ntawv Isaac Asimov yug los nyob rau hauv. Ib tsev neeg ntawm Magaziners nyob hauv Petrovichi, uas tom qab lub kiv puag ncig los ua Lavochkin tsev neeg. Ib tug ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm tsev neeg - Alter Lavochkin - yog ib tug neeg txawj ntse heev, nws hais lus Yiddish thiab Hebrew. Hauv zej zog nws lub npe yog Der Magid, uas yog, "tus xibhwb", thiab tsis yog vim nws yog ib tug kws qhia ntawv hauv lub nroog gymnasium, tab sis vim nws yog ib tug melamed. Nws thiab nws tus poj niam Gita Savelyevna muaj peb tug me nyuam: tus tub hlob hu ua Ximoos, los yog Shlomo, nws tus tij laug yog Yakov, thiab nws tus muam yog Khaya. Khaya tau sib yuav thiab nyob hauv Petrovichi, tsis muaj dab tsi paub txog txoj hmoo ntawm Yakov, tab sis Simon Alterovich los ua Semyon Alekseevich Lavochkin.

Nyob rau hauv lub nroog tsev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv lub nroog ntawm Roslavl, Semyon kawm tau zoo, uas tso cai rau nws - txawm lub 5% tus qauv rau cov neeg Yudais - mus rau hauv lub Kursk gymnasium. Nws kawm tiav nrog ib tug kub puav pheej nyob rau hauv lub turbulent xyoo 1917. Thaum ua hauj lwm hauv Red Army thaum Tsov Rog Pej Xeem, Lavochkin tau nyiam tsheb, pab cov kws kho tsheb los ntawm lub tuam txhab tsheb armored los kho cov cav. Pom lub peev xwm ntawm tus tub hluas, cov lus txib thaum kawg ntawm xyoo 1920 tau muab nws xa mus rau Moscow Higher Technical School - niaj hnub no Moscow State Technical University. Bauman.

Thaum lub sij hawm nws kawm, Lavochkin moonlighted raws li ib tug draftsman nyob rau hauv ntau yam tsim bureaus. Lub sijhawm NEP xyoo, cov tub ntxhais kawm tau txaus siab ntiav ua haujlwm li no: lawv tuaj yeem tau them tsawg dua. Tus tub hluas kuj tau siv sijhawm ntau nyob rau hauv chav kuaj aerodynamic ntawm Moscow Higher Technical School, uas yog coj los ntawm Andrei Tupolev. Yog vim li cas Lavochkin ua tiav nws pre-diploma xyaum ntawm cov nroj tsuag, qhov twg thawj Soviet Tupolev bomber, TB-1, tau nkag mus rau hauv serial ntau lawm. Ces Semyon coj seaplanes, thiaj li hlub los ntawm nws tus kws qhia txuj ci.

Hauv xyoo 1920 thiab 1930s, naval aviation tau nquag txhim kho thoob plaws ntiaj teb. Txhawm rau tsim cov nkoj dav hlau hauv Soviet, Fabkis aviation engineers raug caw tuaj rau Moscow hauv xyoo 1928: ib tug ntawm lawv, Paul Hémé Richard, tus thawj coj ntawm lub chaw tsim khoom ntawm kev sim dav hlau dav hlau kev lag luam ntawm All-Union Aviation Association. Lavochkin tau mus txog qhov ntawd - mus rau lub taub hau ntawm ntu ntawm aerodynamic xam rau cov qauv tshiab dav hlau. Nws ua haujlwm tsis zoo dua li Fabkis, tab sis tau txais kaum npaug tsawg dua.

Xyoo 1931, Richard tawm hauv USSR, tawm hauv nws cov neeg ua haujlwm Henri Laville. Lavochkin tau los ua nws tus pab. Ua ke lawv tsim lub DI-4 tag nrho cov hlau ob-seater fighter. Lub dav hlau tsis tau mus rau hauv kev tsim khoom, lawv cov kev faib tau raug tshem tawm, thiab txhua tus neeg ua haujlwm raug xa mus rau Central Design Bureau. Muaj Lavochkin ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub brigade ntawm Vladimir Chizhevsky, uas tsim lub BOK-1 fighter dav hlau. Nws tau npaj rau kev ya davhlau ntawm qhov siab siab, yog li nws tseem hu ua "stratospheric".

Xyoo 1935, Semyon Lavochkin tau txais lub sijhawm los ua nws thawj lub dav hlau ua ke nrog Sergei Lyushin. Txawm li cas los xij, LL fighter tawm los ua tsis tiav, qhov project raug kaw. Tab sis tom qab qhov ua tsis tiav tuaj hmoov zoo. Tupolev muab cov tub ntxhais kawm yav dhau los ua haujlwm ua haujlwm ntawm lub hauv paus chaw haujlwm ntawm kev lag luam aviation ntawm Tib Neeg Lub Chaw Haujlwm rau Kev Lag Luam Hnyav. Thiab nyob rau hauv lub Tsib Hlis 1939, thaum cov teb chaws Europe twb tsis hnov tsw ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog uas yuav tshwm sim, Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Tsim Kho Tshwj Xeeb-301 tau tsim nyob rau hauv USSR nrog rau txoj haujlwm ntawm kev tsim lub dav hlau niaj hnub no kom sai li sai tau. Kev Tsov Rog Mev Kev Tsov Rog tau qhia tias cov tub rog Soviet uas twb muaj lawm tsis muaj peev xwm tiv taus cov tshuab German tshiab los ntawm Messerschmitt. Qhov xwm txheej yuav tsum tau kho.

Lub triumvirate ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub project ntawm lub Soviet aircraft - lub taub hau ntawm lub OKB Vladimir Gorbunov thiab tus thawj aircraft designers Mikhail Gudkov thiab Semyon Lavochkin. Lub tom kawg tau thov kom ua lub dav hlau tsis yog los ntawm txhuas, uas lub teb chaws ces tsis muaj, tab sis los ntawm delta ntoo - ntoo veneer impregnated nrog resins. Tau ntev Comrade Stalin tsis tuaj yeem ntseeg tias ntoo, txawm tias tshwj xeeb ua tiav, tsis hlawv. Nws tau pom ib qho piv txwv ntawm cov khoom, thiab nws pheej sim teeb nws los ntawm qhov hluav taws kub ntawm nws cov yeeb nkab. Nws tsis ua hauj lwm tawm.

Lub dav hlau, tsim los ntawm Lavochkin, Gorbunov thiab Gudkov, muaj npe tom qab thawj cov ntawv ntawm lawv cov npe - LaGG-3. Tag nrho peb tau txais qhov khoom plig Stalin rau xyoo 1940. Rau Lavochkin, qhov khoom plig no yog thawj ntawm plaub. Lub dav hlau tshiab tau koom nrog lub Tsib Hlis 1940 huab cua parade, tom qab ntawd nws tau pib ua ntau lawm ntawm txhua lub tuam txhab dav hlau hauv lub tebchaws. Lavochkin, ntawm qhov tod tes, coj kev txhim kho ntawm LaGG-3 thiab kev txhim kho ntawm cov tub rog tshiab - La-5, La-5FN, La-7.

Cov tsos ntawm lub hauv ntej ntawm lub La-5 tso cai rau lub Soviet pilots mus sib ntaus sib tua nrog cov Nazis. La-7 raug suav hais tias los ntawm ntau tus kws tshaj lij los ua tus neeg tua rog zoo tshaj plaws ntawm Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob. Nyob rau ntawm lub dav hlau La-5FN, tus legendary Alexei Maresyev tau tua xya tus yeeb ncuab tsheb, uas rov qab mus ua haujlwm tom qab txiav ob txhais ceg. Peb zaug Hero ntawm lub Soviet Union Ivan Kozhedub, uas tau rhuav tshem 62 tus yeeb ncuab lub dav hlau thaum lub sij hawm tsov rog xyoo, ya tag nrho nws cov hauj lwm tawm tsam ntawm La-5 thiab La-7 aircraft. Ntau lwm tus neeg tsav nkoj hauv Soviet tau txais Hero Stars thaum ya ntawm La series dav hlau.

Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, nyob rau hauv lub xyoo ntawm lub Great Patriotic ua tsov ua rog, 22.5 txhiab fighters tsim los ntawm Lavochkin dov tawm lub conveyors ntawm aviation nroj tsuag. Rau cov kev pabcuam zoo tshaj plaws hauv kev tsim cov tshuab aviation hauv kev ua tsov rog, nws tau txais lub npe ntawm Hero of Socialist Labor. Tom qab ntawd nws yuav tau txais lub npe no dua - rau nws txoj kev koom tes hauv kev tsim S-25 "Berkut" anti-aircraft missile system, tsim los tiv thaiv Moscow los ntawm kev tawm tsam los ntawm cov yeeb ncuab dav hlau.

Feem ntau, yuav luag txhua qhov haujlwm uas Lavochkin tau ua haujlwm yog kev sim qhib lub sijhawm tshiab rau kev ua tub rog aviation. Nyob rau hauv 1947, nyob rau hauv nws cov thawj coj, thawj Soviet dav hlau fighter La-160, uas mus txog lub ceev ntawm lub suab, tau tsim. Nws cov neeg tua hluav taws ntev La-11 tau ua pov thawj tias yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws hauv Kaus Lim Kauslim Tsov Rog ntawm xyoo 1950-53s. Thiab nws lub hom phiaj unmanned aircraft La-17 tau tsim rau yuav luag 40 xyoo - txog 1993.

Nws yog nyob rau ntawm Lavochkin Design Bureau uas tau tsim S-75 Dvina anti-aircraft missile system, uas tau tua thaum lub Tsib Hlis 1, 1960 nyob rau hauv lub Sverdlovsk cheeb tsam ib tug American U-2 reconnaissance aircraft nyob rau hauv kev tswj ntawm pilot Gary Powers. Nyob rau hauv lub xeem xyoo ntawm nws lub neej, Lavochkin ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no thawj supersonic ob-theem intercontinental av-raws li cruise missile "Tempest". Lub foob pob hluav taws tau nruab nrog lub tshuab astronavigation thiab tuaj yeem nqa lub foob pob atomic. Xyoo 1957, nws qhov kev sim pib.

Thiab nyob rau lub Rau Hli 1960, Lavochkin tau mus rau Kazakhstan los sim qhov tshiab Dal huab cua tiv thaiv system ntawm Sary-Shagan kev cob qhia hauv av. Nws mus rau qhov ntawd, tsis mloog cov kws kho mob, uas ceeb toom tias kub taub hau yog contraindicated rau nws nrog lub plawv mob. Tom qab ib hnub ua tiav ntawm kev sim thaum hmo ntuj ntawm Lub Rau Hli 8-9, Major General Lavochkin tuag ntawm lub plawv nres. Nws tau faus rau ntawm lub toj ntxas Novodevichy hauv Moscow. Thaum kawg ntawm tib lub xyoo, los ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm Khrushchev, qhov project missile nkoj tau raug kaw, uas yog ntau xyoo ua ntej nws lub sijhawm.