Discoveries ntawm underwater tshawb nrhiav ntawm Hiav Txwv Dub

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Hauv thaj chaw dej ntawm Crimea, ntau tshaj 2,000 lub nkoj tau pom tias tau poob rau ntau lub sijhawm: los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm Bosporus lub nceeg vaj mus rau lub sijhawm ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Loj Loj. Dab tsi nyob rau hauv cov nkoj no? Cov xwm txheej keeb kwm thiab tus kheej dab tsi cuam tshuam nrog cov khoom no? Thiab qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, cov hom phiaj tau teev tseg los ntawm archaeologists yog dab tsi? Cov lus nug no tau teb los ntawm Viktor Vakhoneev, Tus Lwm Thawj Coj ntawm Black Sea Center for Underwater Research.

Cov zauv qhuav. Muaj pes tsawg yam khoom nyob hauv qab ntawm Hiav Txwv Dub?

Nyob rau lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 2015, ntawm qhov tob ntawm 80 meters tawm ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm Balaklava hauv Crimea, cov kws tshawb fawb hauv qab dej tau tshawb pom cov seem ntawm lub nkoj ntoo uas hnub rov qab mus rau Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog. Cov khoom thauj ntawm amphorae tau khaws cia zoo rau ntawm lub nkoj. Muaj ntau pua qhov pom zoo li ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv Crimean. Ntau lub nkoj tseem tos nyob rau hauv tis, txij li thaum underwater archaeology yog ib tug ncaj ncees science hluas.

"Raws li peb qhov kev suav ua ntej," hais tias Viktor Vakhoneev, tus thawj coj ntawm Black Sea Center for Underwater Research, "me ntsis ntau dua 2,000 yam khoom poob tawm ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm Crimea. Los ntawm ancient sij hawm mus rau thaum xaus ntawm lub Great Patriotic ua tsov ua rog. Feem ntau ntawm lawv yog nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua XX: cov no yog cov nkoj, nkoj thiab cov dav hlau ntawm lub sij hawm ntawm Thawj Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog, Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb hauv Russia thiab Great Patriotic War. Rau lawv, ntau los yog tsawg txheeb cais yog to taub, vim hais tias muaj cov ntaub ntawv archived. Thiab tag nrho cov shipwrecks ua ntej lub xyoo pua 18th tsis paub rau peb nyob rau hauv qhov chaw. Tab sis nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, txhua xyoo cov kws tshawb fawb thiab cov neeg nyiam tshaj plaws ua rau ntau thiab ntau qhov kev tshawb pom tshiab. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, ob peb lub nkoj poob ntawm Byzantine lub sij hawm, medieval sawv daws yuav tau pom nyob rau hauv cov dej cheeb tsam ntawm lub Crimea nyob rau hauv loj depths. Ntawm cov uas tau pom, peb tau tshuaj xyuas me ntsis ntau tshaj li ib puas, me ntsis ntau tshaj li kaum ob tau kawm archaeologically, '' tus kws tshawb fawb sums.

Kev tshawb nrhiav ntawm lub nkoj ua lag luam sunken los ntawm Pisa

Muaj kev taw qhia tshwj xeeb hauv kev tshawb fawb hauv qab dej - kev kawm ntawm cov nkoj sunken. Hauv lus Askiv, muaj lo lus laconic - "Nautical archaeology" (los ntawm xeev siab - "nkoj"). Nyob rau hauv peb lub teb chaws, nws yog kev cai hu nws lub archaeology ntawm shipwrecks los yog nkoj archaeology. Cov kws tshawb fawb tab tom tshawb xyuas tsis yog tsuas yog cov khoom thauj khoom thauj ntawm lub nkoj, tab sis kuj thaum twg thiab vim li cas lub nkoj tau poob thiab qhov twg nws tau mus.

Cov ntaub ntawv Archival yog cov kws tshawb fawb cov phooj ywg zoo tshaj plaws. Los ntawm lawv nws muaj peev xwm txiav txim siab qhov twg lub nkoj tau mus thiab qhov twg nws tuaj yeem tog. Teeb meem tshwm sim nrog cov nkoj qub thiab medieval vim tsis muaj ntaub ntawv sau. Muaj tseeb, kuj tseem muaj kev zam zoo. Nyob rau xyoo 1960, lub nroog Pisa tau nrhiav pom. Lub peculiarity ntawm lub nkoj no yog hais tias nws muaj peev xwm tsim tau lub caij nyoog ntawm lub nkoj wreck.

Thaum Nrab Hnub nyoog, kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm cov dej tsis yog qhov tsis tshua muaj. Ib tug ntawm lawv tau tshwm sim rau lub Yim Hli 14, 1277. Cov neeg nyob hauv nroog Sugdei (tam sim no Sudak) tau pom kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Pisa galley nrog Genoese nkoj. Yog li ntawd, lub nkoj los ntawm Pisa ntes tau hluav taws thiab poob. Qhov xwm txheej no tau khaws cia hauv cov ntawv sau hauv Genoese archives.

Viktor Vasilyevich Vakhoneev hais tias "Viktor Vasilyevich Vakhoneev hais tias, "Txij li lub galley nws tus kheej poob rau ntawm qhov tob tob, txog 12 meters," hais tias Viktor Vasilyevich Vakhoneev, "cov ntoo seem ntawm lub nkoj tau xyaum tsis muaj sia nyob. Tab sis nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, tag nrho cov ntsiab lus uas yog cov hauv paus chiv keeb tau raug khaws cia: cov no yog ceramics, uas yog, cov khoom thauj uas cov tub lag luam nkoj thauj, cov no yog cov khoom hlau ntawm lub nkoj, npib. Piv txwv li, peb tau pom cov khoom tawg ntawm Italian riam phom ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th. Cov hlau nws tus kheej corroded thiab tsis ciaj sia, tab sis ua ntej nws yuav vau, cov ntaj no tau npog nrog ib tug crust ntawm sediment uas tag nrho rov zoo li cov ntaj. Ntawd yog, muaj qhov khoob hauv, tab sis sab nraud nws yog kiag li nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ntaj. Peb x-ray lawv thiab tau txais cov duab tiag tiag ntawm cov ntaj no uas Pisans tau tawm tsam hauv xyoo pua 13th.

Nyob rau hauv peacetime lawv pauv, nyob rau hauv wartime lawv sib ntaus sib tua

Ib qho ntawm cov phiaj xwm kev tshawb fawb ntawm Black Sea Underwater Research Center yog kev tshawb nrhiav thiab kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov khoom uas muaj nyob rau hauv Lavxias Society of Shipping thiab Trade. Nws tau tsim nyob rau xyoo 1856 los tsim kev lag luam hauv Hiav Txwv Dub. Muaj lwm lub hom phiaj tsis hais - hauv kev ua tsov ua rog, cov nkoj yuav tsum tau koom nrog hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua hauv hiav txwv. Txog tsib lub nkoj ntawm lub neej no twb tau pom nyob rau hauv cov dej Crimean.

Ib lub nkoj nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm lub neej no yog lub tshuab hluav taws xob Vesta. Thaum lub sij hawm Russia-Turkish tsov rog ntawm 1877-1878. lub nkoj tub lag luam no tau hloov mus ua ib lub nkoj tub rog. "Vesta" sib ntaus sib tua nrog Turkish battleship "Fehti-Bulend" thiab yeej qhov kev sib ntaus sib tua nyuaj. Tom qab kaum xyoo, Vesta poob. Pom tus "hero ntawm Lavxias teb sab-Turkish tsov rog" nyob rau hauv 2016. Tus naas ej seascape neeg pleev kob Ivan Vasilyevich Aivazovsky xav nyob rau hauv nws painting cov txheej xwm ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm peb steamer nrog ib tug Turkish battleship.

Kev txuag ntuj

Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo 1960, Soviet archaeologist thiab historian ntawm antiquity Vladimir Blavatsky hais tias kev tshawb fawb ntawm ib tug tob ntawm ntau tshaj ib puas meters yuav zoo tshaj plaws. Leej twg, yog tias tsis yog nws, tus kws tshawb fawb ntawm lub nroog qub ntawm Phanagoria, paub txog qhov no. Tus kws tshawb fawb kwv yees tias nrog kev hloov pauv ntawm thev naus laus zis, kev tshawb fawb ntawm qhov tob tob yuav muaj rau cov kws tshawb fawb. Los ntawm 200 meters mus rau hauv qab heev, muaj ib tug hydrogen sulfide txheej nyob rau hauv lub hiav txwv Dub. Txaus ntshai heev rau txhua yam nyob, tab sis rau tib yam vim li cas nws yog ib qho zoo tagnrho natural preservative. Tsuas yog ob peb tus kab mob tuaj yeem ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej zoo li no, yog li cov khoom siv organic tseem zoo thiab nyab xeeb. Nws tuaj yeem yog ob qho tib si ntawm lub nkoj ntoo thiab cov papyri qub lossis cov ntawv teev lus, piv txwv li.

Thiab twb muaj thawj zaug pom: lub nkoj Greek thaum ub, uas nws muaj hnub nyoog 2400 xyoo, tau pom 80 mais ntawm Bulgaria xyoo 2018. Raws li cov kws tshawb fawb, nws zoo nkaus li zoo ib yam li hnub nws poob. Thiab qhov no tsuas yog thawj qhov kev nrhiav pom.

Chasing kev xav

Xyoo 2019, cov xov xwm tau tshwm sim rau hauv qhov kev xav: ntawm lub nkoj "General Kotzebue" lawv pom cov duab los ntawm Ivan Aivazovsky, uas tau siv 124 xyoo hauv qab dej txij li xyoo 1895! Txawm li cas los xij, cov kws tshawb fawb tseem tsis tau paub seb cov duab kos yog tus txhuam ntawm cov neeg pleev kob zoo nkauj marine. Nws zoo nkaus li cov neeg hauv nroog uas muaj qhov hnov qab txhua lub nkoj poob, uas, muab nws me me, tsis muaj tseeb.

Viktor Vakhoneev, tus lwm thawj coj ntawm Black Sea Center for Underwater Research hais tias "Cov kws tshawb fawb Archaeologists tau daws txhua yam teeb meem kev tshawb fawb tau ntev. - Piv txwv li, ib qhov chaw archaeological tuaj yeem tshawb pom thoob plaws hauv koj lub neej. Thiab hauv lub neej no, ib lossis ob zaug koj tuaj yeem ua qee yam kev xav. Txawm hais tias archaeologists tsis pom ib yam dab tsi nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj no teb, qhov no tsis txhais hais tias nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov hom ntawm kev tshawb pom tsis tau ua. Peb tau ua qhov kev tshawb pom tias tsis muaj dab tsi hauv dab tsi ntawm no, piv txwv li. Qhov tseeb yog hais tias txawv teb chaws muaj xws li lub ntsiab txhais ntawm "Tsiaj muaj nqis yos hav zoov" - cov khoom muaj nqis yos hav zoov. Thiab yog li ntawd lawv tsuas yog siv zog rau qee yam kev xav. Peb, tau qhib lub nkoj, pib tshawb nrhiav nws rau ntau, ntau xyoo. Peb tsom ntawm qhov zoo ntawm kev tshawb fawb tau ua, tsis yog qhov ntau, - tus kws tshawb fawb hais txog.

Kev loj hlob ntawm kab lis kev cai raws li ib txoj hauv kev los tawm tsam "dub archaeologists"

Yav dhau los, kev zoo nkauj hauv qab dej tseem yog qhov paub tsis meej rau tus txiv neej: cov nkoj mus rau hauv qab nrog lawv cov khoom thauj, lawv cov dab neeg tsis nco qab lawm. Yog li ntawd, tib neeg tsis paub qhov tseeb ntawm cov khoom no. Marauders los yog dub archaeologists tshwm sim. Qhov siab dua ntawm kab lis kev cai thiab kev kawm ntawm cov pej xeem, cov khoom tseem ceeb hauv keeb kwm tsawg, av lossis hauv qab dej, yuav raug puas tsuaj.

Nyob rau hauv Russia, ntau thiab ntau tus neeg xav mob siab rau lawv lub neej rau kev tshawb fawb shipwrecks thiab sunken nroog. Raws li cov lus teb rau qhov no, tus tswv txoj haujlwm "Underwater Archaeology" tau qhib ntawm Sevastopol State University. Master cov tub ntxhais kawm twb tau koom nrog hauv kev ntoj ke mus rau Syria hauv dej ntawm Tartus. Cov neeg ua haujlwm pab dawb los ntawm Colombia, Fabkis thiab CIS lub teb chaws pab nrog kev mus ncig hauv zos.

Sunken thiab unidentified khoom nyob rau hauv Hiav txwv Dub

Dub Prince

Nyob rau hauv 1854, lub British propeller-tsav sailing nkoj "HMS Prince" mus rau lub Crimea kom xa cov tub rog British, uas besieged Sevastopol thaum lub sij hawm tsov rog Crimean, tshuaj, lub caij ntuj no khaub ncaws, nrog rau cov nyiaj hli rau cov tub rog thiab tub ceev xwm. Tus nqi yog 500 txhiab phaus sterling kub thiab nyiaj.

Lub nkoj tsis mus txog ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv - nws ntog thaum muaj cua daj cua dub hauv Balaklava Bay. Txij thaum ntawd los, ntau pua tus neeg nrhiav khoom muaj nqis tau combing lub hiav txwv. Kev ntoj ke mus los ntawm Fab Kis, Tebchaws Asmeskas, Norway, Lub Tebchaws Yelemees thiab Spain tau raug xa mus nrhiav kub. Tsuas yog cov neeg Askiv lawv tus kheej tsis koom nrog kev tshawb nrhiav.

Qee cov kws tshawb fawb ntseeg tias cov nyiaj kub thiab nyiaj tau raug tshem tawm hauv Istanbul, qhov chaw ntawm lub hauv paus chaw ua haujlwm. Nyob rau hauv 2010, cov ntaub ntawv tau tshwm sim hais tias lub wreckage ntawm lub nkoj twb nrhiav tau los ntawm Ukrainian divers thiab txawm tsa ib feem ntawm tus tauj ncov loj cov kev pab cuam nrog lub npe ntawm lub nkoj los ntawm lub hauv qab. Txawm li cas los xij, cov neeg nrhiav dej hauv qab, nrog kev ua siab ntev tsim nyog siv tau zoo dua, txuas ntxiv mus rau hauv qab hauv Balaklava Bay.

D-4 "Revolutionary"- Soviet diesel-hluav taws xob torpedo submarine, ua nyob rau hauv 1927-1930, lub plaub lub nkoj ntawm series I, project D - "Decembrist".

Thaum lub sijhawm Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum II, D-4 tau ua 16 kev ua tub rog, suav nrog 6 lub dav hlau thauj mus rau hauv Sevastopol. Lub German thauj "Boy Federsen" (yav tas los Soviet "Kharkov"), Bulgarian thauj "Varna" thiab, tej zaum, German thauj "Santa-Fe" tau poob. Tag nrho - ze Cape Tarkhankut.

Lub Kaum Ib Hlis 11, 1943, lub nkoj tau mus ua tub rog. D-4 tau pom kawg thaum Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1 los ntawm Sch-209 submarine. Qee qhov chaw hu ua Kalimatskiy Gulf ua qhov chaw tuag. Ntawm no, sab qab teb-sab hnub poob ntawm Cape Uret, tom qab qhov kev tawm tsam tsis ua tiav los ntawm kev tsaws nkoj No. 566 D-4, cov nkoj tiv thaiv submarine Uj-103 thiab Uj-102 tau poob.

Tus thawj coj ntawm lub destroyers "Kharkov" (txoj hauj lwm 1), destroyers "Merciless" thiab "muaj peev xwm" (project 7-U)

Lub nkoj tau ploj thaum Lub Kaum Hli 6, 1943 thaum lub sijhawm khiav haujlwm ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm Crimean ceg av qab teb uas yog cov tub rog German. Tawm ntawm 903 tus neeg nyob rau hauv peb lub nkoj tuag, cov nkoj thiab nkoj hiav txwv tau cawm 187. Lub nkoj tuaj yeem nyob ntawm qhov tob ntawm 1800 meters thiab qhov deb ntawm 160 km ntawm lub hiav txwv ntawm Novorossiysk.

Laris

Novice divers ntawm Cape Tarkhankut feem ntau tab tom nrhiav lub nkoj Lariss, uas nyob rau lub caij ntuj no xyoo 1944 raug liam tias thauj cov khoom muaj nqis nyiag los ntawm Wehrmacht los ntawm cov tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Crimea, Stavropol Territory thiab Rostov cheeb tsam mus rau Romania: paintings, ancient ceramics, kub, nyiaj, thiab cov khoom vaj khoom tsev.

Qhov tseeb, lub nkoj "Larissa", qhov tseeb, yog ib feem ntawm German tub lag luam nkoj, tsuas yog nws poob rau lub Tsib Hlis 1, 1941 nyob rau hauv Gulf of Volos (Tebchaws Greece) raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm ib tug British mine tawg.

Yog li nrhiav lub nkoj no hauv Hiav Txwv Dub tsis yog qhov nyuaj xwb, tab sis tseem tsis muaj ntsiab lus.