Cov txheej txheem:

Stalin "kev tsim kho ntawm lub xyoo pua", railway ruins ntawm Salekhard-Igarka
Stalin "kev tsim kho ntawm lub xyoo pua", railway ruins ntawm Salekhard-Igarka

Video: Stalin "kev tsim kho ntawm lub xyoo pua", railway ruins ntawm Salekhard-Igarka

Video: Stalin
Video: Xav rov ntsib koj ib zaug dua. 8/8/2018 2024, Kaum ib hlis
Anonim

Cov keeb kwm ruins yog mesmerizing. Nyob rau hauv ib lub teb chaws loj thiab ruins yog qhov kawg. Ib qho ntawm cov monuments ntawm peb cov keeb kwm tsis ntev los no ncav cuag ntau pua kilometers raws Arctic Circle. Qhov no yog txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau tso tseg Salekhard - Igarka, uas tseem hu ua "Txoj Kev Tuag".

Pw tsaug zog vim

Nws tau tsim los ntawm cov neeg raug kaw los ntawm 1947 txog 1953 nyob rau hauv daim ntaub thaiv ntawm kev ua tiav kev zais cia. Thawj cov ntaub ntawv tau xau thaum kawg ntawm Khrushchev thaw, thiab nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 80s ib pab pawg neeg ntawm railway keeb kwm lovers tau npaj peb expeditions rau txoj kev tso tseg.

Peb pom nws thawj zaug nyob ze Salekhard nyob rau hauv lub hnub poob lub teeb - rusty, twisted rails tawm nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si kev taw qhia, ib nrab-rotted, sagging sleepers. Me me mounds ntawm plua plav xuab zeb, uas nyob rau hauv tej chaw weathered thiaj li hais tias ib co kev sib txuas ntawm txoj kev floated nyob rau hauv cov huab cua. Silence thiab lifelessness, yog li txawv txawv rau txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau, ua txhua yam zoo li npau suav.

"Txoj Kev Tuag"
"Txoj Kev Tuag"

"Xov tooj cua Liberty" Peb hnub

Thaum pib, peb muab cov ncej nrog cov phiaj ntswj ntsia saum toj ntawm txoj kev rau cov paib rau txoj kev, tab sis lawv tau dhau los ua qhov ntxa "monuments" ntawm cov neeg raug kaw. Qee lub sij hawm ntau mounds nrog xws li ncej tsim cemeteries. Raws li cov lus piv txwv ntawm ib qho ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb txog keeb kwm ntawm txoj kev, ntau tus neeg pw hauv qab ntawm txhua tus neeg pw tsaug zog.

Los ntawm ib lub nyoob hoom qav taub, los ntawm qhov siab ntawm 100-250 m, txoj kev zoo li ib txoj kab daj daj, nrog ib tus ntaiv tsis kawg ntawm cov neeg pw tsaug zog winding raws tundra, dhia hla dej ntws thiab khoov ncig toj. Thiab nrog - cov squares ntawm camps nrog lopsided yees nyob rau hauv cov ces kaum. Peb tau hais tias txawm tias cov neeg saib xyuas sawv ntawm cov yees qee zaum tua lawv tus kheej, tsis tuaj yeem tiv taus lub zos melancholy thiab ntshai heev.

Tundra qhev

Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm North nrog kev pab ntawm railways yog ib tug qub npau suav ntawm Lavxias teb sab engineers. Txawm tias ua ntej lub kiv puag ncig, tej yaam num tau tsim rau txoj kev loj ntawm Siberia thiab Chukotka mus rau America. Muaj tseeb tiag, tsis muaj leej twg xav tias yuav siv zog ua haujlwm kom ua tiav cov phiaj xwm loj.

"Txoj Kev Tuag"
"Txoj Kev Tuag"

"Xov tooj cua Liberty" Peb niaj hnub

Tom qab tsov rog, Stalin txuas ntxiv hloov lub teb chaws mus rau hauv lub fortress impregnable. Tom qab ntawd lub tswv yim tau tshwm sim ntawm kev hloov chaw nres nkoj tseem ceeb ntawm Northern Hiav Txwv Txoj Kev los ntawm Murmansk mus rau sab hauv ntawm lub teb chaws thiab tsim txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau mus rau nws.

Thaum xub thawj, qhov chaw nres nkoj yuav tsum tau ua rau ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm Gulf of Ob ze Cape Kamenny, tab sis kev tsim kho ntawm txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau nrog qhov ntev ntawm 710 km, tau mus txog qhov chaw nres tsheb Labytnagi ntawm ntug dej ntawm Ob opposite Salekhard. Nyob rau hauv ib lub xyoo, bogged down: nws muab tawm hais tias lub hiav txwv qhov tob yog tsis txaus rau loj ships, thiab swampy tundra tsis muab txawm tsim dugouts.

Nws tau txiav txim siab tsiv mus nyob rau yav tom ntej chaw nres nkoj txawm mus rau sab hnub tuaj - mus rau Igarka - thiab tsim Salekhard - Igarka railway kab nrog qhov ntev ntawm 1260 km nrog ferry hla dhau Ob thiab Yenisei. Nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, nws tau npaj yuav txuas ntxiv mus rau Chukotka.

Nyob rau hauv GULAG system, muaj lub Main Directorate ntawm Railway Camp Kev Tsim Kho, uas suav ntau dua 290 txhiab tus neeg raug kaw ib leeg. Cov engineers zoo tshaj plaws ua haujlwm hauv nws.

Tseem tsis tau muaj tej yaam num, kev tshawb fawb tseem tab tom ua, thiab echelons nrog cov neeg raug kaw twb mus txog. Ntawm lub taub hau ntawm txoj kev mus pw hav zoov ("kem") tau nyob tom qab 510 km. Ntawm qhov siab ntawm kev tsim kho, tus naj npawb ntawm cov neeg raug kaw tau mus txog 120 txhiab. Thaum xub thawj lawv ncig lawv tus kheej nrog cov hlau thaiv, ces lawv ua dugouts thiab barracks.

Txhawm rau kom tsis zoo rau cov tub rog no, kev siv tshuab tsis muaj pov tseg tau tsim. Pom qhov chaw tso tseg cov tsev khaws khoom ntawm peas qhuav, nias ntau xyoo rau hauv briquettes, uas nas ua qhov. Cov poj niam tshwj xeeb cov tub rog tau tsoo cov briquettes, ntxuav tawm cov nas me me nrog riam thiab muab pov rau hauv lub cauldron …

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Xyoo 1952, ib qho ntawm txoj kev tau qhib

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Txhua tus pw tsaug zog los ntawm Salekhard mus rau Igarka raug nqi ntau lub neej

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Peb caug xyoo tom qab, lub tundra tau yuav luag nqos cov pov thawj ntawm Stalinist qhov chaw tsim kho.

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Permafrost thiab huab cua phem tau dim thaum cov hlau ntawm lub qhov rooj ntawm lub chaw rau txim rau lub hlwb

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"Yaj" uas tau ua haujlwm rau nws lub sijhawm yog overgrown nrog sab qaum teb birch hav zoov

Tsib puas lub tsev lom zem

Cov neeg ntawm cov neeg laus nco qab cov lus qhia "tsib puas lub tsev lom zem." Nws tau los ntawm cov lej tshwj xeeb tsim nyob rau hauv Ministry of Internal Affairs ntawm ob lub chaw tsim kho loj - No. 501 (Obskiy, uas npog sab hnub poob ib nrab ntawm txoj kev loj los ntawm Salekhard mus rau Pur) thiab No. 503 (Yeniseiskiy - los ntawm Pur mus rau Igarka).. Lub taub hau tom kawg, Colonel Vladimir Barabanov, tau los ua tus neeg tsim khoom ntawm cov credit system, uas ua rau me ntsis txo cov nqe lus ntawm kev ua haujlwm poob siab rau cov neeg ua haujlwm.

"Tsib Pua-Zoo siab heev" yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm kev tsim kho kev tsim kho nrog cov teeb pom kev zoo: txoj kab nqes taw (qhov siab tshaj plaws txoj kab nqes uas tsim los ntawm qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab qhov hnyav ntawm cov tsheb ciav hlau) yog 0, 009%, qhov tsawg kawg nkaus lub vojvoog ntawm nkhaus yog mus txog 600 m, thiab nyob rau ib ntus bypasses - mus txog 300. Txoj kab tau tsim los ua ib qho kev sib tw, nrog rau sab ntawm 9-14 km thiab chaw nres tsheb ntawm 40-60 km.

Raws li peb cov expeditions pom, cov ntsia hlau tau siv lub teeb heev (hnyav txog 30 kg ib 'meter' khiav) thiab ntau yam, coj los ntawm txhua qhov chaw. Peb pom 16 hom kev tsheb ciav hlau hauv tsev, suav nrog 12 qhov ua ntej kev hloov pauv. Piv txwv li, tsim nyob rau hauv Demidov factories nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19. Muaj ntau tus neeg txawv tebchaws, suav nrog cov khoom plig.

"Txoj Kev Tuag"
"Txoj Kev Tuag"

Nyob rau hauv ob peb choj, muaj ib tug German dav-rooj I-beam, uas tsis tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub USSR. Hauv qee qhov chaw, cov ntsia hlau tau sewn rau cov neeg pw tsaug zog tsis muaj cov hlua. Kuj tseem muaj cov hlau txuas uas ua los ntawm cov ntoo. Nws hloov tawm tias txoj kev yog qhov tshwj xeeb hauv nws qhov tsis muaj zog uas twb muaj lawm thaum lub sijhawm tsim kho.

Tsis nco qab tsev cia puav pheej

Los ntawm Salekhard mus rau Igarka, 134 cais cov ntsiab lus tau npaj - cov chaw muag khoom tseem ceeb tau teeb tsa ntawm chaw nres tsheb Salekhard, Nadym, Pur, Taz, Ermakovo thiab Igarka. Ntawm qhov chaw nres tsheb Yarudey, Pangody, Kataral, Urukhan - thim rov qab. Cov caj npab traction (qhov kev ncua deb uas tsheb ciav hlau taug kev yam tsis tau hloov lub locomotive) yog tsim los rau nruab nrab lub hwj chim freight locomotives ntawm Eu hom thiab tau nrog ib tug ntev ntawm 88 mus rau 247 km.

Qhov kwv yees qhov hnyav ntawm lub tsheb ciav hlau ib txwm yog 1550 tons ntawm qhov nruab nrab ceev ntawm 40 km / h, hla ntawm 6 khub tsheb ciav hlau ib hnub. Cov khoom siv, ua ke nrog cov neeg raug kaw, tau coj mus rau hauv hiav txwv-mus "teeb" los ntawm sab qaum teb raws cov dej loj. Tom qab "kev tuag" ntawm txoj kev, nws yog kim dua los nqa tawm ib yam dab tsi los ntawm cov cheeb tsam uas nyob ib leeg, thiab tseem muaj ib hom tsev cia puav pheej ntawm cov cuab yeej cuab tam ntawm kev tsim kho tsheb ciav hlau.

"Txoj Kev Tuag"
"Txoj Kev Tuag"

Peb pom cov khoom seem dov nyob rau hauv Taz depot, ntawm ntug dej ntawm tib lub npe: muaj 4 chav locomotives ntawm Ov (Yaj) series thiab ob peb lub tsheb thauj khoom ob lub qag thiab qhib platforms. Vim nws qhov yooj yim, unpretentiousness thiab qis qag load, "Yaj" tau koom nrog kev ua tsov ua rog thiab kev tsim kho zoo rau ntau tshaj li ib nrab xyoo pua.

Thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm nyuaj, liab los ntawm xeb, sawv ntawm txoj kev rickety, kuj tseem muaj txiaj ntsig vim tias lawv "dhia" 50 xyoo tom qab tsis muaj kev hloov pauv. Plaub "Yaj" ntxiv nyob hauv Yanov stan thiab hauv Ermakovo. Ib lub tsheb loj, qhov seem ntawm Stalinets tsheb laij teb thiab ZIS-5 tsheb tau pom nyob rau sab hnub tuaj.

faus nyiaj

Feem ntau ntawm txoj haujlwm, suav nrog kev ua hauv av, yog ua los ntawm tes. Cov av, uas tau hloov mus rau qhov tsis zoo yuav luag raws li tag nrho txoj kev - plua plav xuab zeb, permafrost - tau thauj hauv lub log tsheb.

Feem ntau, nws tag nrho cov tsheb ciav hlau mus rau hauv swamp, zoo li mus rau hauv lub qhov, thiab cov twb tau ua embankments thiab excavations swb thiab yuav tsum tau tas li backfilling. Pob zeb thiab coarse xuab zeb tau imported los ntawm Urals. Thiab tseem qhov kev tsim kho tau nce mus. Los ntawm 1953, tawm ntawm 1260 km, ntau tshaj tsib puas tau npaj txhij.

"Txoj Kev Tuag"
"Txoj Kev Tuag"

"Xov tooj cua Liberty" Peb niaj hnub

Thiab qhov no txawm tias qhov tseeb tias cov nyiaj tau los ntawm cov nqi tiag tiag, yam tsis muaj qhov kev pom zoo thiab kev kwv yees, uas tau nthuav tawm rau tsoomfwv nkaus xwb thaum Lub Peb Hlis 1, 1952. Tag nrho cov nuj nqis yuav tsum yog 6.5 billion rubles, ntawm 3 billion yog cov nqi ntawm xyoo dhau los. Nws tau xav tias txoj kev hla mus rau Igarka yuav qhib thaum kawg ntawm xyoo 1954, thiab txoj kab yuav raug muab tso rau hauv kev ua haujlwm ruaj khov hauv xyoo 1957. Txawm li cas los xij, cov ntaub ntawv tsis tau pom zoo.

Tom qab kev tshaj tawm ntawm Salekhard - Nadym ntu, nws tau tig tawm tias tsis muaj leej twg thiab tsis muaj dab tsi nqa los ntawm txoj kev tshiab. Kev tsim kho tsuas yog txhawb nqa los ntawm Stalin cov lus qhia, uas tsis tau muab tso tseg los ntawm leej twg, thiab sai li sai tau tus thawj coj tau ploj mus, nws raug txiav tawm los ntawm tsab cai lij choj ntawm Pawg Thawj Kav Tebchaws ntawm USSR lub Peb Hlis 25, 1953. Nyob rau hauv ib lub hlis, txoj kev los ua deserted: cov neeg raug kaw raug coj mus rau lub Urals.

Lawv kuj tau sim tshem tawm cov cuab yeej (piv txwv li, cov tsheb ciav hlau los ntawm Ermakovo - Yanov Stan seem), tab sis lawv tsuas tso tseg ntau heev. Txhua yam tau raug sau tseg, tshwj tsis yog cov xov tooj, tau txais los ntawm Ministry of Communications, thiab Chum-Labytnangi railway kab, uas Ministry of Railways tau ua haujlwm tas mus li xyoo 1955. Thiab txoj kev tuag.

Tom qab kev tshawb pom ntawm cov roj thiab roj ntau nyob rau sab qaum teb, ib theem tshiab ntawm nws txoj kev loj hlob tau pib. Tab sis txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau tuaj rau Urengoy thiab Nadym tsis yog los ntawm sab hnub poob, tsis yog los ntawm Salekhard, tab sis raws li meridian - los ntawm Tyumen mus txog Surgut.

Nws hloov tawm los ua qhov tsis yooj yim sua kom siv cov seem ntawm "Txoj Kev Tuag": cov kab tshiab tau tsim raws li cov txheej txheem sib txawv, yooj yim dua, thiab tsis tas yuav tsum tau ua kom haum rau hauv cov ntu winding ntawm "Stalinist" txoj kev. txawm nyob qhov twg nws dhau los ua ke.

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