Machu Picchu: lub fortress ancient, paub tsis meej rau cov kws tshawb fawb

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

110 xyoo dhau los, American archaeologist Hiram Bingham nrhiav tau nyob rau hauv lub Andes ib tug Inca fortress, paub niaj hnub no li Machu Picchu thiab, xav tias, yog ib tug ntawm cov vaj tse ntawm Inca kav. Cov neeg sau keeb kwm tseem sib cav txog thaum lub fortress tau tsim thiab nyob rau hauv qhov xwm txheej twg cov neeg nyob hauv nws tau tso tseg.

Vim lub fact tias cov Spanish conquistadors yeej tsis mus txog Machu Picchu, lub fortress yog zoo khaws cia thiab ua hauj lwm raws li ib tug piv txwv zoo ntawm thawj Inca architecture. Raws li cov kws tshaj lij, kev tshawb fawb niaj hnub no tsis tuaj yeem teb ntau cov lus nug ntsig txog keeb kwm ntawm Machu Picchu.

Thaum Lub Xya Hli 24, 1911, tus neeg tshawb nrhiav Asmeskas Hiram Bingham, uas yog tus thawj coj ntawm Yale University ntoj ke mus kawm, nrhiav tau ib lub fortress Inca tso tseg hauv Peru, tom qab lub npe hu ua ib lub roob nyob ze Machu Picchu (nws lub npe qub tsis paub txog kev tshawb fawb). Bingham tab tom nrhiav rau lub nroog ploj ntawm Incas thiab hauv ib qho ntawm nws kev sib tham nrog cov neeg Khab nws tau kawm txog cov ruins uas nyob tsawg dua 100 km ntawm lub nroog Cusco hauv Cordillera de Vilcabamba roob toj siab, nruab nrab ntawm Machu Picchu thiab Huayna Picchu roob..

Thaum Bingham tuaj txog hauv cheeb tsam, cov neeg hauv zos tau lees paub tias qhov seem ntawm cov qauv qub tau tshwm sim. Tab sis vim huab cua tsis zoo, lwm tus tswv cuab ntawm kev ntoj ke mus ncig tsis xav mus rau toj siab, thiab Bingham tau tsiv mus rau Inca kev sib haum xeeb nrog tsuas yog tus neeg saib xyuas lub cev thiab ib tus tub txib hauv zos. Raws li historians, cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev sib tw tau tshaj tag nrho nws qhov kev cia siab. Tus kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm tshawb pom ib lub fortress, untouched los ntawm Spanish conquerors, ua ob peb centuries dhau los.

Lub fortified kev sib hais haum nyob rau ntawm qhov chaw siab tshaj ntawm 2.4 txhiab meters saum toj no hiav txwv theem. Raws li cov kws tshaj lij, nws tsis raug tso tseg kiag li: ntawm lub roob terraces tsim los ntawm Incas, cov neeg Isdias Asmesliskas hauv zos txuas ntxiv mus rau kev ua liaj ua teb, thiab nyob rau xyoo pua 19th, xav tias, European adventurers mus xyuas lub fortress. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tsis paub txog kev tshawb fawb thiab tsis tau kawm yav dhau los los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb.

"Ib qho txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb ntawm Machu Picchu yog tias nws tsis raug cuam tshuam rau kev puas tsuaj. Cov quav cab thiab ntoo ntawm cov tsev tau rotted, thiab txhua yam tseem tsis tau kov, "Andrei Shchelchkov, editor ntawm Latin American Historical Almanac, tau hais hauv kev xam phaj nrog RT.

Nyob rau hauv 1912 thiab 1915, Bingham ua archaeological excavations nyob rau hauv thiab ib ncig ntawm lub fortress, nrhiav tau lwm yam Inca settlements thiab coj ib tug sau ntawm Inca artifacts rau lub tebchaws United States. Txawm li cas los xij, tom qab rov qab mus rau Tebchaws Meskas, tus kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm tom qab ib ntus tawm ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab mus rau hauv kev nom kev tswv. Nws yog tus tswv xeev ntawm Connecticut thiab yog tus thawj tswj hwm, thiab nyob rau hauv Thawj Tswj Hwm Harry Truman tau koom nrog hauv kev tshawb nrhiav "kev ua phem" hauv US Department of State. Raws li qee cov kws tshawb fawb, Bingham yog ib qho ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm yav dhau los Indiana Jones.

Mysteries ntawm Machu Picchu

Tom qab Bingham, lwm cov kws tshawb fawb tau pib tuaj rau Machu Picchu. Txoj kev kawm ntawm lub fortress tseem mus txog niaj hnub no. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 21st, cov kws kho mob tshwj xeeb hauv laser scanning thiab kev siv georadars tuaj rau kev pab ntawm archaeologists. Tab sis, txawm hais tias muaj kev khaws cia zoo ntawm cov tsev ntawm Machu Picchu, cov kws tshawb fawb tseem tsis tuaj yeem teb ntau cov lus nug txog keeb kwm ntawm kev sib hais haum.

Raws li Yuri Berezkin, kws kho mob ntawm keeb kwm Sciences, lub taub hau ntawm America Department ntawm lub Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Anthropology thiab Ethnography ntawm Lavxias teb sab Academy ntawm Sciences, tam sim no ntseeg hais tias lub Machu Picchu fortress twb nrhiav tau nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th los ntawm tus creator. ntawm Inca faj tim teb chaws Pachacutec Yupanqui thiab yog ib qho ntawm nws qhov chaw nyob.

"Hais lus nruj me ntsis, peb tsis paub tseeb tias Pachacutec Yupanqui tau mus xyuas Machu Picchu tus kheej, tab sis nyob rau hauv txhua yam yuav tsum tau npaj txhij rau nws tuaj txog," Berezkin hais.

Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, raws li Tus Thawj Coj General ntawm Latin American Cultural Center muaj npe tom qab Hugo Chavez Yegor Lidovskaya sau ntawv, txhua yam txuas nrog kev tsim ntawm Machu Picchu feem ntau yog raws li kev xav.

"Machu Picchu yog lub fortress shrouded nyob rau hauv paub tsis meej. Peb muaj ntau hom kev hais txog nws keeb kwm, tab sis peb tsis paub cov ntsiab lus, "tus kws tshaj lij tau hais.

Raws li tus paub zoo Lavxias teb sab kos duab thuam Sergei Kurasov sau nyob rau hauv ib qho ntawm nws cov ntawv, tsis ntev los no, thaum tshawb fawb hauv Machu Picchu, cov khoom sib tham los ntawm thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 14th tau pom. Nws yog qhov ua tau tias lub fortress (los yog tsawg kawg qhov kev sib hais haum nyob rau hauv nws qhov chaw) yog laus dua li yav tas los xav.

Raws li Victor Kheifets, Kws Kho Mob ntawm Keeb Kwm Kev Tshawb Fawb, cov pej xeem ntawm Machu Picchu tsawg, suav nrog cov qauv ntawm Inca Empire.

"Zoo meej, ntau dua 1200-1500 tus neeg tsis tau nyob ntawd," tus kws sau keeb kwm piav qhia.

Machu Picchu tau txuas nrog lwm cov chaw hauv Inca los ntawm txoj kev dav txog 1.5 m, paving nrog granite slabs. Kev tsim kho ntawm thaj chaw ntawm kev sib haum xeeb tau txuas ntxiv mus txog rau xyoo pua 16th - lub sijhawm tuaj txog ntawm Spanish conquistadors hauv South America.

“Kev sib haum xeeb ntawm Machu Picchu tau cais tawm. Feem ntau, txawm tias feem ntau ntawm Incas tsis paub txog nws. Yog li ntawd, tom qab tuaj txog ntawm cov neeg Mev, txawm tias tsis muaj leej twg qhia cov neeg sib tw txog nws, Andrei Shchelchkov tau hais.

Nyob rau hauv lem, Yuri Berezkin tsis ntseeg tias Machu Picchu fortress yuav yog ib qho ntawm cov tseem ceeb pej xeem los yog cult centre ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman Inca, tab sis nws hais tias tsis muaj analogues rau nws niaj hnub no.

Cov kws tshawb fawb tau pom txog 100 lub tsev nyob thiab txog tib lub tsev pej xeem thiab kev ntseeg hauv Machu Picchu. Txhua yam ntawm lub tsev tsim nyog rau Inca cov chaw yog sawv cev nyob rau hauv kev sib hais haum: lub tuam tsev, ib tug soj ntsuam rau kev txiav txim lub hnub ntawm lub solstice, lub tsev ntawm cov nom tswv, thaj chaw rau qhov chaw nyob ntawm "xaiv nkauj xwb" - ib tug tshwj xeeb social pab pawg neeg uas koom nyob rau hauv kev cai dab qhuas rituals. thiab yog, raws li ib tug xov tooj ntawm kev xav, tacit poj niam ntawm tus kav.

Ib tug yam ntxwv feature ntawm Machu Picchu, cov kws tshawb fawb hu ua kev nplua nuj ntawm cov ntaiv thiab terraces npaj rau kev ua liaj ua teb nrog cov kua dej zoo.

"Rau kev tsim kho ntawm Machu Picchu, qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub roob ntawm granite deposits tau siv nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug txoj kev uas lub sanctuary yog zoo tagnrho inscribed nyob rau hauv lub nyem ntawm lub tseem ceeb tshaj plaws tej yam ntuj tso khoom rau lub Incas," sau Sergey Kurasov.

Raws li nws, cov toj roob hauv pes thiab architecture ntawm Machu Picchu yog sib cais los ntawm ib leeg thiab tsim ib qho chaw sib haum xeeb. Cov pob zeb loj loj rau kev tsim vaj tsev hauv Machu Picchu tau xa tawm los ntawm cov chaw txua txiag zeb nyob ntawm qhov deb deb ntawm lub zos nws tus kheej, siv cov leeg nqaij, cov cav thiab cov cuab yeej zoo li cov sledges. Cov pob zeb tau ua tiav, polished thiab ua tib zoo haum rau ib leeg kom txawm tias rab riam tsis tuaj yeem muab tso rau hauv qhov sib txawv ntawm lawv. Tsis siv cov cementing tov.

"Ib qho txuj ci tseem ceeb ua los ntawm pob zeb," sau Czech ethnographer thiab tshawb fawb ntawm Indian keeb kwm Miloslav Stingl txog Machu Picchu.

Raws li nws, Machu Picchu muaj peb qhov tseem ceeb: Royal thiab Sacred Quarters, nrog rau thaj tsam ntawm cov tsev yooj yim, uas pom tau tias cov tub qhe thiab cov neeg tsim vaj tsev nyob. Lub fortress kuj muaj ib lub tsev loj cuj thiab ib chav tshwj xeeb uas muaj tsev txiav txim, warders thiab executioners. Lub fortifications ntawm kev sib hais haum nrog phab ntsa, yees thiab ramparts.

Ib tug xov tooj ntawm Inca burials kuj tau pom nyob rau hauv Machu Picchu. Raws li Yegor Lidovsky, kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm cov pob txha ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv lub fortress qhia tias lawv tsis yog cov neeg nyob hauv zos, tab sis tuaj ntawm ntau thaj tsam ntawm Inca Empire.

Raws li cov kws tshawb fawb, tsuas yog ib feem ntawm cov pej xeem ntawm Machu Picchu nyob mus tas li hauv lub fortress. Feem ntau ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv nws tsuas yog ob lossis peb lub hlis hauv ib xyoos.

Yog vim li cas rau desolation ntawm lub fortress, uas cov Spanish conquistadors yeej tsis mus txog, tsis paub txog science. Miloslav Stingle tau hais tias Machu Picchu tau dhau los ua qhov chaw uas ib feem ntawm Inca cov neeg tseem ceeb tau sim khaws txoj kev qub ntawm lub neej. Tab sis cov tub rog tau mus rau kev sib ntaus sib tua tawm tsam cov neeg Spanish invaders thiab tsis rov qab los, cov pov thawj hlob zuj zus, thiab "cov nkauj nkauj nraug xaiv" tsis tau yug menyuam ntxiv lawm. Tej zaum lub nroog maj mam ntws los ntawm nws tus kheej. Txawm li cas los xij, qee cov kws tshawb fawb ntseeg tias cov pej xeem tawm Machu Picchu ntawm lub hom phiaj - piv txwv li, vim tsis muaj dej. Qhov no tshwm sim, xav tias, nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 16th.

"Peb yuav tsis paub ntau ntxiv txog Incas dua li peb paub tam sim no. Archaeology tsis tuaj yeem teb cov lus nug no, tab sis tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv sau tseg, "Yuri Berezkin tau hais nws lub tswv yim.

Raws li Yegor Lidovsky, Machu Picchu yog ib qho pov thawj ntawm qhov siab npaum li cas los ntawm kev vam meej ntawm Western Hemisphere ua ntej tuaj txog ntawm cov neeg European.

"Kev kawm ntawm Machu Picchu qhia tau meej meej rau peb tias cov neeg Khab nyob hauv qee lub ntsiab lus txawm tias tawm tsam cov neeg European thiab, yog tias lawv tsis tau kov, tuaj yeem tsim kom muaj kev vam meej, txawv ntawm txhua yam uas peb paub niaj hnub no. Tam sim no Machu Picchu tsuas yog ib qho chaw mus ncig ua si zoo nkauj suav nrog UNESCO World Heritage List, "saib Yegor Lidovskaya.