Sumerians yog ib qho ntawm cov kev vam meej tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Cov Sumerians yog ib qho ntawm cov kev vam meej tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb. Lawv tau tso tseg tom qab lub nroog, feem ntau pom nyob rau hauv 19th - 20th centuries.

Ur - archaeological "Atlantis" ntawm cov Sumerians

Ur yog ib lub nroog qub tshaj plaws ntawm Sumerians. Nws tshwm sim nyob rau hauv txog plaub txhiab xyoo BC. e. nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm yav qab teb Babylonia. Tam sim no ntawm qhov chaw ntawm Ur yog Qhia el-Mukayar - lub nroog Iraqi. Ur ploj mus nyob ib ncig ntawm lub xyoo pua 4 BC. e.

Thawj thawj zaug tus ko taw ntawm European taug kev hauv thaj av Ur hauv xyoo 1625. Pietro della Valle yog ib tug neeg Italian uas pom cov cib ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub nroog Iraqi niaj hnub no, uas pom cuneiform - ib qho piv txwv ntawm ib qho ntawm cov txheej txheem sau ntawv ntxov tshaj plaws (cov cim tau raug nyem tawm ntawm cov ntsiav tshuaj av nplaum nrog ib tug ntoo stick). Txoj kev tshawb fawb tob tob ntawm Ur ua raws li ntau tshaj ob puas xyoo tom qab.

Thawj qhov loj excavations tshwm sim nyob rau hauv 1854. Lawv tau ua los ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm British Consulate ntawm cov lus qhia ntawm British Tsev khaws puav pheej. Lawv tau tswj kom pom cov ruins ntawm lub tuam tsev ntawm tus vajtswv Sina (tus vajtswv ntawm lub hli nyob rau hauv Sumerian mythology), hleb thiab av nplaum. Los ntawm 1918 txog 1922, British historians thiab archaeologists kuj excavated Ur, tab sis kev tshawb fawb tsis yog loj.

Xyoo 1922, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws kev ntoj ke mus rau Ur tau pib. Nws tau coj los ntawm British archaeologist Sir Charles Leonard Woolley. Lub sijhawm no, cov neeg Askiv tau koom tes nrog Asmeskas los tshawb txog lub nroog qub.

Excavations tau tshwm sim rau xyoo 1934. Rau 12 xyoo ntawm kev ua hauj lwm, ntau yam tseem ceeb monuments ntawm Sumerian kab lis kev cai tau pom: lub qhov ntxa ntawm poj huab tais Shubad, tus qauv ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog thiab kev thaj yeeb nrog cov duab ntawm warriors 'chariots, thawj stringed suab paj nruas instruments nyob rau hauv tib neeg keeb kwm, archives ntawm huab tais, Lub Great ziggurat, dai kom zoo nkauj nrog mosaics ntawm lub qhov ntxa ntawm cov vajntxwv thaum lub sij hawm reign ntawm kuv thiab III dynasties. Feem ntau ntawm cov khoom pov thawj tau mus rau British Tsev khaws puav pheej.

Lagash yog lub nroog nyiam ntawm Fabkis archaeologists

Lagash yog lwm lub nroog qub ntawm Sumerians. Nws tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua XXV BC. e. Tom qab kev khawb hauv xyoo 1877, coj los ntawm Ernest de Sarsek, cov kws tshawb fawb tau tsim cov npe ntawm cov ntsiav tshuaj ntawm cov duab puab pom. Nws tau muab tawm tias cov monuments tau tsim tsa rau kev hwm ntawm Sumerian vaj thiab cov thawj coj tub rog ntawm III txhiab xyoo BC. e.

Lagash nws tus kheej tau pom nyob rau hauv ib qho nyuaj ntawm cov av nplaum pob zeb vim yog de Sarsec qhov kev khawb. Ntxiv nrog rau cov duab puab ntawm cov neeg tseem ceeb ntawm lawv lub sijhawm, archaeologists tau pom cov ntaub ntawv loj. Nws muaj 20 txhiab cuneiform ntsiav tshuaj, uas nteg nyob rau hauv av rau txog 4 txhiab xyoo.

Fabkis txuas ntxiv kev khawb av nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua XX. Xyoo 1903, tus kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm Gaston Croet tuaj txog ntawm qhov chaw Lagash, thiab tom qab ntawd, los ntawm 1929 txog 1931, Henri de Genillac ua haujlwm nyob rau ntawd, ces André Parrot.

Nippur - lub nroog tseem ceeb ntawm kev ntseeg ntawm Sumerians

Nippur yog lwm lub nroog qub ntawm Sumerian kev vam meej. Nws nyob ntawm lub Euphrates. Lub nroog bore dawb ceev xwm txheej. Nws yog nyob rau hauv Nippur uas lub tuam tsev ntawm lub ntsiab Sumerian deity, Enlil, nyob.

Xyoo 1889, cov kws tshawb fawb Asmeskas tau pib tshawb nrhiav Nippur. Nyob rau hauv cov toj roob hauv pes nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm lub nroog dawb huv, cov kws tshawb fawb pom cov seem ntawm cov vaj ntxwv vaj ntxwv, lub tsev qiv ntawv ntawm av nplaum, thiab ziggurat. Muaj tseeb tiag, kev khawb av yuav tsum tau cuam tshuam ib ntus, vim muaj kev sib cav sib ceg ntawm cov neeg Arabs. Qhov no ntshai ib txhia ntawm archaeologists, tab sis ib txhia ntawm lawv rov qab thiab txuas ntxiv lawv cov hauj lwm.

Xyoo 1948, cov neeg Amelikas tau teeb tsa kev ntoj ke mus kawm tshiab. Cov kws tshawb fawb tau rov pom lawv tus kheej hauv Nippur, qhov chaw uas lawv pom Sumerian kev cai dab qhuas figurines thiab cov ntsiav tshuaj ntawm lub luag haujlwm. 13 xyoos tom qab kev ntoj ke mus kawm, American archaeologists stumbled raws li ib tug khoom muaj nqis - ntau tshaj li tsib caug daim duab qhia txog kev ntseeg ntawm cov neeg Sumerians thaum ub.

Eridu - thawj lub nroog hauv keeb kwm ntawm noob neej

Eridu yog ib lub nroog qub tshaj plaws hauv Sumer. Raws li Sumerian mythology, qhov no feem ntau yog thawj lub nroog ntawm ntiaj chaw ntiaj teb. Raws li cov kws tshawb fawb hais tias, thawj lub tuam tsev ntawm thaj chaw Eridu tau tshwm sim nyob rau xyoo pua 5 BC. e.

British Foreign Office official John Taylor excavated hauv Eris hauv 1855. Taylor nrhiav tau ib tug cib ntsa thiab ib tug staircase, nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm cov uas yog cov seem ntawm ntau zaj dab neeg ntauwd.

Lwm qhov kev khawb av tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th los ntawm Iraqi Department of Antiquity. Nyob rau hauv expeditions ntawm 1918-1920 thiab 1946-1949. ib tug ziggurat tau pom, pej xeem cov tsev, cov seem ntawm qee zaum cov tuam tsev ntxov tshaj plaws, uas muaj cov cim ntawm kev txi (ntses pob txha, piv txwv li), cov ruins ntawm sanctuaries ntawm cov duab plaub. Tsis tas li ntawd, archaeologists tswj kom unearth cov cuab yeej, ceramics, tais diav, seem ntawm lub palace ntawm Sumerian vaj thiab ib tug necropolis, suav txog 1 txhiab lub ntxa.

Borsippa - Babylon's Neighbor

Borsippa yog lub nroog Sumerian nyob txog 20 mais ntawm Babylon. Ib zaug zoo nkauj lub nroog tsev cov seem ntawm ib tug ancient ziggurat. Nws yog qhov nthuav tias nws yog cov qauv no uas qee cov neeg sau keeb kwm coj mus rau lub legendary Ntauwd ntawm Babel. Lub nroog nws tus kheej tau tsim muaj kwv yees li ntawm III txhiab xyoo BC. e.

Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19, Henry Ravlinson yog thawj tus excavate lub ziggurat. Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, los ntawm 1901 txog 1902, Robert Coldway tau xav txog kev kawm ntawm lub tsev. Xyoo 1980, archaeologists los ntawm Austria tuaj txog hauv Borsippu los tshawb txog Ezida Tuam Tsev thiab lub ziggurat. Vim yog tsov rog Iraqi, txoj kev kawm tau cuam tshuam, tab sis tom qab ntawd rov pib dua.

Excavations muab tib neeg ntsiav tshuaj thiab cov ntawv sau los ntawm Sumerians. Lawv nyob, raws li kev soj ntsuam ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb, mus rau lub sijhawm lig ntawm Sumerian kev vam meej.