Deciphering Egyptian hieroglyphs

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Muaj ntau tshaj 5,000 ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs. Tsuas yog kwv yees li 700-800 tau siv sau ntawv. Qhov kev faib ua feem ntawm kev siv yog hais txog tib yam li hauv tsab ntawv Suav. Tab sis peb paub dab tsi txog qhov txheej txheem sau ntawv thaum ub?

Kuv mam li pib nrog rau qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev txhais keeb kwm ntawm cov txheej txheem no thiab dab tsi niaj hnub keeb kwm feem ntau paub txog kev txiav txim siab thaum ub Egyptian hieroglyphs. Kev nkag mus rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm Ancient tim lyiv teb chaws tau ntev tau cuam tshuam los ntawm kev thaiv ntawm Egyptian kev sau ntawv. Cov kws tshawb fawb tau sim nyeem Egyptian hieroglyphs ntev. Lawv txawm muaj nyob rau ntawm lawv pov tseg cov phau ntawv ancient "Hieroglyphics", sau nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 2nd. n. e. Gorapollo, ib haiv neeg ntawm Upper Egypt, thiab txij li lub sijhawm ntawm Herodotus nws tau paub tias cov neeg Iyiv siv peb hom kev sau ntawv: hieroglyphic, hieratic thiab demotic. Txawm li cas los xij, txhua qhov kev sim kom kov yeej "Egyptian tsab ntawv" nrog kev pab los ntawm cov kws sau ntawv thaum ub tseem nyob tsis muaj nuj nqis.

Nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no ntawm kev sau ntawv thiab deciphering lub hieroglyphs, Jean François Champollion (1790-1832) tau ua tiav cov txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws, Rosetta Pob zeb tau los ua tus yuam sij rau kev tshem tawm Egyptian hieroglyphic thiab demotic sau.

Rosetta Pob zeb yog cov pob zeb pob zeb pom nyob rau xyoo 1799 hauv tebchaws Iziv ze ntawm lub nroog me me ntawm Rosetta (tam sim no Rashid), tsis deb ntawm Alexandria, nrog peb cov ntawv uas zoo ib yam hauv lub ntsiab lus kos rau ntawm nws, suav nrog ob hom lus Egyptian thaum ub - sau nrog ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs thiab Egyptian demotic ib tsab ntawv, uas yog ib tsab ntawv luv luv ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm Egypt lig, thiab ib qho hauv Greek thaum ub. Ancient Greek tau paub zoo rau cov kws qhia lus, thiab kev sib piv ntawm peb phau ntawv tau txais txiaj ntsig los ua qhov pib rau kev txiav txim siab Egyptian hieroglyphs. Cov ntawv ntawm lub pob zeb yog cov ntawv sau ua tsaug, uas nyob rau xyoo 196 BC. e. Cov pov thawj Iyiv hais rau Ptolemy V rau Epiphanes, tus huab tais tom ntej los ntawm Ptolemaic dynasty. Thaum pib ntawm cov ntawv nyeem: "Rau tus huab tais tshiab uas tau txais lub nceeg vaj los ntawm nws txiv" … Nyob rau hauv lub Hellenistic lub sij hawm, muaj ntau yam zoo xws li cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv Greek oecumene tau muab faib nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm bi- los yog trilingual ntawv nyeem, uas tom qab ua hauj lwm pab linguists. zoo. Lub pob zeb tau pom thaum Lub Xya Hli 15, 1799 los ntawm tus thawj coj ntawm pab tub rog Fab Kis hauv tebchaws Iziv Pierre-Francois Bouchard thaum lub sijhawm tsim Fort Saint-Julien ze Rosetta ntawm sab hnub poob ntawm Nile delta thaum lub sijhawm kev sib tw ntawm Napoleon cov tub rog hauv tebchaws Iziv.

Qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb hauv kev txiav txim siab yog qhov tsis muaj kev nkag siab ntawm Egyptian kev sau ntawv tag nrho, yog li tag nrho cov kev vam meej ntiag tug tsis tau muab qhov txiaj ntsig "kev tawm tswv yim". Piv txwv li, tus neeg Askiv Askiv Thomas Jung (1773-1829) tau tsim lub suab lub ntsiab lus ntawm tsib lub cim hieroglyphic ntawm Rosetta pob zeb, tab sis qhov no tsis tau coj kev tshawb fawb ib qho iota los ze zog rau kev txiav txim siab ntawm Egyptian kev sau ntawv. Qhov no unsolvable, raws li nws zoo li ces, teeb meem yuav daws tau tsuas yog Champollion. Ua ntej tshaj plaws, Champollion tau tshawb xyuas thiab tsis lees paub tag nrho Gorapollo's "Hieroglyphics" thiab txhua qhov kev sim ntawm kev txiav txim siab raws li nws lub tswv yim. Gorapollo tau sib cav tias Egyptian hieroglyphs tsis yog suab, tab sis tsuas yog cov cim semantic, cov cim qhia-cov cim. Tab sis Champollion, txawm tias ua ntej Jung qhov kev tshawb pom, tuaj txog qhov xaus tias ntawm cov hieroglyphs muaj cov cim qhia suab. Twb tau nyob rau xyoo 1810, nws tau hais tawm qhov kev xav tias cov neeg Iyiv tuaj yeem sau cov npe txawv teb chaws nrog cov cim suab zoo li no. Thiab nyob rau hauv 1813 Champollion tau hais tias cov cim ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv kuj tau siv los qhia cov lus thiab cov lus ua ntej ntawm Egyptian lus. Nws tshuaj xyuas lub npe huab tais "Ptolemy" ntawm Rosetta pob zeb thiab sau 7 cov ntawv hieroglyphs hauv nws. Kawm ib daim qauv ntawm cov ntawv sau hieroglyphic ntawm obelisk los ntawm Tuam Tsev Isis ntawm cov kob ntawm Philae, nws nyeem lub npe ntawm poj huab tais Cleopatra. Yog li ntawd, Champollion txiav txim siab lub suab lub ntsiab lus ntawm tsib hieroglyphs ntxiv, thiab tom qab nyeem cov npe ntawm lwm cov Greco-Macedonian thiab Roman cov thawj coj ntawm tim lyiv teb chaws, nws tau nce cov tsiaj ntawv hieroglyphic rau kaum cuaj lub cim. Nws tau tsim nyob rau hauv chav kawm ntawm nws txoj kev tshawb fawb thiab xaus lus tias cov neeg Iyiv muaj ib qho kev sau ntawv ib nrab, vim lawv, zoo li qee cov neeg ntawm Sab Hnub Tuaj, tsis siv cov ntawv sau. Thiab nyob rau hauv 1824 Champollion luam tawm nws txoj hauj lwm tseem ceeb - "Ib daim ntawv qhia ntawm lub Hieroglyphic System ntawm cov neeg Iyiv ancient." Nws tau los ua lub hauv paus ntawm Egyptology niaj hnub.

Saib ntawm cov hieroglyphs thiab lawv cov phonemes:

Tsis yog nws zoo li coj txawv txawv rau koj tias qee cov duab tau dhau los ua phonemes? Nws tsis yog ib tsab ntawv syllabic! Vim li cas thiaj nyuaj rau piav txog lub suab? Koj tuaj yeem piav qhia lub cim yooj yim thiab koom nrog lub suab nrog nws, ib yam li lwm tus neeg thiab kab lis kev cai. Tab sis nyob rau hauv ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs, nws yog precisely duab, dluab. Kev txhais lus, decryption, thiab hauv kuv lub tswv yim ib qho kev xav tob tob lossis txawm tias delusion ntawm Egyptologists tuaj yeem saib ntawm no

Thiab los ntawm qhov no tsis yog ib kauj ruam hauv kev coj ntawm Egyptologists tsis tuaj yeem ua tiav! Tom qab tag nrho, tag nrho cov no yog raws li txoj cai ntawm Champollion nws tus kheej!

Ua tib zoo saib qhov no. Qhov no yog tag nrho series ntawm lub ntsiab lus, piv txwv sau. Tej zaum koj tuaj yeem hais - qhov no yog ib hom lus thoob ntiaj teb uas tuaj yeem nkag siab los ntawm txhua tus neeg nqa khoom ntawm lub siab. Tom qab ntawd qhov xaus yog - peb puas tsim nyog uas peb tseem nyeem tsis tau? Nws yog kuv txoj kev xav. Thiab qhov no yog ib qho tsis ntseeg txog txoj kev, qhov twg txhua yam yog raws li kev sib piv ntawm lub suab ntawm cov duab ntawm hieroglyphs los ntawm thaum ntxov xyoo pua 19th. Kuv muaj nws ntev. Tsuas yog tam sim no kuv txiav txim siab qhia nws hauv kab lus no.

Nws yog tau hais tias ib yam dab tsi technical yog qhia ntawm no txhua.

Tej zaum tsuas yog cov tub nkeeg tsis tau hnov txog cov txuj ci hieroglyphs ntawm lub qab nthab hauv ib lub tuam tsev Egyptian

Muaj cov cim ntawm no uas zoo li lub tshuab ya, thiab ntau tshaj ib hom ntawm lawv, tej zaum.

Pob zeb tej zaum yuav muab pov rau kuv ib zaug ntxiv, hais tias kuv hais lus tsis muaj tseeb thiab txhua yam tau raug txhais ntev. Los yog tej zaum cov codebreakers tau rub tus plas mus rau lub ntiaj teb, ua haujlwm tawm ntawm lawv lub ncuav? Kuv tsis xav ua kom tag nrho txhua tus mus rau qhov kev dag ntxias thiab kev dag ntxias raws li kev ua haujlwm ntawm Champollion. Tab sis nws tsim nyog xav txog seb txhua yam puas yog ib zaug ntxiv raws li Egyptologists qhia peb. Tom qab tag nrho, Napoleon tsis yog tsuas yog mus rau tim lyiv teb chaws thiab nws muaj peev xwm hais tias Rosetta pob zeb yog ib tug yooj yim fake. Ntxiv mus, qhov zoo thiab qhov loj ntawm cov ntawv sau rau ntawm nws tsis sib haum rau qhov loj ntawm lub hieroglyphs ntawm lub nceeg vaj thaum ub ntawm Egypt.

Raws li ib qho ntxiv:

Decryption ntawm Festkiy disk. Kuj hu ua phonetic translation. Txawm hais tias nws tseem muaj tib lub cim, duab, duab

Hauv kev txiav txim siab Maya hieroglyphs, qhov xwm txheej zoo ib yam:

Tab sis qhov tseeb, kev nkag siab cov duab Mayan no nyuaj dua li cov neeg Iyiv thaum ub.

Phonetics ntawm Aztec hieroglyphs