TOP-8 qhov tseeb los ntawm keeb kwm ntawm miv hauv Russia

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Niaj hnub no nws tsis yooj yim sua kom xav txog peb lub neej tsis muaj miv. Ib tug neeg cia lawv nyob hauv tsev, xws li, piv txwv li, peb tus thawj tswj hwm, thiab ib tus neeg - zoo li tus sau cov ntawv no - tshuav lawv qhov kev tsis haum xeeb thiab yog li nyiam qhuas cov miv los ntawm qhov deb.

Tab sis txawm tias koj pib quaj thiab sniffle tom qab tsib feeb ntawm kev sib txuas lus nrog cov tsiaj plaub, koj tseem hlub thiab qhuas nws.

Zoo li muaj ib txwm muaj miv. Los yog tseem tsis tau? Piv txwv li, dab tsi yog qhov teeb meem nyob rau hauv medieval Russia?

Thaum peb pib nrhiav cov ntaub ntawv, nws tau pom tias tsis muaj ib qho kev kawm tshwj xeeb loj txog cov miv thaum ub Lavxias teb sab, thiab feem ntau ntawm qhov tuaj yeem pom hauv Is Taws Nem yog rov luam tawm ntawm ib tsab xov xwm (zoo heev) sau txog 30 xyoo dhau los. Rau cov ntaub ntawv no, cov kws sau ntawv, rau qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm lawv txoj kev xav, ntxiv cov ntsiab lus tiag tiag, uas, txawm li cas los xij, feem ntau tsis lees paub los ntawm dab tsi. Peb tau txiav txim siab los txiav txim siab nws thiab, cais cov nplej los ntawm chaff, peb tau sau 8 lub ntsiab lus tseeb txog lub neej ntawm miv hauv Russia.

Qhov tseeb naj npawb 1: nyob rau hauv Ancient Russia, miv tau coj nyob rau hauv lub IX-X centuries

Archaeology tuaj yeem teb cov lus nug ntawm thaum twg cov ntsaws ruaj ruaj tau xub pib hauv Ancient Russia. Nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Rurikov thaj chaw, peb mais ntawm qhov chaw ntawm Veliky Novgorod, cov kws tshawb fawb tau tshawb pom cov pob txha pob txha ntawm rau tus miv hauv cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg ntawm 9th-10th centuries. Miv tej zaum tsis tau nthuav dav thaum lub sijhawm ntawd (piv tus naj npawb ntawm cov pob txha feline nrog tus naj npawb ntawm canines raws li lub rooj). Ua tsaug rau qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm archaeologists, peb muaj peev xwm ntseeg tau hais tias cov miv yeej nyob hauv cov tsev ntawm Russians (thiab ob qho tib si cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov neeg tseem ceeb - tus tub huabtais thiab nws pab tub rog, thiab cov neeg tuaj koom nyob rau hauv Rurik kev sib haum xeeb) twb thaum lub sij hawm tsim. ntawm lub qub Lavxias teb sab xeev - uas yog, thaum lub sij hawm lub sij hawm ntawm Yaj Saub Oleg, Olga thiab Svyatoslav. Raws li kev saib xyuas ntawm cov tsiaj no los ntawm cov neeg ua liaj ua teb, peb raug yuam kom rub peb txhais tes - tsis muaj ib qho cim ntawm lub neej ntawm miv hauv lub zos tseem tsis tau pom. Txawm li cas los xij, nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias kev nyob deb nroog nyob rau sab hnub tuaj Europe tau kawm tsis zoo, thiab kev tshawb pom tshiab tseem yuav tos peb.

Qhov tseeb naj npawb 2: thawj zaug ntawm cov ntsaws ruaj ruaj nyob rau hauv annals yog vim qhov tseeb tias lawv tau … noj

Tu siab, tab sis feem ntau nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv sau, miv tau hais tias yog zaub mov. Tau kawg, hauv lub neej zoo tib yam lawv tsis tau noj - qhov no tshwm sim tsuas yog thaum muaj xwm txheej ceev: thaum muaj kev tshaib kev nqhis. Nyob rau hauv thawj Novgorod chronicle, cov xwm txheej txaus ntshai ntawm 1230 tau piav qhia raws li hauv qab no: thiab cov Yudahou truncating. thiab drousias koninow, psinow. miv. n' tekh osochivshe tako tvoryahou”(NPL, 113v.).

Qhov tseeb tias cov neeg hauv nroog pib noj cov miv qhia tias lawv tsis muaj lwm yam zaub mov seem. Qhov kev hais phem no (tej zaum yog qhov qub tshaj plaws hauv cov ntawv sau) hnub rov qab mus rau nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th, thaum cov ntawv sau keeb kwm tau sau. Feem ntau, cov nqaij miv tau suav hais tias tsis huv, thiab noj nws, raws li cov kws sau ntawv keeb kwm yav dhau los, yog lub cim ntawm kev ua phem. Yog li, hauv Laurentian Chronicle, koj tuaj yeem pom cov lus piav qhia hauv qab no ntawm pawg neeg phem: “Kuv yuav ua kom txhua tus neeg qias neeg. yoov tshaj cum thiab yoov. kotky (daim ntawv ntawm lo lus no tau siv nrog rau cov paub peb "miv" - approx. Ed.), nab. thiab kuv yuav tsis faus cov neeg tuag” (LL 1377, 85 a (1096)).

Qhov tseeb naj npawb 3: miv nyob rau hauv Russia nyob rau hauv lub nroog thiab me dua lawv cov niaj hnub counterparts

Cov ntsaws ruaj ruaj ntawm Ancient Rus yog cov neeg nyob hauv nroog. Cov seem ntawm lawv cov pob txha tau pom los ntawm archaeologists hauv Kiev, Staraya Ryazan, Novgorod, Tver, Yaroslavl, Smolensk [1] thiab lwm lub nroog. Cov kws tshawb fawb ntseeg hais tias cov no yog cov tsiaj me me: qhov nruab nrab qhov siab ntawm lub withers tsis pub tshaj 30 cm, thiab ancient Lavxias teb sab miv hnyav tsis ntau tshaj 4 kg [2]. Txawm hais tias muaj kev zam: pob txha pob txha ntawm ib tug loj loj tau pom nyob rau ntawm Troitsky excavation site nyob rau hauv Novgorod. Nws qhov loj me yog qhov loj dua qhov nruab nrab, tsis yog rau cov miv hauv tsev xwb, tab sis kuj rau cov tsiaj qus. Qhov twg tus miv loj tuaj ntawm lub nroog, ib tus tuaj yeem kwv yees xwb. Tej zaum nws tseem yog ib tug miv qus, yos hav zoov los ntawm Novgorodians, tej zaum ib tug miv hauv tsev, pub los yog coj los ntawm cov tub lag luam txawv teb chaws.

Tsis muaj kev paub meej txog dab tsi yug ntawm miv nyob hauv Ancient Russia. Ua ntej, raws li cov kws tshawb fawb, nws tsis tuaj yeem sib cav tias nyob rau hauv Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog, feem ntau, ib tug neeg tshwj xeeb koom nrog kev xaiv thiab yug me nyuam ntawm cov tsiaj no [3]. Qhov thib ob, nws tsis tuaj yeem txiav txim siab txog cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm cov tsiaj xws li xim thiab qhov ntom ntom ntawm cov plaub hau, lub siab ntev, muaj peev xwm ntes nas, los ntawm osteological, piv txwv li, cov khoom siv pob txha (thiab tsuas yog khaws cia). Feem ntau, cov ntsaws ruaj ruaj nyob rau hauv medieval Lavxias teb sab nroog nyob yuav luag ntawm nws tus kheej thiab tau txais lawv tus kheej cov zaub mov. Thiab tsis muaj delicacies rau koj los ntawm ib tug zoo tswv tsev thiab mus sij hawm ntev mus rau tus kws kho tsiaj. Ib tug miv lub neej tau muaj kev tshaib kev nqhis thiab txaus ntshai - ntau tus tsiaj tuag (los yog tuag) thaum nws tseem hluas. Kev txiav txim los ntawm cov kab mob ntawm cov pob txha, qee cov miv tau tawv nqaij tom qab tuag [4] - txawm tias ib tug tsiaj tuag tuaj yeem siv rau hauv kev ua liaj ua teb. Nws hloov tawm tias cov tswv tau pragmatic rau lawv cov tsiaj thiab tsis quav ntsej ntau dhau ntawm lawv. Qhov tseeb hauv qab no zoo li txhua qhov xav tsis thoob.

Qhov tseeb naj npawb 4: nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua XIV, cov ntsaws ruaj ruaj tau muaj nuj nqis ntau zaus ntau dua li nyuj thiab nyob rau hauv ib tug par nrog dev

Lub npe hu ua Metropolitan Justice, ib qho kev cai lij choj ntawm 14th-15th centuries, teev cov nram qab no nplua rau tub sab:

“…rau ib tug miv 3 hryvnia, rau aub 3 hryvnia, rau ib tug mare 60 kun, rau ib tug ox 3 hryvnia, rau ib tug nyuj 40 kun, rau ib feem peb ntawm 30 kun, rau ib tug lonshchina ib nrab ib hryvnia, rau ib tug nyuj lub cev 5 kun, rau ib tug boran ceg, rau ib tug npua ntawm ib tug ntsia thawv, rau ib tug yaj 5 kun, rau ib tug stallion ib hryvnia, rau ib tug foal 6 rau tes” [5].

Yog hais tias peb xav txog lub kuna sib npaug rau 1/50 hryvnia [6], ces 3 hryvnia = 150 kuna, uas yog yuav luag 4 npaug ntau tshaj li qhov tau thov rau ib tug nyuj. Txawm hais tias peb coj qhov ua ntej "tus nqi" ntawm lub xyoo pua XI - 3 hryvnia = 75 kunas, ces tus nqi no yuav luag 2 npaug ntau tshaj qhov nplua rau ib tug nyuj. Kuj ceeb tias, tus miv tau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ib yam li tus dev thiab tus nyuj, ntau dua los koom nrog tib neeg kev lag luam. Xws li ib tug zoo zoo tag nrho cov coj txawv txawv yog hais tias peb coj mus rau hauv tus account peb xav tias miv ciaj sia nyob rau hauv ancient Russia lub nroog ntawm lawv tus kheej, yog "lub tsev". Tej zaum ib co tshwj xeeb purebred miv nyob nrog cov neeg sawv cev ntawm pawg ntseeg? Lub hauv paus tsis hais dab tsi txog qhov no.

Qhov tseeb naj npawb 5: miv tsis cawm Russia los ntawm tus kab mob plague

Tsis zoo li kev ntseeg nrov, uas feem ntau tuaj yeem pom tam sim no hauv Is Taws Nem, kev kis tus kab mob plague hauv tebchaws Russia, qhov twg miv tau txais tos, raged tsis muaj tsawg tshaj li nyob rau hauv Western Europe, qhov twg miv yog tiag tiag qee zaum suav hais tias yog ib tug khub ntawm dab ntxwg nyoog thiab dab ntxwg nyoog. Ua tiav nws "kev ncig xyuas" hauv Tebchaws Europe, kev kis mob loj ntawm XIV xyoo pua tau ua rau Russia nyob rau xyoo 1352. Nyob rau hauv 1353 Grand Duke ntawm Moscow Simeon Ioannovich lub Proud thiab nws ob tug tub hluas tuag. Cov pej xeem ntawm Moscow tau poob qis, Pskovites tsis muaj sijhawm los faus cov neeg tuag, thiab hauv Glukhovo, raws li tus neeg sau keeb kwm [7], tsis muaj leej twg muaj sia nyob. Alas, tsis muaj miv lossis tag nrho cov kws kho mob ntawm Cov Hnub Nyoog Nruab Nrab tau muab kev tiv thaiv tus kabmob kis thoob ntiaj teb.

Qhov tseeb # 6: Ib tus miv tsis yog ib qho tsiaj zoo nkauj, qee zaum nws tuaj yeem txaus ntshai heev

Nyob rau hauv "Solikamsk Chronicler" koj tuaj yeem nrhiav tau ib zaj dab neeg txog qhov xwm txheej coj txawv txawv uas tshwm sim hauv Verkhtagil tsev loj cuj (kev sib hais haum ntawm Tagil River hauv cheeb tsam Sverdlovsk niaj hnub) thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th:

"Thiab tus tswv xeev hauv nws yog Ryuma Yazykov los ntawm Moscow. Thiab tus miv loj dua Kazan tau coj nrog nws mus rau tus thawj coj lub tovo. Thiab tseem de evo khaws Ryuma los ntawm nws sab. Thiab tus miv ntawd yog nws caj pas pw tsaug zog, thiab nws stings kom tuag nyob rau hauv lub zos ntawd … "[8]

Yog li dab tsi tshwm sim rau tus tsis muaj hmoo Ryuma Yazykov? Yuav ua li cas loj npaum li cas Kazan miv ncav cuag thiaj li yuav gnaw ib tug neeg lub caj pas? Cia peb tsis txhob hnov qab tias ua ntej nws tau teem sijhawm, Ryuma tau tswj hwm hauv cov tub rog phom, thiab, tsis muaj qhov tsis ntseeg, nws paub yuav ua li cas sib ntaus zoo heev. Raws li ib tug ntawm cov versions [9], lub zoov nuj txeeg miv, ib tug loj carnivorous tsiaj, uas nws hnyav ncav cuag 12 kilograms, yog hu ua "Kazan miv" nyob rau hauv lub annals. Hav zoov miv nyob hauv qis qis ntawm Volga, qhov twg ib qho ntawm lawv tuaj yeem raug ntes thiab muag rau qhov tsis muaj hmoo voivode. Dab tsi provoked tus miv qhov kev tawm tsam ntawm ib tug neeg - tsis muaj zaub mov, kev ua phem, los yog tsuas yog cov tsiaj qus ntawm ib tug tsiaj nyob hauv tsev tsis tiav - peb tuaj yeem kwv yees.

Raws li lwm version, tus neeg sawv cev ntawm ib tug tshwj xeeb yug me nyuam miv - Kazan nas-catchers - yog txhaum ntawm kev tuag ntawm Ryuma. Cov yug me nyuam tseem tsis tau muaj sia nyob rau hnub no. Raws li qee cov lus ceeb toom, cov no yog cov tsiaj loj nrog lub taub hau puag ncig, dav muzzle, lub caj dab muaj zog thiab luv luv. Kazan miv yog paub zoo nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog rau cov kev ua ub ntawm "tus ntxhais ntawm Petrova" Empress Elizabeth, uas tau tshaj tawm txoj cai nto moo ntawm kev ntiab tawm miv mus rau lub tshav puam mus tua nas uas bred nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj no Palace. Qhov no yog li cas cov kev lig kev cai uas tseem muaj niaj hnub no kom miv nyob rau hauv lub Hermitage los tiv thaiv tej hauj lwm ntawm kos duab tshwm sim. Zaj dab neeg tseem tsis tau los txog lub luag haujlwm Kazan miv ua si hauv Lavxias lus dab neeg ntawm 17th-18th centuries.

Qhov tseeb naj npawb 7: thawj tus miv Lavxias teb sab, cov duab uas peb tau muaj sia nyob, nyob hauv lub palace

"Tus thawj portrait ntawm tus miv ntawm Grand Duke ntawm Muscovy" yog lub npe ntawm cov ntawv luam los ntawm Czech artist Vaclav Hollar, hnub tim 1663. Tshawb xyuas lub sijhawm, peb tuaj yeem txiav txim siab tias peb tab tom cuam tshuam nrog tus miv ntawm Alexei Mikhailovich "Tseeb", Leej Txiv Peter I. Tus huab tais no, feem ntau, nyiam tsiaj thiab tua noog, uas nws khaws cia hauv ntau lub tebchaws nyob hauv nws lub tebchaws. Izmailovo. Hollard's engraving yog tam sim no khaws cia hauv National Library of France. Hmoov tsis zoo, peb paub yuav luag tsis muaj dab tsi txog qhov xwm txheej ntawm nws qhov kev tsim. Nws tau pom tias cov duab tau ua los ntawm tus kws kos duab uas nrog Austrian Baron Augustine Meyerberg ntawm nws txoj kev mus rau Russia, thiab tias Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich nws tus kheej tau pom nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm tus miv ntawm daim ntawv luam, tab sis cov kev xav no tsis tau lees paub.

Qhov tseeb naj npawb 8: tus miv yog tus protagonist ntawm cov neeg nyiam tshaj plaws duab

Hauv point 6 peb twb tau tham txog cov miv Kazan. Cia peb saib ntawm lawv tam sim no tsis yog cov neeg txawj nas-tsim thiab phom sij tua neeg, tab sis raws li tus phab ej ntawm Lavxias (thiab tsis yog xwb) cov dab neeg. Historian Sait Fyarizovich Faizov ntseeg hais tias tus qauv ntawm cov lus dab neeg ntawm Kazan miv tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th:

"… Cat ntawm Kazan Tsar (Khan) los ntawm Mari lus dab neeg "Yuav ua li cas lub Mari mus rau sab ntawm Moscow", uas qhia txog lub siege ntawm lub Kazan Kremlin nyob rau hauv 1552 los ntawm cov tub rog ntawm Tsar Ivan lub txaus ntshai, yog ze tshaj rau tus hero ntawm lubok. Lub tsev hais plaub miv los ntawm cov lus dab neeg no tau hnov txog li cas Mari cov vaj ntxwv Yiland thiab Akparsvede, uas tab tom tuav lub fortress, yuav khawb ib qhov hauv qab ntawm phab ntsa Kremlin, thiab nws ceeb toom cov khan txog qhov txaus ntshai. Khan, nws tus poj niam, tus ntxhais thiab ib tug miv nyiag mus rau lub Kazanka River, tau mus rau hauv lub nkoj thiab sailing yam xyuam xim los ntawm Kazan”[10].

Nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th, luboks tshwm nyob rau hauv pej xeem kab lis kev cai - pleev xim rau cov duab ntawm ntoo thiab hlau. Ib qho ntawm cov ntsiab lus nrov tshaj plaws ntawm cov ntawv luam tawm yog lub ntees tuag ntawm tus miv nrog nas. Thiab ntawm lub cav, nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub ntees tuag procession, muaj cov nas, tsis yog ib tug miv xwb, tab sis lub npe hu ua "Tus miv ntawm Kazan, lub siab ntawm Astrakhan, lub siab ntawm Siberian …" Dab tsi yog tag nrho cov no txhais li cas? ? Ntau tus kws tshawb fawb ntseeg tias ob tus nas thiab miv hauv daim duab yeej sawv cev rau ib tus neeg uas tsis tuaj yeem hu ncaj qha. Qhov nrov version hais tias tus miv faus los ntawm nas yog Tsar Peter I, thiab cov ntawv sau ntawm daim duab yog ntaus nqi rau Cov Ntseeg Qub, qee qhov kev pom zoo tshaj tawm tias huab tais Antichrist. S. F. Faizov suav hais tias Cat of Kazan yog ib yam ntawm Tatars nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai, uas tshwm sim tom qab lub conquest ntawm peb lub nceeg vaj (Kazan, Astrakhan thiab Siberian) los ntawm Ivan lub txaus ntshai. Thaum lub sijhawm xyoo pua 18th, zaj dab neeg ntawm Cat lub ntees tuag tau hloov pauv, tau txais cov xim uas muaj ntau ntxiv los tiv thaiv tsoomfwv (piv txwv li, cov nas ntawm cov pob txha pib sawv cev rau ntau thaj tsam ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws, ntau ntawm lawv tsim "grudges" tawm tsam miv., thiab lwm yam).

Yog hais tias peb sim mus nrhiav tau lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub ntees tuag ntawm ib tug miv los ntawm nas, ces nws nom tswv keeb kwm tseem yuav tsum tau relegated rau keeb kwm yav dhau. Raws li M. A. Alekseeva sau tseg, hauv lus dab neeg, cov xwm txheej ntawm lub neej tiag tiag tsis tshua muaj tshwm sim ncaj qha. Cov kev lom zem nyob rau hauv lub nrov luam tawm txog Kazan miv tsis accusatory. Qhov no tsis yog "kev phem" luag rau cov tub ceev xwm, tab sis, nyob rau hauv cov lus ntawm tus poj culturologist Mikhail Bakhtin, "buffoonery", "lwm ntawm lub ntiaj teb no, uas txhua leej txhua tus luag rau txhua leej txhua tus, nrog rau cov "luag-makers" lawv tus kheej [11]. Qhov no yog li cas kev lom zem, kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm kev nom kev tswv thiab kev hlub rau miv, uas tsis tso peb mus rau niaj hnub no, sib xyaw ua ke hauv kev nco qab nrov.