Nuclear cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nyob rau hauv lub teeb qhov muag teev thiab cov kab mob

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Science muaj nws tus kheej txwv cov ncauj lus, nws tus kheej taboos. Niaj hnub no, ob peb tus kws tshawb fawb tau twv mus kawm biofields, ultra-tsawg koob, qauv dej …

Cov cheeb tsam nyuaj, pos huab, nyuaj rau muab rau hauv. Nws yog ib qho yooj yim kom poob koj lub koob npe nrov ntawm no, raug hu ua pseudo-scientist, thiab tsis tas yuav tham txog kev txais nyiaj pab. Nyob rau hauv kev tshawb fawb, nws yog tsis yooj yim sua thiab txaus ntshai mus tshaj lub feem ntau lees txais lub tswv yim, mus encroach on dogmas. Tab sis nws yog kev siv zog ntawm daredevils uas npaj siab yuav txawv ntawm txhua tus neeg uas qee zaum ua rau txoj kev tshiab hauv kev paub.

Peb tau soj ntsuam ntau dua ib zaug li cas, raws li kev tshawb fawb tsim, dogmas pib stagger thiab maj mam tau txais cov xwm txheej ntawm kev tsis tiav, kev paub ua ntej. Yog li, thiab ntau tshaj ib zaug, nws yog nyob rau hauv biology. Qhov no tau tshwm sim hauv physics. Peb pom tib yam hauv chemistry. Ua ntej peb ob lub qhov muag, qhov tseeb los ntawm cov phau ntawv kawm "cov khoom muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab cov khoom ntawm ib yam khoom tsis yog nyob ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm nws cov khoom" poob rau hauv lub onslaught ntawm nanotechnology. Nws tau muab tawm tias cov khoom hauv nanoform tuaj yeem hloov pauv nws cov khoom zoo - piv txwv li, kub yuav tsum tsis txhob ua cov hlau zoo.

Niaj hnub no peb tuaj yeem hais tias muaj ntau qhov kev sim siab, cov txiaj ntsig ntawm qhov tsis tuaj yeem piav qhia los ntawm qhov pom ntawm qhov kev lees paub feem ntau. Thiab txoj haujlwm ntawm kev tshawb fawb tsis yog tso lawv, tab sis khawb thiab sim kom tau txais qhov tseeb. Txoj hauj lwm "qhov no tsis tuaj yeem ua tau, vim nws tsis tuaj yeem ua tau" yog qhov yooj yim, tau kawg, tab sis nws piav tsis tau dab tsi. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev nkag siab tsis meej, qhov kev sim tsis tau piav qhia tuaj yeem yog qhov sib txawv ntawm kev tshawb pom hauv kev tshawb fawb, raws li tau tshwm sim. Ib qho ntawm cov ntsiab lus kub hauv qhov tseeb thiab qhov tseeb yog qhov hu ua low-energical nuclear reactions, uas niaj hnub no hu ua LENR - Low-Energy Nuclear Reaction.

Peb thov kom ib tug kws kho mob ntawm lub cev thiab lej sciences Stepan Nikolaevich Andreevlos ntawm lub koom haum ntawm General Physics. AM Prokhorov RAS kom paub peb cov ntsiab lus ntawm qhov teeb meem thiab nrog qee qhov kev sim tshawb fawb tau ua nyob rau hauv Lavxias thiab sab hnub poob chaw sim thiab luam tawm hauv cov ntawv xov xwm tshawb fawb. Kev sim, cov txiaj ntsig uas peb tseem tsis tau piav qhia.

Reactor "E-Sat" Andrea Rossi

Nyob rau nruab nrab Lub Kaum Hli 2014, lub ntiaj teb kev tshawb fawb zej zog tau zoo siab los ntawm cov xov xwm - ib daim ntawv tshaj tawm tau tshaj tawm los ntawm Giuseppe Levi, tus xibfwb ntawm physics ntawm University of Bologna, thiab cov kws sau ntawv ntawm cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev sim E-Сat reactor, tsim los ntawm Italian inventor Andrea Rossi.

Nco qab tias nyob rau hauv 2011 A. Rossi tau nthuav tawm rau pej xeem cov kev teeb tsa uas nws tau ua haujlwm ntau xyoo hauv kev koom tes nrog tus kws kho mob Sergio Fokardi. Lub reactor, lub npe hu ua "E-Сat" (luv luv rau Energy Catalizer), tau tsim ib qho txawv txav ntawm lub zog. E-Сat tau raug sim los ntawm ntau pab pawg ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb nyob rau plaub lub xyoos dhau los raws li cov zej zog kev tshawb fawb tau thawb rau cov phooj ywg tshuaj xyuas.

Qhov ntev tshaj plaws thiab cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws tshaj plaws, sau tag nrho cov txheej txheem tsim nyog, tau ua nyob rau lub Peb Hlis 2014 los ntawm pawg Giuseppe Levi, uas suav nrog cov kws tshaj lij ywj pheej xws li Evelyn Foski, tus kws tshawb fawb theoretical los ntawm Italian National Institute of Nuclear Physics hauv Bologna, xibfwb ntawm physics Hanno Essen los ntawm Royal Institute of Technology hauv Stockholm thiab, los ntawm txoj kev, tus thawj coj ntawm Swedish Society of Skeptics, nrog rau Swedish physicists Bo Hoystad, Roland Petersson, Lars Tegner los ntawm Uppsala University. Cov kws tshaj lij tau lees paub tias lub cuab yeej (Daim duab 1), uas ib gram ntawm cov roj tau rhuab mus rau qhov kub ntawm txog 1400 ° C siv hluav taws xob, ua kom muaj cua sov txawv txav (AMS Acta, 2014, doi: 10.6092 / unibo / amsacta / 4084 ib.).

Rice. ib. Andrea Rossi's E-Cat reactor ntawm kev ua haujlwm. Tus neeg tsim khoom tsis qhia tias lub reactor ua haujlwm li cas. Txawm li cas los xij, nws paub tias cov nqi roj, cov khoom cua sov thiab cov thermocouple tau muab tso rau hauv cov raj ceramic. Qhov saum npoo ntawm lub raj yog ribbed kom zoo dua tshav kub dissipation.

Lub reactor yog ib tug ceramic raj 20 cm ntev thiab 2 cm nyob rau hauv lub cheeb, ib tug nqi roj, cua sov cov ntsiab lus thiab ib tug thermocouple nyob rau hauv lub reactor, lub teeb liab los ntawm cov khoom noj rau lub cua sov tswj chav tsev. Lub hwj chim tau muab rau lub reactor los ntawm ib qho hluav taws xob network nrog ib qhov hluav taws xob ntawm 380 volts los ntawm peb cov hluav taws kub-resistant hlau, uas tau rhuab liab-kub thaum lub sij hawm ua hauj lwm ntawm lub reactor. Cov roj muaj xws li nickel hmoov (90%) thiab lithium aluminium hydride LiAlH₄(10%). Thaum rhuab, lithium aluminium hydride decomposed thiab tso tawm hydrogen, uas tuaj yeem nqus tau los ntawm npib tsib xee thiab nkag mus rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv exothermic nrog nws.

Daim ntawv tshaj tawm tau hais tias tag nrho cov cua sov tsim los ntawm lub cuab yeej dhau 32 hnub ntawm kev ua haujlwm tas mus li yog li 6 GJ. Kev kwv yees theem pib qhia tau hais tias lub zog cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov hmoov yog ntau tshaj ib txhiab lub sij hawm siab dua li ntawm, piv txwv li, roj av!

Raws li kev soj ntsuam ceev faj ntawm cov ntsiab lus thiab isotopic muaj pes tsawg leeg, cov kws tshaj lij tau tsim kev ntseeg siab tias kev hloov pauv ntawm lithium thiab nickel isotopes tau tshwm sim hauv cov roj siv. Yog hais tias cov ntsiab lus ntawm lithium isotopes nyob rau hauv thawj zaug roj coincided nrog lub ntuj ib: ⁶Yog '- 7.5%, ⁷Li - 92.5%, ces cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv cov roj siv yog ⁶Li nce mus rau 92%, thiab cov ntsiab lus ⁷Li txo mus rau 8%. Distortions ntawm isotopic muaj pes tsawg leeg rau npib tsib xee yog sib npaug zog. Piv txwv li, cov ntsiab lus ntawm isotope nickel ⁶²Ni nyob rau hauv " tshauv" yog 99%, txawm hais tias nws tsuas yog 4% hauv thawj cov roj. Kev kuaj pom cov kev hloov pauv hauv cov isotopic muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab anomalously high tshav kub tso tawm qhia tias cov txheej txheem nuclear tej zaum yuav tshwm sim hauv lub reactor. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis muaj cov cim qhia ntawm qhov muaj zog ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nuclear tau sau tseg thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm ntawm lub cuab yeej lossis tom qab nws raug tso tseg.

Cov txheej txheem ua nyob rau hauv lub reactor yuav tsis yog nuclear fission tshua, vim cov roj muaj cov khoom ruaj khov. Nuclear fusion tshwm sim kuj raug txiav tawm, vim hais tias los ntawm qhov pom ntawm niaj hnub nuclear physics, qhov kub ntawm 1400 ° C yog qhov tsis zoo los kov yeej lub zog ntawm Coulomb repulsion ntawm nuclei. Tias yog vim li cas kev siv lub sij hawm sensational "txias fusion" rau cov txheej txheem zoo li no yog qhov yuam kev.

Tej zaum, ntawm no peb tau ntsib nrog kev tshwm sim ntawm ib yam tshiab ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, nyob rau hauv uas collective low-zog transformations ntawm lub nuclei ntawm lub ntsiab uas ua rau cov roj coj qhov chaw. Lub zog ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog kwv yees li ntawm qhov kev txiav txim ntawm 1-10 keV ib nucleon, uas yog, lawv nyob nruab nrab ntawm "ib txwm" cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nuclear siab (lub zog tshaj 1 MeV ib nucleon) thiab tshuaj lom neeg cov tshuaj tiv thaiv (lub zog. ntawm qhov kev txiav txim ntawm 1 eV ib atom).

Txog tam sim no, tsis muaj leej twg tuaj yeem txaus siab piav qhia qhov tshwm sim, thiab cov kev xav uas tau muab los ntawm ntau tus kws sau ntawv tsis sawv los thuam. Txhawm rau tsim kom muaj lub cev lub cev ntawm qhov tshwm sim tshiab, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum ua tib zoo kawm txog qhov ua tau tshwm sim ntawm qhov tsis tshua muaj hluav taws xob nuclear tshwm sim hauv ntau qhov kev sim thiab ua kom dav dav cov ntaub ntawv tau txais. Tsis tas li ntawd, ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntsiab lus tsis tau piav qhia tau sau ntau xyoo. Nov yog ob peb tug xwb.

Hluav taws xob tawg ntawm tungsten hlau - thaum ntxov xyoo pua 20th

Xyoo 1922, cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm Chemical Laboratory ntawm University of Chicago Clarence Irion thiab Gerald Wendt tau luam tawm ib daim ntawv ntawm kev tshawb fawb txog hluav taws xob tawg ntawm tungsten hlau hauv lub tshuab nqus tsev (GL Wendt, CE Irion, Kev sim siab rau Decompose tungsten ntawm qhov kub thiab txias.. Phau ntawv Journal of the American Chemical Society, 1922, 44, 1887-1894; Txhais lus Lavxias: Kev sim sim cais tungsten ntawm qhov kub thiab txias).

Tsis muaj ib yam dab tsi txawv ntawm qhov hluav taws xob tawg. Qhov tshwm sim no tau pom tsis muaj ntau los sis tsawg thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, tab sis nyob rau hauv lub neej niaj hnub peb tsis tu ncua saib nws, thaum, thaum lub sij hawm luv luv, qhov muag teev hluav taws kub hnyiab tawm (qhov muag teeb, tau kawg). Yuav ua li cas tshwm sim hauv hluav taws xob tawg? Yog hais tias lub zog ntawm tam sim no ntws los ntawm cov hlau hlau loj, ces cov hlau pib yaj thiab evaporate. Plasma cov ntaub ntawv nyob ze ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov hlau. Cov cua sov tshwm sim tsis sib xws: "qhov kub kub" tshwm sim nyob rau hauv qhov chaw tsis sib xws ntawm cov hlau, uas tso cua sov ntau dua, qhov kub nce mus txog qhov siab tshaj plaws, thiab cov khoom tawg tau tshwm sim.

Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm zaj dab neeg no yog tias cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm xav tias yuav sim kuaj xyuas qhov decomposition ntawm tungsten rau hauv cov tshuaj sib zog. Hauv lawv lub hom phiaj, Irion thiab Wendt tau tso siab rau qhov tseeb hauv qab no uas twb paub lawm thaum ntawd.

Ua ntej, nyob rau hauv qhov pom spectrum ntawm hluav taws xob los ntawm lub hnub thiab lwm yam hnub qub, tsis muaj cov yam ntxwv kho qhov muag kab teej tug mus rau hnyav tshuaj. Qhov thib ob, qhov kub ntawm lub hnub saum npoo yog li 6,000 ° C. Yog li ntawd, lawv tau txiav txim siab, atoms ntawm cov ntsiab lus hnyav tsis tuaj yeem nyob ntawm qhov kub li no. Thib peb, thaum lub txhab nyiaj capacitor raug tso tawm mus rau hauv cov hlau hlau, qhov kub ntawm cov plasma tsim thaum muaj hluav taws xob tawg tuaj yeem ncav cuag 20,000 ° C.

Raws li qhov no, cov kws tshawb fawb Asmeskas tau hais tias yog tias muaj hluav taws xob muaj zog dhau los ntawm cov hlau nyias ua los ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj hnyav, xws li tungsten, thiab cua sov rau qhov ntsuas kub piv rau qhov kub ntawm lub hnub, ces cov tungsten nuclei yuav nyob rau hauv ib qho. lub xeev tsis ruaj khov thiab decompose rau hauv cov khoom sib zog. Lawv ua tib zoo npaj thiab ua tib zoo ua qhov kev sim, siv txoj kev yooj yim heev.

Qhov hluav taws xob tawg ntawm ib lub tungsten hlau yog nqa tawm nyob rau hauv ib lub khob kheej kheej lub raj mis (Fig. 2), kaw rau nws lub capacitor nrog ib tug muaj peev xwm ntawm 0.1 microfarads, them rau ib tug voltage ntawm 35 kilovolts. Cov hlau yog nyob nruab nrab ntawm ob lub fastening tungsten electrodes soldered rau hauv lub khob los ntawm ob sab opposite. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub raj mis muaj ib qho ntxiv "spectral" electrode, uas ua hauj lwm rau ignite lub plasma paug nyob rau hauv cov roj tsim tom qab hluav taws xob tawg.

Rice. 2. Daim duab ntawm qhov tso tawm-explosive Chamber ntawm Irion thiab Wendt (kev sim ntawm 1922)

Qee cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm kev sim yuav tsum tau sau tseg. Thaum lub sij hawm nws npaj, lub hwj tau muab tso rau hauv ib lub qhov cub, qhov chaw uas nws yog tsis tu ncua rhuab ntawm 300 ° C rau 15 teev, thiab lub sij hawm no cov pa roj tau khiav tawm ntawm nws. Nrog rau cua sov lub hwj, ib qho hluav taws xob tam sim no tau dhau los ntawm tungsten hlau, cua sov rau qhov kub ntawm 2000 ° C. Tom qab degassing, lub iav raj txuas lub raj mis nrog lub twj tso kua mis mercury tau yaj nrog lub qhov cub thiab kaw. Cov kws sau ntawv ntawm kev ua haujlwm tau sib cav tias cov kev ntsuas tau ua rau nws muaj peev xwm tswj tau qhov tsis tshua muaj siab ntawm cov roj seem hauv lub khob rau 12 teev. Yog li ntawd, thaum siv high-voltage voltage ntawm 50 kilovolts, tsis muaj kev puas tsuaj ntawm "spectral" thiab kho electrodes.

Irion thiab Wendt tau ua nees nkaum ib qho kev sim hluav taws xob tawg. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm txhua qhov kev sim, kwv yees li 10¹⁹ ib feem ntawm ib tug tsis paub gases. Spectral tsom xam pom tias nws muaj cov yam ntxwv kab ntawm helium-4. Cov kws sau ntawv qhia tias helium yog tsim los ntawm alpha lwj ntawm tungsten, induced los ntawm hluav taws xob tawg. Nco qab tias alpha hais tshwm sim nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm alpha lwj yog lub nuclei ntawm ib tug atom ⁴Nws.

Kev tshaj tawm ntawm Irion thiab Wendt ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam zoo hauv zej zog kev tshawb fawb thaum lub sijhawm. Rutherford nws tus kheej tau mob siab rau txoj haujlwm no. Nws tau hais txog qhov tsis ntseeg siab tias qhov hluav taws xob siv hauv qhov kev sim (35 kV) yog siab txaus rau cov hluav taws xob los ua kom muaj kev cuam tshuam nuclear hauv cov hlau. Xav kuaj xyuas cov txiaj ntsig ntawm Asmeskas cov kws tshawb fawb, Rutherford tau ua nws qhov kev sim - nws irradiated lub hom phiaj tungsten nrog lub teeb hluav taws xob nrog lub zog ntawm 100 keV. Rutherford tsis pom ib qho kev cuam tshuam ntawm nuclear kev cuam tshuam hauv tungsten, uas nws tau ua ib daim ntawv tshaj tawm zoo nkauj hauv phau ntawv Journal Nature. Lub zej zog kev tshawb fawb tau coj Rutherford sab, txoj haujlwm ntawm Irion thiab Wendt tau lees paub tias yog qhov yuam kev thiab tsis nco qab ntau xyoo.

Hluav taws xob tawg ntawm tungsten hlau: 90 xyoo tom qab

Tsuas yog 90 xyoo tom qab ntawd, ib pab neeg tshawb fawb Lavxias coj los ntawm Leonid Irbekovich Urutskoyev, Tus Kws Kho Mob Lub Cev thiab lej, tau coj rov ua dua ntawm kev sim ntawm Irion thiab Wendt. Cov kev sim, nruab nrog cov cuab yeej sim thiab tshuaj ntsuam xyuas niaj hnub no, tau ua tiav ntawm lub koom haum legendary Sukhumi Physics thiab Technology hauv Abkhazia. Physicists hu lawv tus cwj pwm "HELIOS" nyob rau hauv kev hwm ntawm kev coj lub tswv yim ntawm Irion thiab Wendt (Fig. 3). Lub quartz tawg chamber nyob rau sab sauv ntawm lub installation thiab txuas nrog lub tshuab nqus tsev - lub twj tso kua mis turbomolecular (xim xiav). Plaub lub xov tooj dub ua rau lub foob pob tawg los ntawm lub txhab nyiaj capacitor discharger nrog lub peev xwm ntawm 0.1 microfarads, uas nyob rau sab laug ntawm kev teeb tsa. Rau qhov hluav taws xob tawg, lub roj teeb tau them txog li 35-40 kilovolts. Cov cuab yeej kuaj mob siv hauv qhov kev sim (tsis muaj nyob hauv daim duab) ua rau nws muaj peev xwm kawm cov spectral muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov ntshav plasma ci, uas tau tsim thaum lub sij hawm hluav taws xob tawg ntawm cov hlau, nrog rau cov tshuaj thiab cov khoom muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov khoom. nws lwj.

Rice. 3. Qhov no yog li cas lub HELIOS installation zoo li, nyob rau hauv uas L. I. Urutskoyev pab pawg neeg soj ntsuam qhov tawg ntawm ib tug tungsten hlau nyob rau hauv lub nqus tsev vacuum (sim ntawm 2012)

Cov kev sim ntawm Urutskoyev pawg tau lees paub qhov xaus ntawm kev ua haujlwm cuaj caum xyoo dhau los. Tseeb, raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm hluav taws xob tawg ntawm tungsten, ntau tshaj ntawm helium-4 atoms tau tsim (txog 10.¹⁶ hais). Yog hais tias lub tungsten hlau tau hloov los ntawm ib tug hlau, ces helium tsis tau tsim. Nco ntsoov tias nyob rau hauv qhov kev sim ntawm HELIOS ntaus ntawv, cov kws tshawb fawb tau sau ib txhiab zaus tsawg dua helium atoms dua li hauv kev sim ntawm Irion thiab Wendt, txawm hais tias "lub zog nkag" rau hauv cov hlau yog kwv yees li qub. Dab tsi yog vim li cas rau qhov sib txawv no tseem yuav pom.

Thaum lub sij hawm hluav taws xob tawg, cov khoom siv hlau tau txau mus rau sab hauv ntawm qhov tawg chamber. Kev tsom xam spectrometric loj tau pom tias tungsten-180 isotope tsis muaj nyob rau hauv cov khoom seem, txawm hais tias nws cov concentration hauv cov xaim qub sib raug rau lub ntuj. Qhov tseeb no kuj tseem qhia tau tias muaj peev xwm alpha lwj ntawm tungsten lossis lwm cov txheej txheem nuclear thaum lub sij hawm hluav taws xob tawg ntawm cov hlau (L. I. Urutskoev, A. A. Rukhadze, D. V. Filippov, A. O. Biryukov, thiab lwm yam. ib tug tungsten hlau. "Brief Communications on Physics FIAN", 2012, 7, 13–18).

Accelerating alpha lwj nrog lub laser

Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hluav taws xob tsawg muaj xws li qee cov txheej txheem uas ua kom nrawm nrawm ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob. Cov txiaj ntsig zoo siab hauv cheeb tsam no tau txais ntawm lub koom haum ntawm General Physics. AM Prokhorov RAS nyob rau hauv lub chav kuaj coj los ntawm Georgy Airatovich Shafeev, kws kho mob ntawm lub cev thiab lej Sciences. Cov kws tshawb fawb tau tshawb pom qhov ua rau xav tsis thoob: qhov alpha lwj ntawm uranium-238 tau nrawm los ntawm laser hluav taws xob nrog lub siab siv tsawg kawg 10¹²–10¹³ W / cm² (AV Simakin, GA Shafeev, Influence of laser irradiation of nanoparticles in aqueous solutions of uranium salt on the act of nuclides. "Quantum Electronics", 2011, 41, 7, 614–618).

Rice. 4. Micrograph ntawm kub nanoparticles tau los ntawm laser irradiation ntawm lub hom phiaj kub nyob rau hauv ib tug aqueous tov ntawm cesium-137 ntsev (sim ntawm 2011)

Qhov no yog qhov kev sim zoo li. Nyob rau hauv lub cuvette nrog ib tug aqueous tov ntawm uranium ntsev UO₂Cl₂ Nrog ib tug concentration ntawm 5-35 mg / ml, lub hom phiaj kub tau muab tso rau, uas tau irradiated nrog laser pulses nrog ib tug wavelength ntawm 532 nanometers, lub sij hawm ntawm 150 picoseconds, thiab ib tug repetition tus nqi ntawm 1 kilohertz rau ib teev. Nyob rau hauv xws li mob, lub hom phiaj nto ib feem melts, thiab cov kua nyob rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog nws instantly boils. Lub vapor siab sprays nano-loj kub tee los ntawm lub hom phiaj nto rau hauv cov kua ib puag ncig, qhov uas lawv txias thiab tig mus rau hauv cov khoom nanoparticles nrog ib tug yam ntxwv loj ntawm 10 nanometers. Cov txheej txheem no yog hu ua laser ablation hauv cov kua thiab yog siv dav thaum nws yuav tsum tau npaj cov tshuaj colloidal ntawm nanoparticles ntawm ntau yam hlau.

Hauv Shafeev qhov kev sim, 10¹⁵ kub nanoparticles hauv 1 cm³ daws. Cov khoom kho qhov muag ntawm cov nanoparticles no txawv txawv ntawm cov khoom ntawm cov phaj kub loj: lawv tsis cuam tshuam lub teeb, tab sis nqus nws, thiab electromagnetic teb ntawm lub teeb nthwv dej ze ntawm nanoparticles tuaj yeem nthuav dav los ntawm 100-10,000 thiab ncav cuag. intra-atomic nqi!

Lub nuclei ntawm uranium thiab nws cov khoom lwj (thorium, protactinium), uas tau tshwm sim los ze rau cov nanoparticles, tau raug nthuav tawm ntau lub laser electromagnetic teb. Yog li ntawd, lawv cov xov tooj cua tau hloov pauv loj heev. Hauv particular, cov haujlwm gamma ntawm thorium-234 tau nce ob npaug. (Cov kev ua gamma ntawm cov qauv ua ntej thiab tom qab laser irradiation yog ntsuas nrog ib tug semiconductor gamma spectrometer.) Txij li thaum thorium-234 tshwm sim los ntawm alpha lwj ntawm uranium-238, qhov nce ntawm nws cov gamma kev ua ub no qhia ib tug ceev alpha lwj ntawm no uranium isotope.. Nco ntsoov tias kev ua haujlwm gamma ntawm uranium-235 tsis nce.

Cov kws tshawb fawb los ntawm GPI RAS tau tshawb pom tias cov hluav taws xob laser tuaj yeem nrawm tsis yog tsuas yog alpha lwj, tab sis kuj beta lwj ntawm cov hluav taws xob isotope. ¹³⁷Cs yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov hluav taws xob emissions thiab pov tseg. Hauv lawv cov kev sim, lawv tau siv cov xim ntsuab tooj liab vapor laser ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv ib hom repetitively mem tes nrog lub sij hawm mem tes ntawm 15 nanoseconds, pulse repetition tus nqi ntawm 15 kilohertz, thiab lub ncov siv ntawm 10.⁹ W / cm²… Laser hluav taws xob ua rau lub hom phiaj kub muab tso rau hauv ib lub cuvette nrog cov dej ntsev ntsev ¹³⁷Cs, cov ntsiab lus uas nyob rau hauv ib tug daws nrog ib tug ntim ntawm 2 ml yog kwv yees li 20 picograms.

Tom qab ob teev ntawm lub hom phiaj irradiation, cov kws tshawb fawb tau sau tseg tias cov tshuaj colloidal nrog 30 nm kub nanoparticles tsim nyob rau hauv lub cuvette (Fig. 4), thiab gamma kev ua ntawm cesium-137 (thiab, yog li ntawd, nws concentration nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj) txo los ntawm 75%. Ib nrab-lub neej ntawm cesium-137 yog hais txog 30 xyoo. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias qhov kev txo qis hauv kev ua haujlwm, uas tau txais hauv kev sim ob-teev, yuav tsum tshwm sim nyob rau hauv tej yam ntuj tso nyob rau hauv txog 60 xyoo. Muab faib rau 60 xyoo los ntawm ob teev, peb pom tias qhov kev puas tsuaj tau nce li ntawm 260,000 lub sij hawm thaum lub laser raug. Xws li qhov loj heev ntawm beta lwj tus nqi yuav tsum tau hloov lub cuvette nrog cov tshuaj cesium rau hauv qhov chaw muaj zog ntawm gamma hluav taws xob nrog rau cov beta lwj li niaj zaus ntawm cesium-137. Txawm li cas los xij, hauv kev muaj tiag qhov no tsis tshwm sim. Kev ntsuas hluav taws xob tau pom tias qhov kev ua haujlwm ntawm gamma ntawm cov ntsev ntsev tsis nce (E. V. Barmina, A. V. Simakin, G. A. Shafeev, Laser-induced cesium-137 decay. Quantum Electronics, 2014, 44, 8, 791–792).

Qhov tseeb no qhia tau hais tias nyob rau hauv laser txiav txim qhov lwj ntawm cesium-137 tsis mus raws li qhov feem ntau tshwm sim (94.6%) scenario nyob rau hauv ib txwm tej yam kev mob nrog lub emission ntawm gamma quantum nrog lub zog ntawm 662 keV, tab sis nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev sib txawv - nonradiative.. Qhov no yog, piv txwv li, ncaj qha beta lwj nrog kev tsim cov nucleus ntawm cov isotope ruaj khov. ¹³⁷Ba, uas nyob rau hauv ib txwm muaj kev pom tau tsuas yog hauv 5.4% ntawm cov neeg mob.

Yog vim li cas xws li ib tug redistribution ntawm probabilities tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm beta lwj ntawm cesium yog tseem tsis meej. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj lwm cov kev tshawb fawb ywj pheej lees paub tias kev ua kom nrawm nrawm ntawm cesium-137 tuaj yeem ua tau txawm tias nyob hauv cov kab ke.

Ntawm cov ntsiab lus: Nuclear reactor nyob rau hauv lub cell

Tsawg-zog nuclear tshwm sim hauv cov kab mob nyob

Tau ntau tshaj nees nkaum xyoo, Tus Kws Kho Mob ntawm Lub Cev thiab lej Kev Tshawb Fawb Alla Aleksandrovna Kornilova tau koom nrog hauv kev tshawb fawb txog kev siv hluav taws xob tsawg hauv cov khoom siv roj ntsha hauv cov kws qhia ntawv ntawm Physics ntawm Moscow State University. M. V. Lomonosov. Cov khoom ntawm thawj qhov kev sim yog kab lis kev cai ntawm cov kab mob Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Deinococcus radiodurans. Lawv tau muab tso rau hauv ib qho khoom nruab nrab uas muaj cov hlau tsis muaj hlau tab sis muaj cov manganese ntsev MnSO₄thiab dej hnyav D₂O. Cov kev sim tau pom tias qhov system no tsim cov isotope ntawm hlau tsis txaus - ⁵⁷Fe (Vysotskii V. I., Kornilova A. A., Samoylenko I. I., Kev sim nrhiav pom ntawm lub phenomenon ntawm low-zog nuclear transmutation ntawm isotopes (Mn⁵⁵rau Fe⁵⁷) hauv kev loj hlob ntawm kab lis kev cai, Kev Ua Haujlwm ntawm 6th International Conference on Cold Fusion, 1996, Nyiv, 2, 687–693).

Raws li cov kws sau ntawv ntawm kev tshawb fawb, cov isotope ⁵⁷Fe tshwm nyob rau hauv cov kab mob loj hlob los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ⁵⁵Mn + d = ⁵⁷Fe (d yog lub nucleus ntawm lub deuterium atom, muaj xws li ib tug proton thiab ib tug neutron). Ib qho kev sib cav meej nyob rau hauv qhov kev pom zoo ntawm qhov kev xav tau yog qhov tseeb tias yog tias cov dej hnyav hloov los ntawm lub teeb dej los yog manganese ntsev yog cais tawm ntawm cov khoom nruab nrab ntawm cov as-ham, ces cov isotope. ⁵⁷Cov kab mob Fe tsis sib sau.

Tom qab ua kom paub tseeb tias kev hloov pauv ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg ruaj khov tuaj yeem ua tau nyob rau hauv cov kab lis kev cai microbiological, AA Kornilova tau siv nws txoj hauv kev rau deactivation ntawm cov xov tooj cua nyob ntev (Vysotskii VI, Kornilova AA, Transmutation ntawm ruaj khov isotopes thiab deactivation ntawm radioactive pov tseg hauv cov kab mob loj hlob.. Annals of Nuclear Energy, 2013, 62, 626-633). Lub sij hawm no, Kornilova ua hauj lwm tsis nrog monocultures ntawm cov kab mob, tab sis, nrog rau cov super-lub koom haum ntawm ntau hom ntawm kab mob nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav ua rau kom lawv ciaj sia taus nyob rau hauv txhoj puab heev tej kev kawm. Txhua pab pawg neeg ntawm cov zej zog no yog qhov siab tshaj plaws rau kev sib koom ua neej, kev sib koom ua ke kev pab thiab kev tiv thaiv kev sib nrig sib. Yog li ntawd, superassociation adapts zoo rau ntau yam ntawm ib puag ncig, nrog rau cov hluav taws xob ntau ntxiv. Cov koob tshuaj ntau tshaj plaws uas cov kab lis kev cai microbiological zoo tib yam tuaj yeem sib haum mus rau 30 kilorad, thiab superassociations tiv taus ntau qhov kev txiav txim siab ntau dua, thiab lawv cov haujlwm metabolic yuav luag tsis muaj zog.

Qhov sib npaug ntawm cov concentrated biomass ntawm cov kab mob tau hais los saum no thiab 10 ml ntawm kev daws ntawm cesium-137 ntsev hauv dej distilled tau muab tso rau hauv iav cuvettes. Thawj qhov kev ua haujlwm gamma ntawm kev daws yog 20,000 becquerels. Hauv qee cov cuvettes, ntsev ntawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb Ca, K, thiab Na tau ntxiv. Cov cuvettes kaw tau khaws cia ntawm 20 ° C thiab lawv cov haujlwm gamma tau ntsuas txhua txhua xya hnub siv lub ntsuas ntsuas siab.

Rau ib puas hnub ntawm kev sim nyob rau hauv lub cell tswj uas tsis muaj cov kab mob, cov kev ua ntawm cesium-137 poob los ntawm 0.6%. Nyob rau hauv ib lub cuvette ntxiv muaj poov tshuaj ntsev - los ntawm 1%. Cov dej num poob qis tshaj plaws hauv lub cuvette ntxiv nrog cov calcium ntsev. Ntawm no, gamma kev ua tau txo qis los ntawm 24%, uas yog sib npaug rau 12-fold txo nyob rau hauv ib nrab-lub neej ntawm cesium!

Cov kws sau ntawv xav tias yog vim qhov ua haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov kab mob ¹³⁷Cs hloov dua siab tshiab rau ¹³⁸Ba yog ib tug biochemical analogue ntawm poov tshuaj. Yog tias muaj cov poov tshuaj me me hauv cov khoom noj nruab nrab, ces kev hloov pauv ntawm cesium rau hauv barium tshwm sim ntawm tus nqi nrawm; yog tias muaj ntau, cov txheej txheem hloov pauv raug thaiv. Lub luag haujlwm ntawm calcium yog yooj yim. Vim nws muaj nyob rau hauv cov khoom noj nruab nrab, cov pej xeem ntawm cov kab mob loj hlob sai heev thiab, yog li ntawd, noj ntau cov poov tshuaj los yog nws biochemical analogue - barium, uas yog, nws pushes lub transformation ntawm cesium rau hauv barium.

Yuav ua li cas yog reproducing?

Cov lus nug ntawm kev rov ua dua tshiab ntawm cov kev sim uas tau piav qhia saum toj no yuav tsum muaj qee qhov kev qhia meej. Lub E-Cat Reactor, ntxim nyiam nrog nws txoj kev yooj yim, tau rov ua dua los ntawm ntau pua, yog tias tsis yog ntau txhiab, ntawm cov neeg tsim khoom txaus siab thoob ntiaj teb. Muaj txawm tias cov rooj sib tham tshwj xeeb hauv Is Taws Nem qhov twg "replicators" sib pauv kev paub thiab qhia lawv cov kev ua tiav. Lavxias teb sab inventor Alexander Georgievich Parkhomov tau ua ib co kev vam meej nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia no. Nws ua tiav hauv kev tsim lub tshuab hluav taws xob cua sov ua haujlwm ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm cov hmoov nickel thiab lithium aluminium hydride, uas muab lub zog ntau dhau (AG Parkhomov, Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev ntsuas tshiab ntawm cov analogue ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob kub kub Rossi." Phau ntawv Journal ntawm cov lus qhia tshiab ntawm kev tshawb fawb", 2015, 8, 34–39) … Txawm li cas los xij, tsis zoo li Rossi qhov kev sim, tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov isotopic muaj pes tsawg leeg tau pom hauv cov roj siv.

Kev sim ntawm hluav taws xob tawg ntawm tungsten xov hlau, nrog rau ntawm lub laser acceleration ntawm kev lwj ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, yog qhov nyuaj ntau dua los ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm kev pom thiab tsuas yog tuaj yeem tsim tawm hauv cov chaw kuaj mob loj. Nyob rau hauv no hais txog, lo lus nug ntawm lub reproducibility ntawm ib qho kev sim yog hloov los ntawm cov lus nug ntawm nws repeatability. Rau kev sim ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hluav taws xob tsawg, ib qho xwm txheej yog thaum, nyob rau hauv cov kev sim zoo tib yam, cov nyhuv yog tam sim no los yog tsis. Qhov tseeb yog tias nws tsis muaj peev xwm tswj tau tag nrho cov kev txwv ntawm cov txheej txheem, suav nrog, pom meej, qhov tseem ceeb, uas tseem tsis tau txheeb xyuas. Kev tshawb nrhiav rau cov qauv uas xav tau yog yuav luag dig muag thiab siv sijhawm ntau lub hlis thiab ntau xyoo. Cov kws sim yuav tsum tau hloov daim duab schematic ntawm kev teeb tsa ntau dua ib zaug hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav qhov kev tswj xyuas - "cov pob qhov rooj" uas yuav tsum tau "tig" txhawm rau ua tiav qhov ua tau zoo dua. Tam sim no, qhov rov ua dua hauv qhov kev sim tau piav qhia saum toj no yog li 30%, uas yog, qhov txiaj ntsig zoo tau txais hauv txhua qhov kev sim thib peb. Nws yog ntau los yog me ntsis, rau tus nyeem ntawv txiav txim. Ib yam yog qhov tseeb: yam tsis tau tsim ib qho qauv theoretical txaus ntawm qhov kev tshawb fawb phenomena, nws tsis zoo li tias nws yuav ua tau kom radically txhim kho qhov ntsuas no.

Sim txhais lus

Txawm hais tias muaj kev ntseeg siab qhov kev sim tau lees paub qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm kev hloov pauv nuclear ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg ruaj khov, nrog rau kev nrawm nrawm ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, lub cev lub cev ntawm cov txheej txheem no tseem tsis tau paub.

Lub ntsiab lus tsis meej ntawm lub zog tsis tshua muaj hluav taws xob nuclear yog qhov txiaj ntsig zoo npaum li cas nuclei kov yeej lub zog tsis txaus ntseeg thaum lawv mus txog ib leeg, lub npe hu ua Coulomb barrier. Qhov no feem ntau xav tau qhov kub thiab txias hauv ntau lab degrees Celsius. Nws yog qhov pom tseeb tias qhov ntsuas kub no tsis ncav cuag hauv qhov kev sim ntsuas. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj qhov tshwm sim tsis zoo uas ib qho uas tsis muaj lub zog kinetic txaus los kov yeej lub zog quab yuam yuav txawm li cas los xij yuav xaus nyob ze ntawm lub nucleus thiab nkag mus rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nuclear nrog nws.

Cov nyhuv no, hu ua qhov qhov cuam tshuam, yog qhov tseeb ntawm quantum thiab muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog Heisenberg txoj cai tsis paub meej. Raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus no, ib qho quantum particle (piv txwv li, lub nucleus ntawm ib lub atom) tsis tuaj yeem muaj raws nraim qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib koom tes thiab lub zog ntawm tib lub sijhawm. Cov khoom ntawm qhov tsis paub tseeb (tsis muaj kev sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov tseeb) ntawm kev sib koom tes thiab lub zog yog bounded los ntawm hauv qab no los ntawm tus nqi proportional rau Planck qhov tas li h. Tib yam khoom txiav txim siab qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov tunneling los ntawm qhov muaj peev xwm thaiv: qhov loj dua cov khoom ntawm qhov tsis paub tseeb ntawm kev sib koom tes thiab lub zog ntawm cov particle, qhov ntau dua qhov tshwm sim no.

Nyob rau hauv cov hauj lwm ntawm tus kws kho mob ntawm lub cev thiab lej Sciences, xib fwb Vladimir Ivanovich Manko thiab co-sau, nws yog pom tau hais tias nyob rau hauv tej lub xeev ntawm ib tug quantum particle (lub thiaj li hu ua coherent correlated xeev), cov khoom ntawm uncertainties yuav tshaj lub Planck tas li. los ntawm ntau qhov kev txiav txim ntawm qhov loj. Yog li ntawd, rau quantum hais nyob rau hauv xws li lub xeev, qhov tshwm sim ntawm overcoming lub Coulomb barrier yuav nce (V. V. Dodonov, V. I. Manko, Invariants thiab evolution ntawm nonstationary quantum systems. "Kev Ua Haujlwm ntawm FIAN". Moscow: Nauka, 1987, v. 183, p. 286).

Yog hais tias ob peb nuclei ntawm cov tshuaj sib txawv pom lawv tus kheej nyob rau hauv ib coherent correlated xeev ib txhij, ces nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no ib co txheej txheem yuav tshwm sim, ua rau ib tug redistribution ntawm protons thiab neutrons ntawm lawv. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov txheej txheem zoo li no yuav yog qhov ntau dua, qhov sib txawv me me ntawm lub zog ntawm lub xeev thawj zaug thiab zaum kawg ntawm ib pawg ntawm nuclei. Nws yog qhov xwm txheej no, pom tau tias, uas txiav txim siab qhov nruab nrab txoj haujlwm ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hluav taws xob tsawg ntawm cov tshuaj thiab "zoo tib yam" nuclear tshwm sim.

Cov xeev coherent correlated li cas? Dab tsi ua rau nuclei sib sau ua ke thiab sib pauv nucleons? Cov cores twg tuaj yeem tuaj yeem koom nrog hauv cov txheej txheem no? Tseem tsis tau muaj lus teb rau cov lus nug no thiab ntau lwm yam lus nug. Theorists tsuas yog ua thawj kauj ruam ntawm kev daws qhov teeb meem nthuav dav.

Yog li ntawd, nyob rau theem no, lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tshawb fawb txog kev siv hluav taws xob tsawg nuclear yuav tsum yog cov neeg sim thiab cov neeg tsim khoom. Yuav tsum muaj kev tshawb fawb txog kev sim thiab theoretical ntawm qhov tshwm sim zoo kawg nkaus, kev tshuaj xyuas dav dav ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tau txais, thiab kev sib tham dav dav.

Kev nkag siab thiab paub txog cov txheej txheem ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hluav taws xob tsawg tsawg yuav pab peb daws ntau yam teeb meem siv - tsim cov khoom siv hluav taws xob pheej yig pheej yig, cov thev naus laus zis ua tau zoo rau kev tshem tawm ntawm cov pov tseg nuclear thiab kev hloov pauv ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg.