Yuav ua li cas thiab yog vim li cas lub ancient megalith Göbekli Tepe ua?

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Göbekli Tepe yog lub tuam tsev qub tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb. Raws li cov kws tshawb fawb, nws tau tsim los ntawm nomads 12 txhiab xyoo dhau los, thiab tsuas yog tom qab kev sib haum xeeb ntawm pawg neeg sedentary tau tshwm sim nyob ze nws. Tab sis yog nws? Lub ancient megalith yog fraught nrog ntau mysteries uas tseem tsis tau daws.

Qhov chaw no yog supernova

Nyob rau sab hnub tuaj ntawm Qaib Cov Txwv, yim mais qaum teb sab hnub tuaj ntawm lub nroog anlıurfa, qhov sib npaug, 15-meter-siab toj no tsis muaj dab tsi zoo kawg li.

Muaj tseeb tiag, cov neeg ua liaj ua teb los ntawm lub zos nyob ze ntawm Orendzhik, plowing nws txoj kab nqes rau tseb nplej, qee zaum stumbled raws li ib co pob zeb blocks, tab sis suav hais tias lawv yog ib qho kev nyuaj siab, rub lawv tawm thiab muab pov tseg rau hauv heaps sab nraum teb, los yog siv rau tsev neeg. xav tau …

Nyob rau xyoo 1960, American archaeologists, coj los ntawm Peter Benedict, tau tshwm sim ntawm Puzat Hill (raws li nws tau txhais los ntawm Turkish Göbekli Tepe). Lawv pom qee yam khoom qub qub (hnav riam, scrapers, thiab lwm yam).

Raws li qhov tseeb tias lub toj ntxas Muslim nyob ze, Benedict tau hais tias thaj chaw no tau ua qhov chaw nkaum kawg rau cov neeg tuag rau lub sijhawm ntev thiab nws muaj peev xwm heev uas lub roob zais ntau dua qub, Byzantine faus. Txawm li cas los xij, cov tub ceev xwm hauv nroog tau txwv tsis pub cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm yav dhau los txuas ntxiv kev khawb.

Xyoo 1994, Klaus Schmidt, tus xibfwb ntawm German Archaeological Institute, tau nce toj Puzaty Hill. Nws txoj kev xav tau raug rub mus rau cov pob zeb flint uas tau muab tso rau saum toj. Feem ntau, lawv tau raug rub los ntawm lawv cov teb ua liaj ua teb los ntawm cov neeg ua liaj ua teb, tab sis tus xibfwb qhia tias cov no yog qhov khoob rau kev tsim cov cuab yeej pob zeb hauv lub rooj cob qhia loj nyob ntawm no, uas txaus siab rau cov kev xav tau ntawm cov pej xeem hauv zos.

Tseem muaj cov khoom tiav hauv cov heaps no. Schmidt me ntsis txaj muag los ntawm qhov tseeb hais tias lub rhiav nyob rau saum toj ntawm lub roob - nws yog tsis yooj yim sua kom nqa raw khoom nce thiab nqis cov khoom tiav. Tab sis muaj qee qhov tshwj xeeb ntxim nyiam quab yuam hauv Göbekli Tepe.

"Qhov chaw no yog supernova," Schmidt tau hais hauv kev xam phaj. - Twb yog thawj feeb tom qab nws nrhiav pom, kuv paub tias kuv muaj ob txoj hauv kev: tawm ntawm no tsis hais ib lo lus rau leej twg, lossis siv kuv lub neej tag nrho ntawm no, ntawm cov excavations.

Nrog kev txhawb nqa ntawm tus thawj coj ntawm Sanliurfa Tsev khaws puav pheej, tus xibfwb tau txais kev tso cai rau kev khawb. Nws yuav ib lub tsev nyob rau hauv lub nroog no, ua lub hauv paus rau kev tshawb fawb archaeological, thiab ntiav ib pab neeg ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv zos. Txij thaum ntawd los, Schmidt siv ob lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav thiab ob lub caij nplooj zeeg ib xyoos ib zaug ntawm Göbekli Tepe.

Reliefs ntawm faceless vajtswv

Twb tau thaum pib ntawm kev khawb av, ob peb T-puab limestone kab npog nrog cov duab ntawm cov tsiaj tau tshwm sim rau lub qhov muag ntawm archaeologists. Kev tshawb fawb tau txiav txim siab tias lawv tau tsim tsa txog 12 txhiab xyoo dhau los, uas yog, nyob rau hauv Mesolithic era. Yog li, Göbekli Tepe yog qhov qub tshaj plaws megalithic qauv paub hauv ntiaj teb. Nws laus dua Stonehenge thiab thawj lub nroog Mesopotamia.

Ntxiv excavations ua nws muaj peev xwm los txiav txim qhov configuration ntawm no archaeological complex. Nrog kev pab los ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm Kurdish hauv zos, plaub chav puag ncig nrog lub cheeb ntawm 15-20 meters raug tshem tawm.

Lawv yog cov kab monolithic nrog qhov siab ntawm peb mus rau tsib meters, txuas nrog cov phab ntsa ntawm cov pob zeb nyoos. Tib kab yog ntsia rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm cov chav no. Cov plag tsev yog ua los ntawm cov limestone burnt nrog cov pob zeb qis nyob rau hauv cov phab ntsa.

Cov txuj ci carving uas adorns cov kab yog tshwj xeeb. Lawv piav txog hma liab, npua qus, cranes, tsov ntxhuav, kites, nab, kab laug sab … Tseem muaj cov dluab ntawm creatures zoo li tib neeg, tsuas faceless.

- Kuv xav tias ntawm no peb tau ntsib nrog cov duab ntxov tshaj plaws ntawm cov vajtswv, - hais tias Klaus Schmidt. “Lawv tsis muaj qhov muag, tsis muaj qhov ncauj, tsis muaj ntsej muag. Tab sis lawv muaj tes thiab lawv muaj xib teg. Cov no yog cov tsim.

Feem ntau ntawm cov duab yog ua nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm reliefs, tab sis kuj muaj peb-dimensional sculptures. Ntawm lawv, daim duab ntawm ib tug tsov ntxhuav nqis los rau hauv ib kem yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog txawv los ntawm theem ntawm artistic txuj ci. Ntawm ib co steles muaj pictogram icons, uas tseem tsis tau deciphered.

Nws tau tsim tias lub pob zeb rau cov qauv no yog mined hauv quarries nyob ze. Ob peb kab tsis tiav tau pom nyob ntawm no, qhov siab uas ncav cuag cuaj meters.

Hmoov tsis zoo, nws tsis tuaj yeem hais raws nraim li cov qauv no zoo li tag nrho, txij li sab qaum teb ntawm lawv tau raug puas tsuaj los ntawm huab cua thiab cov neeg nyob hauv zos tawg tawm pob zeb thaum cog av.

Tam sim no, tsuas yog 5% ntawm tag nrho cheeb tsam ntawm Göbekli Tepe tau raug khawb. Raws li kev tshawb fawb geophysical, 16 ntau cov qauv zoo sib xws tau muab zais rau hauv lub plab ntawm lub toj.

Cov keeb kwm ntawm kev vam meej heev

Ib lo lus nug ntuj tshwm sim: leej twg tsim lub megalithic complex thiab nws ua haujlwm li cas? Tom qab tag nrho, yog tias kev sib tham yog lawm, ces nws tau tsim nyob rau hauv Pob Zeb Hnub nyoog. Raws li kev tshawb fawb kev tshawb fawb, thaum lub sij hawm cov neeg thaum ub tau sau cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo qus, tua tsiaj, ua cov cuab yeej txawj ntse los ntawm flint, thiab siv hluav taws.

Lawv faus lawv cov phooj ywg, nyob rau hauv lub faus neeg faus muaj cov khoom dai - hlaws dai thiab pendants, uas qhia tias lawv muaj sij hawm dawb, tsis yog tibneeg hu tauj coob nrhiav thiab tau txais zaub mov. Tab sis tib lub sij hawm, lawv tseem tsis tau paub yuav ua li cas ua cov khoom ntawm hlau thiab ceramics, tsim lub tsev pob zeb thiab cov phab ntsa tiv thaiv, tsis paub txog kev ua liaj ua teb. Txawm lub log tseem tsis tau tsim.

Yog li ntawd, yuav ua li cas cov neeg ntawm Mesolithic, tsis muaj cov cuab yeej hlau, muab cov kab ntau tuj tawm ntawm cov pob zeb thiab kho kom zoo nkauj nrog cov duab zoo nkauj? Tsis tas li ntawd, tsuas yog kom coj lawv tawm ntawm qhov chaw txua txiag zeb thiab teeb tsa lawv ncaj ncees, thaum tsis muaj cov tsiaj txhu, yuav tsum muaj kev siv zog tsawg kawg 500 tus neeg.

Cov hauj lwm zoo li no yuav tsum muaj kev sib raug zoo thiab kev sib raug zoo hierarchy nyob rau hauv uas ntau tus neeg yuav tsum subordinate rau ib tug kev cai dab qhuas los yog tub rog thawj coj. Rau cov zej zog ntawm cov neeg sau thiab cov neeg yos hav zoov, xws li qib siab ntawm kev koom tes hauv zej zog tsis yog txhua yam.

Nws tseem yuav xav tias Göbekli-Tepe complex tau txais los ntawm cov neeg ntawm Pob Zeb Hnub nyoog los ntawm qee qhov kev vam meej heev. Tej zaum lawv yog neeg txawv teb chaws, lossis cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub ntiaj teb sib npaug, lossis peb cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv nyob deb, uas tau mus rau yav dhau los hauv lub sijhawm siv tshuab los tsim kev tshawb fawb.

Tej zaum nws yog ib qho kev tsim kho av loj heev uas tau ploj mus vim yog lub ntiaj teb cataclysm. Lawv cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv, uas tau dim txoj kev puas tsuaj no, tab sis poob lawv txoj kev paub thiab kev txawj ntse, plam mus rau lub Hnub Nyoog Pob Zeb, pib siv lub tsev ua lub tuam tsev - qhov chaw pe hawm Vajtswv uas tsim lub zog ntawm qhov xwm txheej.

Ntawm no cov tsiaj thiab cov yeeb ncuab ntes tau muab txi rau lawv. Ntawd yog, Göbekli Tepe feem ntau yuav siv rau kev cai dab qhuas xwb, tib neeg yeej tsis tau nyob ntawm no.

Thaum lub sij hawm, nrog rau kev loj hlob ntawm kev ua liaj ua teb, txoj kev nomadic ntawm lub neej tau hloov los ntawm ib tug sedentary ib, cov zos thiab lub zos nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam no. Tab sis tib neeg tseem tuaj rau hauv lub tuam tsev thaum ub los thov Vajtswv thiab ua kev txi rau lawv cov vajtswv, tsuas yog ntau thiab ntau zaus nplej tau los ua cov khoom plig no.

Cov lus qub

Tab sis muaj ib hnub txhua yam hloov. Cov qauv ntawm Göbekli Tepe tau raug puas tsuaj ib nrab, ntau cov duab nyem raug txiav, thiab tag nrho cov complex tau faus nyob rau hauv ib tug ntau-meter txheej ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Leej twg ua nws thiab vim li cas? Qhov kev paub tsis meej no tau haunted cov kws tshawb fawb tau ntau xyoo.

Cov kws tshawb fawb tau tsim tias lub tuam tsev complex tau npog nrog lub ntiaj teb thaum pib ntawm VIII txhiab xyoo BC. Ntxiv dua thiab, raws li txoj kev xav ntawm evolution, cov neeg thaum ub tsis muaj lub sijhawm los ua txoj haujlwm zoo li no.

Thiab vim li cas lawv thiaj xav tau nws? Tom qab tag nrho, muaj pes tsawg lub sanctuaries thiab lub tuam tsev raug tso tseg nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm tom qab, thiab cua ntawm lub sij hawm ua rau lawv puas tsuaj mus rau hauv av, tsuas yog heaps ntawm pob zeb.

Nws tuaj yeem xav tias lub tuam tsev tau them los ntawm nws cov neeg tsim khoom tiag - tom qab ntawd, txhawm rau nthuav tawm qee cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb rau tib neeg, uas tau mus txog theem ntawm txoj kev loj hlob txaus kom pom zoo. Obviously, cov ntaub ntawv no muaj nyob rau hauv mysterious pictograms. Nws zoo li muaj ib hnub ib tug neeg yuav nyeem cov ntawv qub ntawm Göbekli Tepe.

Tab sis ua ntej koj yuav tsum khawb li tag nrho cov complex. Lub caij no, tom qab kev tuag ntawm Klaus Schmidt hauv 2014, kev khawb tau raug tshem tawm. Thiab txawm tias tom qab lawv rov ua dua tshiab, raws li kev suav ntawm cov kws tshaj lij, nws yuav siv sijhawm ib nrab xyoo kom tshem tawm tag nrho Göbekli Tepe.