Mysteries ntawm Moscow Kremlin Antiquities. "Lub qhov rais Archaeological" ntawm Ivanovskaya Square

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Lub Moscow Kremlin yog ib thaj chaw uas khaws cia lub cim xeeb ntawm yim centuries ntawm Lavxias teb sab keeb kwm, tab sis cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj ntawm antiquity niaj hnub no yog xyaum tsis pom rau cov qhua nyob rau hauv ntau ntawm nws cov cheeb tsam.

Los ntawm nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua XX. Lub Kremlin nyiam saib xyuas ntawm archaeologists. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tsis tau kawm txaus: cov haujlwm niaj hnub no ntawm Kremlin yog qhov chaw rau lub cev siab tshaj plaws ntawm lub xeev lub zog tau ntev tuav rov qab ua haujlwm archaeological. Lub dismantling ntawm lub 14th lub tsev ntawm lub Moscow Kremlin, ua nyob rau hauv 1930-32, qhib lub tshwj xeeb lub sij hawm tsis tau tsuas yog rau cov kev tshawb fawb archaeological ntawm sab hnub tuaj ntawm lub Kremlin Hill, tab sis kuj rau sau lub niaj hnub Kremlin pawg nrog cov cuab yeej cuab tam tiag tiag uas qhia. nws keeb kwm tsos.

Cov lus qhia ntawm Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab Federation, cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv lub soj ntsuam ntawm lub tiaj ua si nyob rau hauv lub site ntawm dismantled 14 lub tsev, uas coj qhov chaw nyob rau lub Tsib Hlis 17, 2016, txiav txim siab cov kev pab cuam ntawm cov kev ua uas yuav tsum tau ntau paub txog lub peev xwm. ntawm lub Kremlin ua ib thaj chaw keeb kwm. Ib qho ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm qhov kev pab cuam no yog lub tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm archaeological pits nrog cov seem ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm Me Nicholas Palace, lub Koom Txoos ntawm Metropolitan Alexy thiab Annunciation Church ntawm Chudov Monastery ntawm Ivanovskaya Square nyob rau hauv Moscow Kremlin. Cov seem ntawm cov tsev no, uas nyob hauv ib qho chaw tseem ceeb hauv Kremlin pawg thiab tseem ceeb rau lub teb chaws keeb kwm kev nco qab, tau pom thawj zaug los ntawm excavations ntawm lub koom haum ntawm Archaeology thaum lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav xyoo 2016.

Kev npaj rau lub tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm cov khoom tawg ntawm cov tsev keeb kwm tau dhau los ua ib lub tsev khaws puav pheej complex thiab engineering project. Rau qhov no, nws yog qhov tsim nyog los khaws lawv nrog kev siv cov thev naus laus zis kho tshiab niaj hnub, uas yuav tsum ua kom lawv ruaj khov mus ntev. Tam sim no, ob "qhov rais" qhib rau kev tshuaj xyuas hauv ib qho ntawm thaj tsam ntawm 44 square meters. m, lub hauv paus thiab hauv qab daus ntawm lub complex ntawm ob lub tsev teev ntuj thiab lub refectory ntawm lub Chudov Monastery (1680-1686) yog nthuav tawm (Fig. 1, 2), nrog buttress thiab tombstones ntawm lub monastery necropolis, nyob rau hauv lwm yam, nyob rau hauv ib cheeb tsam. ua 15 sq. m, - lub hauv paus thiab ib feem ntawm lub qab daus ntawm lub Me Nikolaevsky Palace (1775, 1874-1875) (Fig. 3, 4). Qhov seem ntawm cov tsev no tsis yog tsuas yog cov khoom qub qub xwb, tab sis kuj tseem muaj keeb kwm keeb kwm cuam tshuam nrog cov xwm txheej zoo thiab tus kheej yav dhau los (Patriarch Joachim, Peter I, Metropolitan Platon, Nicholas I, Alexander II, AS Pushkin). Tsis muaj remakes nyob rau hauv exposition: tag nrho cov seem ntawm cov tsev keeb kwm tau nthuav tawm nyob rau hauv lawv daim ntawv qub.

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Kev xyaum tsim "archaeological windows" yog ib qho ntawm cov thev naus laus zis niaj hnub no rau kev nthuav qhia cov cuab yeej cuab tam kab lis kev cai; nws tau dhau los ua thoob plaws hauv ntau lub nroog keeb kwm ntawm Tebchaws Europe thiab Asia. Nyob rau hauv Russia, kev tsim kho ntawm xws li "qhov rais" yog qhov nyuaj los ntawm kev xav tau los tsim kev kub thiab av noo, uas ua kom muaj kev txuag ntawm cov khoom qub hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm lub caij ntuj sov hloov. "Cov qhov rais Archaeological" ntawm Ivanovskaya Square yog thawj zaug hauv Moscow Kremlin thiab hauv Moscow (Daim duab 5).

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Tshiab excavations ntawm Ivanovskaya Square, txuam nrog kev npaj ntawm lub exposition nyob rau hauv lub pits, tau yielded tiag tiag cov ntaub ntawv uas tseem ceeb rau lub keeb kwm ntawm lub Kremlin.

Nyob rau hauv ib lub qhov tsua ntawm qhov chaw ntawm Me Nikolaevsky Palace, ib qho ntawm lub hauv paus thiab lub hauv paus ntawm sab qab teb phab ntsa ntawm lub palace tau tshwm sim, nyob rau hauv uas masonry ntawm dawb pob zeb thiab cib alternated (Fig. 6). Qhov qub masonry system tau siv los ntawm N. A. Shokhin thaum lub sij hawm hloov lub hauv paus ntawm lub palace thiab kev npaj ntawm cellars nyob rau hauv nws, ua los ntawm nws nyob rau hauv 1874-1875. Ib qho kev cuam tshuam nrog kev hloov ntawm lub hauv paus tau taug qab, nyob rau hauv qhov rov qab ntawm cov txheej txheem kev coj noj coj ua rov qab nrog kev tshawb pom ntawm 13th-19th centuries tau kawm, cov uas Zolotordyn npib thiab cov khoom tawg ntawm iav bracelets ntawm pre-Mongol era yog nthuav. Feem ntau ntawm cov khoom siv archaeological nyob rau hauv lub qhov filling yog nyob rau hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th. - cov no yog cov nplais qhov cub, cov khoom ua si menyuam yaus, ntau yam khoom siv hauv tsev (Daim duab 7). Tej zaum, thaum lub sij hawm kev loj hlob ntawm lub qhov, qhov tshwj xeeb kab lis kev cai txheej tau raug tshem tawm los ntawm nws, uas yog tom qab siv rau backfilling. Undoubtedly, qhov ua ntej (pre-Mongolian) deposits, los ntawm cov "barrow" ceramics thiab iav bracelets los ntawm, kuj tau cuam tshuam.

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Lub hauv paus ntawm lub palace tau npog nrog cov pob zeb ntawm cov txiv qaub mortar, uas tuaj yeem tshwm sim ntawm no tsuas yog ib qho laj thawj - yog tias thaum lub sijhawm rhuav tshem cov tsev teev ntuj hauv xyoo 1929-1930. cov pob zeb raug tshem tawm ntawm lub mortar uas tuav lawv ua ke. Lub pob zeb tau siv rau qhov kev xav tau ntawm qhov chaw tsim kho, thiab cov khoom siv khib nyiab tau nchuav rau hauv qab daus ntawm lub tsev uas rhuav tshem. Yog li ntawd, cov seem ntawm lub palace tau muaj sia nyob vim tias lawv tau dhau los ua lub chaw cia khoom pov tseg.

Nyob rau hauv ib lub qhov tsua ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm St. Alexy Metropolitan thiab Annunciation, lub kaum sab qab teb ntawm lub quadrangle thiab paving ntawm txoj kev ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj thiab lub refectory ntawm Chudov Monastery tau tshwm sim. Tag nrho cov complex tau tsim nyob rau hauv 1680-1686. Foundations ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm St. Alexia thiab Annunciation muaj ib tug complex qauv. Ib qho txuas tau ua rau lub pob zeb qub pob zeb masonry ntawm ib lub txiv qaub mortar nyob sab nraud ntawm lub hauv paus, uas yog siv cov pob zeb dawb ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th (Fig. 8). Tej zaum qhov kev txuas yog xav tau los ntxiv dag zog rau lub hauv paus, uas tau muab tso rau ntawm ib txheej kab lis kev cai zoo nkauj. Ntxiv nrog rau lub pob tw, kuj tau ua ib lub pob tw, uas txhawb nqa cov phab ntsa sab hnub tuaj ntawm lub tuam tsev.

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Epitaphs tau khaws cia rau ntawm peb lub ntxa uas nyob rau hauv kev siv thib ob. Ib tug ntawm lawv ib zaug cim lub ntxa ntawm ib tug ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm tsev neeg Velyaminov (lub npe twb ploj lawm), lub thib ob - lub schema-monk Serapion, lub ntiaj teb no lub npe yog Simeon, peb - Pavel Radionov, uas tuag nyob rau hauv 1629. "Tus tub qhe ntawm Chudov Monastery". Qhov kawg inscription hais ntawm no yog nyeem yuav luag tag, tsuas yog rau sab qis, them nrog lwm masonry pob zeb: “Lѣ [ta] ZRLI (7138) // Plaub Hlis Ntuj 22 [hnub] nco txog // prep (pom zoo) ntawm peb txiv. Fyodor S [thiab] kiota perst // [a] tus tub qhe ntawm Vajtswv [th] Chudov // m (o) n (a) st (s) tub qhe Pavel Radionov lub npe menyuam yaus // … "(Fig. 9). Monastic tub qhe yog ib pab pawg neeg tshwj xeeb ntawm cov pej xeem, paub zoo los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm 16th-17th centuries. - Cov no yog cov neeg secular uas tau koom nrog hauv kev tswj hwm kev lag luam monastic thiab cov cuab yeej cuab tam. Phaj ntawm 1629 yog thawj cov ntawv sau nrog kev hais txog Chudov Monastery, pom thaum khawb hauv Kremlin. Nrog rau qhov kos npe tombstones, cov seem ntawm gravestones tsis muaj epitaphs tau sau tseg. Hmoov tsis zoo, tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv hais txog qhov muaj epitaphs ntawm feem ntau ntawm cov gravestones, vim hais tias txhawm rau tsim kom muaj lawv lub xub ntiag lossis tsis tuaj, ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm cov masonry thaum ub yuav tsum tau muab tshem tawm.

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Nyob rau hauv lub ntim sab hauv ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj, cov seem ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19 paving hauv pem teb, ua los ntawm me me cib nrog ib tug herringbone masonry, tau raug kaw. Tsuas yog qhov chaw uas nws tau los ua kom tau los tshawb txog cov kab lis kev cai hauv qhov chaw no mus rau lawv qhov tob, mus rau thaj av loj, nyob ze rau sab qab teb ntawm lub kaum sab xis ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj. Tag nrho cov tuab ntawm cov kab lis kev cai ntawm no mus txog 5 m (Fig. 10), thiab ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm nws tau tso ua ntej kev tsim kho ntawm pob zeb monastic vaj tse nyob rau hauv 1680s. Nyob rau hauv qhov qis tshaj (pre-continental) cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg, cov khoom siv ceramic thiab cov khoom ntawm cov khaub ncaws los ntawm pre-Mongol era (cov ceramics thiab iav bracelets) tau sau, sau cov ntaub ntawv txog lub sijhawm pib ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cheeb tsam no (Fig. 11). Nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm lub xyoo pua XIV, fragments ntawm imported hlab ntsha tau pom - iav, nrog kub painting (Syrian ntau lawm), thiab Golden Horde kashin tais nrog polychrome painting (Fig. 12). Cov khoom no ua pov thawj rau kev nplua nuj ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv thaj av. Cov npe ntawm cov tswv ntawm cov vaj tse nyob hauv qhov no ntawm Kremlin hauv XIV xyoo pua. tsis paub, tab sis nws yog qhov tseeb tias cov no yog cov neeg muaj kev sib raug zoo siab.

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Cov txheej ntawm XIV-XV centuries. tau saturated nrog charcoal thiab lwm yam kab mob ntawm cov hluav taws kub hnyav - lawv muaj pov thawj los ntawm ntau yam uas tsis yog-ferrous hlau melts, uas tau tsim, tej zaum vim yog melting ntawm tooj liab thiab tooj liab khoom nyob rau hauv hluav taws. Ib qho kev xav tsis thoob (rau qhov chaw nyob saum toj ntawm Kremlin toj) yog qhov tseeb tias cov txheej txheem kab lis kev cai ntawm 16th-17th centuries uas nteg saum toj no. Nws hloov tawm kom saturated nrog noo noo, nws xyaum tsis txawv ntawm "ntub" txheej ntawm Veliky Novgorod. Ua tsaug rau qhov no, cov organic teeb meem yog khaws cia zoo nyob rau hauv cov txheej no - ntoo chips, manure, scraps ntawm tawv khoom. Nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem no, cov seem ntawm cov ntoo raug tshem tawm: lub thav duab ntawm lub cellar (12 crowns siab) nrog cov seem ntawm lub cev qhuav dej ntawm lub sab sauv ib feem ntawm lub tsev, lub laj kab-palisade ntawm lub nroog vaj tse thiab cov flooring. ntawm cov log. Tam sim no, cov khoom seem ntawm cov ntoo tau raug kuaj ua haujlwm txhawm rau khaws cia rau yav tom ntej hauv tsev cia puav pheej.

Los ntawm cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg ntawm XVI-XVII centuries. ntau yam khoom siv hauv tsev tau tshwm sim, qhia tias qhov chaw no poob rau ntawm thaj chaw kev lag luam ntawm cov vaj tse ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd. Ntawm no yog sau ntau yam khoom ua los ntawm hlau, fragments ntawm domestic thiab txawv teb chaws iav fwj thiab shtoffs, fragments ntawm nyem qhov cub vuas (liab thiab etched). Nrog rau lawv, nuv ntses hnyav tau pom, hais txog kev lag luam ntawm qhov chaw.

Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm cov seem ntawm keeb kwm vaj tse nyob rau hauv lub pits nyob rau hauv Ivanovskaya Square tsis tso tseg qhov kev pab cuam ntawm archaeological kawm ntawm lub Kremlin thiab nthuav tawm cov feem ntau ancient monuments ntawm nws keeb kwm. Raws li cov lus qhia ntawm Thawj Tswj Hwm, ib qho ntawm cov kauj ruam ntxiv ntawm txoj kev no yuav tsum yog kev tsim lub tsev khaws puav pheej archaeological complex nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm qhov pom seem ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm lub Koom Txoos Miracle ntawm Archangel Michael nyob rau hauv qab daus. 14 lub tsev. Cov lus nug ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav archaeological ntxiv nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam uas cov txheej txheem kab lis kev cai tsis tau raug puas tsuaj los ntawm kev tsim kho ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th yog raug txiav txim siab. thiab feem ntau cog lus rau reconstruction ntawm kab lis kev cai thiab keeb kwm lub neej ntawm Moscow Russia.