"Miracles" ntawm technologies ntawm Peter lub Great los yog rau leej twg lub tswb hu

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Ib tsab xov xwm los ntawm kuv tus neeg koom tes.

"Yog hais tias qhov tseeb contradict theory, koj yuav tsum pov tawm qhov kev xav, tsis yog qhov tseeb."

A. Sklyarov

Tsis muaj leej twg nyob tsis pom kev thiab lub vases pob zeb zoo kawg nkaus ntawm Hermitage yuav kov yeej nrog lawv txoj kev zoo nkauj thiab kev tua zoo heev. Jasper, granite, malachite - ntau yam ntaub ntawv thiab xim yog impressive. Thiab cov khoom loj ntawm lub vases, cov ntsiab lus tsis sib xws thiab qhov zoo tshaj plaws nto polishing tsa ntau cov lus nug txog cov thev naus laus zis ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd. Cia peb taug kev los ntawm cov chav tsev ntawm Hermitage mus rau kev cob qhia ntau lawm thiab saib seb nws muaj peev xwm ua tau li cas cov khoom zoo meej, muaj ntau qhov nqaim ntawm cov khoom siv thiab cov kev daws teeb meem.

Rau qhov no, kuv tshwj xeeb tau mus rau Hermitage. Ua tib zoo, ib zaug ntxiv, kuv tau tshuaj xyuas cov khoom pov thawj, thiab kuj pom cov cim qhia txog "tus neeg tsim khoom". Yog li nws tau sau: "Yekaterinburg Lapidary Factory". Nres! Qhov kev txiav yuav ua li cas nrog nws?

Granil yog (los ntawm Italian graniglia - crumbs, granules) lub npe dav dav rau tsom iav ntawm ib qho tshwj xeeb muaj pes tsawg leeg crushed rau ib qho loj me. Lub facet yog siv rau decorating ceramic vuas, ceramic granite. Qhov chaw cia tuaj yeem ci los yog matte, pob tshab, muted, dawb lossis xim, nrog cov teebmeem chandelier lossis xim hlau, thiab lwm yam. Lawv tuaj yeem siv ob qho tib si los tsim kom pom cov nyhuv thiab muab qee yam khoom. Cov iav yuav ua li cas rau nws? Kuv mam li tham txog qhov no qee zaum tom qab, hauv lwm tsab xov xwm. Thiab cov nom keeb kwm hais tias kev txiav thiab faceting yog tib lo lus hauv paus. Thiab ntau dua - lawv muaj tib lub ntsiab lus! Zoo, yog li ntawd, lawv kuj tau kawm qhov no hauv cov tsev kawm tshwj xeeb, ntawm lawv muaj cov kws kho mob thiab cov xibfwb ntawm keeb kwm thiab lwm yam kev tshawb fawb. Thiab peb yog cov neeg yooj yim. Yog li, ntxiv. Nws hloov tawm thaum lub sij hawm ntawd muaj peb txiav thiab sib tsoo factories.

Hauv Yekaterinburg, hauv Kolyvan hauv Altai thiab hauv Peterhof ze St. Koj tuaj yeem nyeem txog cov chaw tsim khoom no hauv Is Taws Nem. Cov tshuab sib tsoo tau tsav los ntawm cov dej zeb. Kuv tsis pom tej ntaub ntawv hais txog kev sib tsoo log. Los ntawm dab tsi thiab yuav ua li cas abrasives tau tsim rau polishing cov ntaub ntawv nyuaj, peb tsis paub. Tab sis lawv tau ua ob kab thiab lub vases! Yog li peb tau ua cov abrasives thiab. Tab sis nws yog ib qho xav tsis thoob tias rau cov kev lag luam zoo li no xav tau ntau yam khoom siv, ntxiv rau, ntawm cov nplej sib txawv. Thiab rau qhov no, nyob rau hauv lem, koj xav tau ib tug nyias muaj nyias ntau lawm thiab tswv cuab ntawm technology. Tom qab tag nrho, cov ntaub ntawv abrasive (cov uas lawv zom thiab polish) yuav tsum nyuaj dua. Thiab lawv cov txheej txheem tsis yog ib txoj haujlwm yooj yim. Thiab tsis muaj lus hais txog qhov no nyob qhov twg. Cia peb kaw qhov muag rau qhov ntawd thiab. Tom qab lub kiv puag ncig ntawm xyoo 1917, Kolyvan thiab Yekaterinburg cov chaw tsim khoom tau tso tseg, tsuas yog Peterhof cov chaw tsim khoom nyob, uas tom qab xyoo 1947 tau hloov kho zoo heev. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov tseeb dua, ib qho tshiab tau tsim! Cov dej tau muab los ntawm cov kav dej cam khwb cia, muaj 2 turbines ntawm 15 horsepower txhua, thiab lwm yam. Kev tsim khoom zoo li cas ua ntej ntawd? Ua li no, koj yuav tsum mus xyuas lub tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm lub Hoobkas Kolyvan. Muaj txawm tias ib qho kev sib tsoo hauv qhov ntawd! Peb yuav xav txog qhov kev teeb tsa no.

Yog li qhov no yog tus progenitor ntawm lub tshuab dhos! Qhov no yog li cas cov nom keeb kwm piav qhia txog kev tsim cov kab rau Cathedral ntawm Tswv Yexus tus Cawm Seej nyob rau hauv Moscow thiab txawm rau St. Isaac lub Cathedral! Txhua yam yog yooj yim thiab yooj yim! Lub tshuab dej tig lub zog, lawv tsav lub ncej nrog txoj siv sia, thiab qhov ntawd, tig, lub axis ntawm progenitor ntawm lub tshuab dhos. Tab sis engineering suav yog nqa lawv tus kheej ya nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj pleev, rau hauv no qab zib chim ntawm zib mu. Cov kab rau lub Cathedral ntawm Khetos tus Cawm Seej tau ntev tshaj li peb meters, thiab ntau dua rau St. Isaac Cathedral. Thiab thaum xam qhov hnyav ntawm qhov khoob, peb tau txais qhov teeb meem - txhua qhov khoob yog tsawg kawg yog ntau tshaj 2 tons.

Lub template twb ntsia rau ntawm tus qauv. Yuav ua li cas ib tug ntoo qag tuav xws li ib tug hnyav pob zeb? Ntawm cov tshuab lathes niaj hnub no, cov cuab yeej muaj zog heev yog siv rau kev khi ib feem (chuck), thiab tsis yog tsuas yog nyem lub workpiece ntawm qhov kawg, tab sis kuj clasps nws nrog "ntiv tes" zoo li tus octopus!

Tshuab dhos chuck

Clamped Part A ntawm tus qauv tsuas yog clamped ntawm ob sab los ntawm ib tug ntoo qag. Tsis txhob quibble, nws tsuas yog ib tug layout, cia peb kaw peb lub qhov muag rau ntawd. Cia peb kaw peb lub qhov muag rau qhov tseeb tias ib qho ntawm cov clamping axes yuav tsum txav mus horizontally. Yuav ua li cas ua ntej "tsav tawm", thiab tom qab txhim kho lub workpiece, "tighten" nws.

Thiab nyob rau hauv cov qauv peb tau pom ib tug nruj, twb nrog ib tug taag ib feem, ib tug sib tsoo tshuab. Cia peb tsis pom qhov txhaum ntawm txoj kab uas hla ntawm cov axles tib yam. Tseem muaj lwm tsob ntoo, muaj zog. Vajtswv foom koob hmoov rau lawv, nrog rau cov yuam kev no. Tab sis dab tsi yog tsis zam txim los ntawm kev tiv thaiv rau cov ntaub ntawv thiab engineering yog ib tug miscalculation nyob rau hauv kev sib txhuam. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, txoj siv tawv tsav yuav tsum tig ib tug workpiece uas hnyav 2 tons los yog ntau tshaj! Thiab tag nrho ntawm tus nqi ntawm cov dej zeb. Yog tsis xav txog tias cov ntoo saum npoo yuav lawv tus kheej sanded los ntawm txoj siv, qhov uas twb muaj lawm efficiency yuav poob ntau dua. Tab sis nws tuaj yeem xav tias, yog tias tsim nyog, cov ncej thiab siv tau raug hloov raws sijhawm. Tab sis lub ntsiab miscalculation ntawm no layout (thiab, yog li ntawd, tag nrho cov tswv yim technology) yog cov axes uas lub workpiece tig! Nyob rau hauv qhov hnyav ntawm lub workpiece, ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev sib hloov ntawm cov axes, kev sib txhuam zoo heev uas yuav tsum tau siv zog titanic los ua kom lawv tig.

Yog tias, txhawm rau pab txhawb lub zog, peb ua qhov sib txawv ntawm axis thiab kab ntsug, ces lub axis yuav tsis tuav lub workpiece thiab nws yuav poob. Thiab yog hais tias peb yuam kom tig, ces lub load ntawm cov ntoo axles yuav ua hauj lwm rau ib tug me me lub sij hawm (raws li kev kwv yees ua ntej, tsis pub dhau 10 feeb). Nws ua raws li qhov no grinder tsis tuaj yeem ua haujlwm. Thiab, yog li ntawd, nws yog nyob rau ntawm no grinder uas cov kab rau tag nrho cov cathedrals tsis tau ua.

Tam sim no cia saib lwm tus grinder. Los ntawm ib tug loj ncej, ib tug siv tsav rotated me me shafts tsau nyob rau hauv tshem tawm ntoo pendulums, thiab kis torque mus rau lub sib tsoo log. Puas yog txhua yam yooj yim thiab yooj yim dua? Tsis yog! Txhawm rau hloov kev sib hloov, txoj siv yuav tsum tau ceev kom nruj. Thiab tom qab ntawd nws hloov tawm tias peb tuaj yeem zom tsuas yog ntawm qhov kev ncua deb ntawm txoj siv tensioned. Tsis tas li ntawd, peb yuav tsum muab txoj hlua khi nrog peb txhais tes. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, xyuas kom meej tias lub log sib tsoo yog nias tawm tsam lub workpiece. Kev sib hloov ceev ntawm lub tshuab dej nruab nrab yog 60 txog 150 rpm! Cov cuab yeej niaj hnub no yog kwv yees li 1000.

Kuv tsis txawm pom qhov ua txhaum ntawm txoj kev hloov kev sib hloov mus rau qhov sib tsoo ob lub log (uas yog lub tsho liab tuav hauv lub tsho liab) - daim duab rau rotating txoj siv ntawm 90 degrees tsis qhia (thiab qhov no yuav tsum muaj cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb, tab sis. ua rau muaj kev poob hauj lwm ntxiv). Tsawg kawg, koj tuaj yeem zom nrog cov cuab yeej no. Tab sis tsuas yog nyob rau hauv ib txoj kab ncaj nraim. Thiab tas li txav lub workpiece rov qab thiab tawm mus. Thiab cov txheej txheem polishing yuav tsum muaj tsawg kawg yog 10 qhov kev ua tiav nrog ntau qhov sib txawv ntawm cov nplej! Tam sim no ib lo lus nug! Yuav ua li cas polish lub vase? Twist, tig thiab qaij? Ntawd yog, nws hloov tawm tias cov khoom, qee zaum ncav cuag ob peb tons, txav mus rau hauv qhov chaw raws li tus tswv xav tau? Yog li ntawd, tus grinder no tsis tuaj yeem polish vases los ntawm Hermitage! Kev suav ua ntej tau ua tiav siv cov haujlwm tshwj xeeb engineering. Cov kev pabcuam no yog siv los tsim cov txheej txheem high-tech niaj hnub. Txhua daim ntawv thov simulated ntawm cov grinders no tau teb tsis zoo. Tsis tas li ntawd, thaum kawm txog cov txheej txheem ntawm cov tshuab sib tsoo no, ntau qhov tsis txaus ntseeg tsis tau muab coj los siv rau hauv tus account (thiab ib txwm nyiam ntawm cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm!). Thiab qee qhov ntawm lawv, xws li tsis muaj cov khoom siv abrasive, qhov nyuaj ntawm qee cov ntaub ntawv ua tiav yog nyob ze rau hauv hardness rau granite (thiab qhov no yog qhov teeb meem loj heev!), thev naus laus zis impossibility ntawm polishing thiab sib tsoo complex ntsiab ntawm vases. (convex edging, grooves, petals) feem ntau txo kom tsis muaj kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov thev naus laus zis hauv qhov teeb meem no. Lub tshuab no tuaj yeem raug hu ua "Munchausen's fairy taleas". Cov neeg tuaj saib mus rau hauv cov tsev khaws puav pheej tsis paub txog cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev mloog cov yeeb yuj dab neeg ntawm cov lus qhia nrog oblivion.

Nws yooj yim dua los ntseeg tias "nws tau ua tiav nrog kev yooj yim" thiab ntsiag to mus rau qhov khoom pov thawj tom ntej, dua li tawm tsam thiab ntshai ntawm kev saib ntev thiab kev sib tham, zoo li cas koj twv koj tawm tsam - txhua tus ntseeg, thiab koj ntse heev ntawm no? Nov yog li cas lawv qhia peb txog kev xa khoom ntawm 19-tuj tsar-vase los ntawm Kolyvan sib tsoo vase rau St. Petersburg: "Lub Ob Hlis 19, 1843, lub tsheb ciav hlau ntawm nees siv rau ib qho tshwj xeeb sleigh (los ntawm 154 txog 180, nyob ntawm seb. ntawm thaj chaw) coj lub tais los ntawm Kolyvan mus rau Barnaul, ces mus rau Utkinskaya pier ntawm tus dej Chusovaya. Peb thauj lub tais rau hauv cov rafts kom ntxaws thiab taug kev raws tus dej Chusovaya mus rau Kama River, los ntawm Kama River mus rau Volga River, raws tus dej Volga nrog cov nkoj thauj khoom, tom qab ntawd taug kev hla tus kwj dej mus rau Neva River ". Ua ntej, lawv ua ib tug tshwj xeeb sled (lawv poob lub sij hawm, kev rau siab, cov ntaub ntawv) thiab dragged 150-180 nees nyob rau hauv ib pab neeg. Nrog ntau tus nees, peb tau txais qhov teeb meem synchronicity. Thiab tom qab ntawd, thaum tuaj txog ntawm tus dej, lub tais tau disassembled rau hauv nws cov khoom seem thiab muab sib nrug ntawm cov rafts.

logic nyob qhov twg??? Peb yob ib lub square, peb hnav ib puag ncig. Vim li cas, txawm tias peb yog menyuam yaus, peb puas tsis ntseeg qhov tseeb ntawm cov dab neeg ntawm Baron Munchausen, thiab loj hlob tuaj peb ntseeg qhov tsis muaj tseeb? Yog hais tias lub vase yog collapsible, yog vim li cas tawg tawm ib tug monolith ntau tshaj 30 tons, cab nws hla lub roob thiab ravines, thiab ces ua tsis tau ib tug khoom vase, tab sis los ntawm qhov chaw ??? “Kev ua haujlwm tau pib thaum Lub Ob Hlis 1828. Nrog kev pab los ntawm 230 tus neeg ua haujlwm, lub pob zeb tau rub tawm mus rau lub tsev ua vaj tse thiab tsa mus rau qhov siab ntawm ib 'meter'. Kwv yees li ntawm 100 craftsmen tau koom nyob rau hauv lub thawj ua ntawm lub monolith, tom qab uas nyob rau hauv 1830 lub pob zeb tau muab tso rau ntawm lub cav thiab manually, nrog kev pab los ntawm 567 tus neeg, tsiv lub block 30 versts rau Kolyvan. 567 tus neeg rub lub monolith, yog li tom qab ntawd, twb nyob rau hauv lub Hoobkas, lawv yuav muab faib ua tej daim. 5 HNUB SIXTY SEVEN PEOPLE!!! Lawv rub lub pob. HU NKAUJ HAIV NEEG !!! Lawv rub lub vase. Nws suab li cas?! Plausible! Thiab tom qab ntawd, tom qab kev siv zog li no, lawv tau muab tshem tawm mus rau hauv qhov chaw thiab thauj mus rau rafts …

Yog tag nrho. Txhua yam kev noj qab haus huv thiab lub siab kaj!