Russia tau ua ib qho kev tawg ntawm lub zog nuclear

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Txoj haujlwm "Breakthrough" - Brest-300 nuclear reactor nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho nyob ze Tomsk, yuav qhib nplooj ntawv tshiab hauv lub zog ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Russia tab tom tsim lub ntiaj teb thawj Perpetuum Mobile nrog lub peev xwm ntawm 300 MW - nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag nrog lub voj voog roj kaw. Qhov project nrog tus kheej piav qhia lub npe "Breakthrough" cog lus tias lub zog tsis muaj kev phom sij, tsis muaj uranium mining thiab outpaces cov neeg sib tw rau ntau xyoo …

Plaub caug-peb hectares ntawm thaj chaw, grey monolithic phab ntsa, fittings abundantly tawm mus rau saum ntuj, cranes thiab 600 tus neeg ua haujlwm. Peb xyoos tom qab, nyob rau hauv qhov chaw no, nyob rau hauv ib lub nroog kaw Seversk,, 25 km ntawm Tomsk, yuav pib ua haujlwm thawj zaug hauv ntiaj teb noPerpetuum Txawb nrog lub peev xwm ntawm 300 megawatts yog lub chaw tsim hluav taws xob nuclear nrog lub voj voog roj kaw thiab molten lead ua lub coolant. Lub tuam txhab hu ua ib qho kev sim, txij li cov supertechnologies rau nws yog kom deb li deb xam tsuas yog nyob rau hauv cov qauv lej. Txawm li cas los xij, tau kuaj xyuas lawv ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob ua haujlwm, peb cov kws tshawb fawb txog nuclear yuav tau txais cov ntaub ntawv siv hluav taws xob nuclear ntawm ib tiam tshiab, tawg tawm ntawm cov neeg sib tw los ntawm Toshiba, Areva thiab lwm tus tau ntau xyoo. Qhov project, uas muaj lub npe piav qhia tus kheej " Kev tawg", cog lus muaj zog tsis muaj kev phom sijthiab, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, tsis muaj uranium mining.

Skeptics thiab lub atom nyob kaj siab lug

Ob peb lo lus rau cov neeg uas xav txog kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb atom ib qho khoom plig. Tib neeg xav tau lub zog ob zaug txhua 20 xyoo. Hlawv roj thiab thee ua rau txhua xyoo tsim muaj txog li ib nrab lab tons ntawm sulfur dioxide thiab nitrogen oxides, uas yog, 70 kilograms ntawm teeb meem tshuaj rau txhua tus neeg nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb. Kev siv cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob nuclear tshem tawm qhov teeb meem no. Ntxiv mus, roj reserves yog txwv, thiab lub zog siv ntawm ib tuj ntawm uranium-235 yog kwv yees li sib npaug ntawm lub zog siv ntawm ob lab tons ntawm roj av.

Tus nqi kuj tseem ceeb. Ntawm qhov chaw nres tsheb fais fab fais fab, ib kilowatt-teev hluav taws xob raug nqi 10-25 kopecks, tab sis lub peev xwm ntawm lub zog hauv lub ntiaj teb tsim tau siv tas lawm. Ntawm cov chaw siv roj lossis roj - 22-40 kopecks, tab sis ib puag ncig teeb meem tshwm sim. Ntawm kev lag luam cua thiab hnub ci fais fab nroj tsuag - 35-150 kopecks, me ntsis kim, thiab leej twg guarantees tas li cua thiab tsis muaj huab. Tus nqi tseem ceeb ntawm lub zog atomic yog 20-50 kopecks, nws ruaj khov, tsim teeb meem ib puag ncig tsawg dua li hlawv roj thiab thee, nws lub peev xwm tsis muaj kev txwv.

Thaum kawg, Lavxias teb sab kev thaj yeeb atom tig tawm yuav luag tawm ntawm kev sib tw. Xyoo 2010, thaum, tom qab 24-xyoo txias snap, ntau lub teb chaws rov xav tsim cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob nuclear, peb cov reactors tau ua kom pheej yig dua thiab tsis muaj qhov phem dua li Japanese, Fabkis thiab Asmeskas cov qauv. Ntxiv mus, peb, tsis zoo li cov neeg sib tw , tag nrho cov xyoo no peb tau tsim nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag - Rosatom muaj qee yam los qhia rau cov neeg siv khoom muaj peev xwm.

Kev tswj hwm ntawm lub xeev lub tuam txhab muaj peev xwm muab pov tseg ntawm qhov tshwm sim tsis zoo. Yog li ntawd, Westinghouse Electric tau poob nyiaj xyoo tas los. Toshiba, uas yav dhau los yuav tawm Westinghouse Electric, tab tom nyob ntawm nws txoj kev. Areva tus mob nyiaj txiag kuj tsis enviable. Ntawm qhov tod tes, cov neeg sawv cev los ntawm 52 lub teb chaws tuaj rau Atomexpo-2016. 20 lub teb chaws no tseem tsis tau muaj nuclear fais fab. Lawv tam sim no yuav tshwm sim thawj zaug hauv Tim lyiv teb chaws, Nyab Laj, Qaib Cov Txwv, Indonesia, Bangladesh - peb Lavxias teb sab nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag.

Deep ntuj raug txim

Qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb ntawm nuclear zog hnub no yog roj … Muaj 6,3 lab tons ntawm kev lag luam rov qab tau uranium hauv ntiaj teb. Yog hais tias kev loj hlob ntawm kev noj qab haus huv yog coj mus rau hauv tus account, nws yuav kav li ntawm 50 xyoo. Tus nqi yog kwv yees li $ 50 ib kilogram ntawm ore niaj hnub no, tab sis raws li cov nyiaj tau los tsawg dua tau koom nrog hauv kev rho tawm, nws yuav nce mus txog $ 130 ib kilogram thiab ntau dua. Muaj, tau kawg, mined reserves, thiab tsis yog me me, tab sis lawv tsis nyob mus ib txhis.

Uranium nyuaj rau kuv lossis nyuaj heev … Nyob rau hauv lub pob zeb ntawm uranium ore muaj txog 0.1-1%, ntxiv los yog rho tawm. Ore tshwm sim ntawm qhov tob txog li ib mais. Qhov kub ntawm cov mines yog siab tshaj 60 degrees Celsius. Cov pob zeb rho tawm yuav tsum tau yaj hauv cov kua qaub, feem ntau sulfuric acid, txhawm rau cais cov uranium ore los ntawm cov tshuaj. Hauv qee qhov kev tso nyiaj, sulfuric acid yog tam sim ntawd tso rau hauv av, yog li tom qab ntawd nws tuaj yeem raug coj mus rau hauv cov uranium yaj. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj cov pob zeb uranium uas tsis yaj hauv sulfuric acid …

Thaum kawg, hauv purified uranium nkaus xwb 0.72 feem pua Qhov xav tau isotope yog uranium-235. Tib qhov uas cov reactors nuclear ua haujlwm. Txhawm rau qhia nws yog qhov mob taub hau cais. Uranium hloov mus rau hauv cov pa roj (uranium hexafluoride) thiab dhau los ntawm cascades ntawm centrifuges rotating ntawm ib tug ceev ntawm txog ob txhiab revolutions ib ob, qhov twg lub teeb feem yog cais los ntawm ib tug hnyav. Cov pov tseg - uranium-238, nrog cov seem uranium-235 cov ntsiab lus ntawm 0.2-0.3 feem pua, tsuas yog pov tseg hauv 50s. Tab sis tom qab ntawd lawv tau pib khaws cia rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov khoom uranium fluoride hauv cov thawv tshwj xeeb hauv qab ntuj qhib. Rau 60 xyoo, lub ntiaj teb tau sau txog ob lab tons ntawm uranium-238 fluoride … Vim li cas thiaj khaws cia? Tom qab ntawd, uranium-238 tuaj yeem dhau los ua roj rau cov tshuab hluav taws xob sai sai, uas txog rau tam sim no cov kws tshawb fawb nuclear tau muaj kev sib raug zoo nyuaj.

Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, 11 industrial ceev neutron reactors tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no: peb nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees, ob tug nyob rau hauv Fabkis, ob nyob rau hauv Russia, ib tug nyob rau hauv Kazakhstan, Nyiv, Great Britain thiab lub tebchaws United States. Ib tug ntawm lawv, SNR-300 nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees, yeej tsis tau launched. Yim ntxiv raug tso tseg. Ob tug neeg ua haujlwm tawm mus … Koj xav qhov twg? Yog lawm, ntawm Beloyarsk NPE.

Ntawm qhov tod tes, cov reactors ceev ceev muaj kev nyab xeeb dua li cov pa thermal reactors. Tsis muaj kev kub siab hauv lawv, tsis muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv chav-zirconium, thiab lwm yam. Ntawm qhov tod tes, qhov kev siv ntawm neutron teb thiab qhov kub thiab txias hauv thaj chaw ua haujlwm yog siab dua; steel, uas yuav khaws nws cov khoom nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si tsis, yog qhov nyuaj thiab kim dua rau kev tsim khoom. Tsis tas li ntawd, dej tsis tuaj yeem siv los ua cov dej txias hauv lub reactor ceev. Tseem: mercury, sodium thiab lead. Mercury raug tshem tawm vim nws siab corrosiveness. Cov hmoov txhuas yuav tsum tau khaws cia rau hauv lub xeev molten - lub melting kub yog 327 degrees. Lub melting point ntawm sodium yog 98 degrees, yog li ntawd tag nrho cov ceev reactors kom deb li deb tau ua nrog ib tug sodium coolant. Tab sis sodium reacts hnyav heev nrog dej. Yog hais tias lub Circuit Court puas lawm … Raws li nws tshwm sim ntawm Japanese reactor "Monju" nyob rau hauv 1995. Feem ntau, cov ceev ceev tau dhau los ua nyuaj heev.

Tsis txhob txhawj yuav tsis khov

"Tsis txhob txhawj, cov hlau lead hauv peb lub tshuab hluav taws xob Brest-300 yuav tsis tsuas yog tsis muaj zog, tab sis nws yuav tsis txias qis dua 350 degrees," tus thawj coj ntawm BREST-OD-300 qhov project qhia Lente.ru Andrey Nikolaev … - Cov tswv yim tshwj xeeb thiab cov tshuab muaj lub luag haujlwm rau qhov no. Qhov no yog ib txoj haujlwm tshiab tshiab uas tsis muaj dab tsi cuam tshuam nrog cov hlau lead-bismuth reactors uas nyob rau hauv submarines. Txhua yam ntawm no tau tsim los suav nrog kev tsim kho tshiab, thev naus laus zis, thiab kev ua tiav. Nws yuav yog lub ntiaj teb thawj coj-cooled ceev reactor … Nws tsis yog rau tsis muaj dab tsi uas nws hu ua "Breakthrough". Ua ntej koj yog ib tug enterprise ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej - ib tug thib plaub tiam nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag nrog kaw roj voj voog.

Kuv tsis raug tso cai nce toj rau ntawm qhov chaw tsim kho - qhov no yog cov ntaub ntawv cais. Lawv tsis pub thaij duab ib yam li, cov duab tsis yog kuv li. Lawv tau tsim los ntawm ib tus neeg uas tau piav qhia ua ntej los ntawm cov ces kaum twg nws tuaj yeem ntes tau ib yam khoom, thiab los ntawm cov ces kaum dab tsi yog qhov ua tsis tau. Tab sis Andrey Nikolaev piav qhia meej tias yog vim li cas thiab nyob rau hauv dab tsi txiav txim peb lub Proryv cov nroj tsuag tau tsim thiab yuav ua li cas lub nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag tuaj yeem ua haujlwm yam tsis muaj uranium.

Lub tuam txhab yuav suav nrog peb lub Hoobkas: roj ntau lawm cog, reactor nws tus kheej thiab roj reprocessing cog. Cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob tsim hluav taws xob yuav tsim cov khoom lag luam tshiab ntawm cov khoom siv roj, uas tsis muaj analogue hauv ntiaj teb. Qhov no yog ib qho sib xyaw nitride uranium-plutonium roj - MNUP. Cov khoom fissile nyob rau hauv lub reactor tshiab yuav yog plutonium … Thiab uranium-238, nws tus kheej tsis fissile, yuav irradiated nrog thermal neutrons thiab tig mus rau hauv plutonium-239. Ntawd yog, Brest-300 reactor yuav ua kom sov, hluav taws xob, thiab lwm yam , npaj roj rau koj tus kheej.

Ob tug noog nrog ib lub pob zeb

Hauv ntiaj teb niaj hnub no ua haujlwm 449 muaj kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb kev lag luam nuclear reactors thiab 60 ntxiv tab tom tsim. Thaum lub sij hawm ua hauj lwm ntawm cov reactors, yav dhau los thiab yav tom ntej, ib qho teeb meem npaj tshwm sim - siv roj sib sau ua ke. Ua ntej, lawv muab tso rau hauv chav da dej tshwj xeeb, qhov chaw lawv "txias" rau ntau xyoo. Tom qab ntawd, cov roj "txias" yog khaws cia rau hauv "qhuav" chaw cia, qhov chaw uas lawv tau khaws cia hauv ntau qhov ntau. Lub peev xwm los ua cov khoom pov tseg yog ob peb zaug tsawg dua qhov tsim nyog. Vim li cas? Vim nws nyuaj heev thiab kim heev.

Txoj haujlwm Breakthrough yuav tsim nws tus kheej cov khoom siv roj. Raws li koj tuaj yeem twv, Cov nroj tsuag no yuav tsis tsuas yog rhuav tshem cov roj hlawv, tab sis muab cov khoom siv raw rau cov rooj sib txoos tshiab … Cov qub roj rods yuav yaj nyob rau hauv cov kua qaub, tejzaum nws yog sulfuric, ces nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag, siv complex tshuaj technologies, cov tshuaj yuav muab cais los ntawm lub caij. Qhov tsis tsim nyog yog conditioned thiab faus, qhov tsim nyog yog siv. Ntxiv rau cov khoom siv raw rau cov roj tshiab, lub tuam txhab yuav rho tawm los ntawm cov rooj sib txoos qub uas tsis tshua muaj isotopes ntawm cov ntsiab lus hnyav uas xav tau hauv tshuaj, kev tshawb fawb thiab kev lag luam.

Los ntawm txoj kev, lub zog reactor ntawm 300 megawatts tsis tau xaiv los ntawm lub sijhawm. Ntawm lub zog no, nws yuav tsim ntau plutonium raws li nws siv. Tib lub reactor nrog lub zog siab dua yuav tsim cov roj ntau dua li nws yuav haus. Yog li, ib zaug loaded, Brest reactor yuav ua haujlwm zoo li lub Perpetuum Mobile. Tsuas yog ib qho me me ntawm uranium depleted yuav tsum tau. Zoo, thiab uranium-238, raws li kuv tau hais lawm, tau sau los ntawm kev lag luam nuclear hauv qhov nyiaj li no. uas yuav nyob mus ib txhis.

Loj saucepan

- Yog li ntawd koj tuaj yeem xav txog lub reactor, - Andrei Nikolaev txuas ntxiv. - Qhov no yog lub lauj kaub siab 17 meters siab thiab 26 meters hauv txoj kab uas hla. Cov roj sib dhos yuav raug txo qis rau hauv nws. Lub tshav kub exchanger - molten lead yuav circulate los ntawm nws. Tag nrho cov khoom siv los ntawm thiab mus rau tsuas yog Russia ntau lawm. Nws yuav yog ib lub reactor muaj kev nyab xeeb kiag li nrog cov reactivity margin tsawg dua kev sib sau. Ntawd yog, raws li cov cai ntawm physics, nws tsuas yog tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam txaus kom nrawm. Cov xwm txheej loj ntawm nws tsis tuaj yeem ua tau. Kev khiav tawm ntawm cov pej xeem yuav tsis xav tau. Ib qho kev ua tsis tiav, yog tias nws tshwm sim, yuav tsis mus dhau ntawm thaj tsam ntawm lub tuam tsev lag luam. Txawm tias emissions mus rau hauv cov huab cua raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm ib tug hypothetical kev huam yuaj yuav tsis tshwm sim.

Tsis siv neeg tu lub coolant yuav qhia nyob rau hauv lub Brest-300 reactor. Lub coolant ntawm lub reactor tshiab, uas yog, txhuas, yuav tsis tau hloov. Qhov no tshem tawm lwm qhov teeb meem pov tseg ntawm ib txwm muaj hluav taws xob nuclear - LRW.

Cov teeb meem raug daws raws li txoj kev

Cov kws sau ntawv ntawm Brest-300 qhov project yog NIKIET npe tom qab Dollezhal. Cov nyiaj tau muab faib raws sijhawm, kev tsim kho tab tom ua raws li qhov kev npaj ua ntej, cov chaw tsim khoom siv roj yuav yog thawj zaug pib ua haujlwm. Lub tso tawm ntawm lub reactor yog teem rau 2024 … Tom qab ntawd cov roj reprocessing module yuav tiav. Ua ke nrog kev tsim kho, R & D ua haujlwm txuas ntxiv mus. Raws li cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov haujlwm no, cov kev hloov pauv tau ua ntu zus rau kev tsim kho, yog li lub sijhawm kawg ntawm lub sijhawm kawg tsis muaj npe.

Txoj haujlwm Brest muaj kev cuam tshuam hauv kev kawm. Qhov no yog to taub, qhov project yeej qhov kev sib tw, nyob rau hauv uas ob peb ntau eminent lub koom haum koom. Cov neeg thuam hais tias cov thev naus laus zis siv hauv Brest tsis tiav. Tshwj xeeb, lawv nug txog kev siv cov hmoov txhuas yaj ua cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, thiab lwm yam. Peb yuav tsis mus rau hauv cov ntsiab lus, lawv yog complex thiab tsis meej pem. Ntawm qhov tod tes, vim li cas peb yuav tsum tsis ntseeg peb cov kws tshawb fawb atomic? Tag nrho cov haujlwm uas USSR, thiab tom qab nws Russia tau ua hauv kev lag luam nuclear, yog ib kauj ruam ua ntej ntawm lawv cov neeg sab hnub poob thiab sab hnub tuaj. Yog li vim li cas peb thiaj li yuav tsum ntseeg tias tej yam yuav txawv ntawm lub sijhawm no? Zoo li kuv tias koj yuav tsum zoo siab rau Rosatom thiab TVEL thiab tib lub sijhawm rau koj tus kheej, vim qhov no yog peb tuam txhab.