Hagia Sophia: keeb kwm tseem ceeb ntawm lub tsev vaj tsev ntawm Istanbul
Hagia Sophia: keeb kwm tseem ceeb ntawm lub tsev vaj tsev ntawm Istanbul

Video: Hagia Sophia: keeb kwm tseem ceeb ntawm lub tsev vaj tsev ntawm Istanbul

Video: Hagia Sophia: keeb kwm tseem ceeb ntawm lub tsev vaj tsev ntawm Istanbul
Video: Yaunas mus xa moo zoo tshaj tawm ceeb toom rau lub nroog Nineves kom tso kev phem pov tseg 2024, Kaum ib hlis
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Istanbul muaj keeb kwm nplua nuj thiab qhov no yog vim nws ntau dua qhov chaw zoo. Vim li no, ntau pua xyoo nws yog ib lub peev tseem ceeb ntawm ob lub tebchaws loj - Byzantium thiab Ottoman Empire. Cov cuab yeej cuab tam keeb kwm ntawm ntau haiv neeg thiab kev txav mus los tseem tuaj yeem pom thoob plaws lub nroog niaj hnub no. Ib qho piv txwv zoo tshaj plaws ntawm qhov kev sib txuam ntawm keeb kwm no yog lub tsev zoo nkauj ntawm Hagia Sophia.

Hagia Sophia - lub hlaws majestic ntawm niaj hnub Istanbul (Turkey)
Hagia Sophia - lub hlaws majestic ntawm niaj hnub Istanbul (Turkey)

Lub hauv paus pob zeb ntawm lub majestic Hagia Sophia tau pw thaum lub sij hawm ntawm Byzantine Empire. Nyob rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm pagan thaj neeb, puas los ntawm hluav taws nyob rau hauv qhov deb 537, ib tug Eastern Orthodox cathedral tau tsim, uas tau ntsib ntau yam xwm txheej thiab cardinal transformations.

Lithograph ntawm Hagia Sophia, 1857
Lithograph ntawm Hagia Sophia, 1857

Nrog rau kev hloov pauv ntawm kev cai dab qhuas canons, lub tsev teev ntuj tau hloov kho, thaum Cov Ntseeg Qub hauv cheeb tsam no poob lawv qhov tseem ceeb, Catholicism tuaj hloov nws. Vim li no, St. Sophia Cathedral tau pib hu ua Roman Catholic lub tuam tsev, tab sis pib xyoo 1453, tom qab kev ntes ntawm lub nroog los ntawm cov neeg Ottoman, lub tsev teev ntuj ntseeg tau hloov mus ua ib lub mosque. Nws tsuas yog nyob rau xyoo 1935 uas nws tau tso tseg los ua lub tsev teev ntuj thiab tam sim no Hagia Sophia muaj nyob rau hauv kev coj noj coj ua thiab keeb kwm tsev cia puav pheej, qhov twg ntau txhiab tus neeg tuaj xyuas txhua xyoo los saib daim duab qhia keeb kwm zoo nkauj zais hauv ntau yam kev tsim vaj tsev.

Nrog rau lwm lub tsev hauv keeb kwm ntawm Istanbul, St. Sophia Cathedral tau suav nrog hauv UNESCO World Heritage List
Nrog rau lwm lub tsev hauv keeb kwm ntawm Istanbul, St. Sophia Cathedral tau suav nrog hauv UNESCO World Heritage List
Schematic daim duab ntawm kev tsim kho ntawm Hagia Sophia (Istanbul, Qaib ntxhw)
Schematic daim duab ntawm kev tsim kho ntawm Hagia Sophia (Istanbul, Qaib ntxhw)

Thiab qhov no tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob, vim hais tias txhua qhov khoov, txhua lub ntsiab lus ntawm décor qhia txog keeb kwm ntawm kev tsim ib lub cim tshwj xeeb, uas tau pib ntev ua ntej lub tuam tsev, uas peb tuaj yeem pom tam sim no, tau txhim tsa.

Lub dome ntawm Hagia Sophia tau pov 56.6 m saum av (Istanbul, Qaib ntxhw)
Lub dome ntawm Hagia Sophia tau pov 56.6 m saum av (Istanbul, Qaib ntxhw)

Keeb kwm ntawm creation:Ua ntej kev tsim kho ntawm Hagia Sophia, ob lub tuam tsev kev cai dab qhuas tau raug txiav rau ntawm qhov chaw dawb ceev no, uas tau hlawv thaum hluav taws. Tom qab qhov xwm txheej kawg hauv 532, Emperor Justinian kuv tau hais kom tsim lub tuam tsev tshiab thiab zoo nkauj dua. Rau cov hom phiaj no, cov pob zeb zoo thiab marble raug xa tawm. Txhawm rau kho lub portico, los ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm huab tais, cov kab marble los ntawm thoob plaws nws lub tebchaws tau raug coj los ntawm cov tuam tsev qub. Ntau tshaj 10 txhiab tus neeg tau raug ntiav rau kev tsim kho, coj los ntawm tus kws kos duab los ntawm Tralles Anthemius (Isidor Miletsky). Txhawm rau ua kom lub tuam tsev zoo nkauj dua, tus kav txiav txim kom kho yuav luag tag nrho cov khoom sab hauv nrog kub, nyiaj, ivory thiab semiprecious pob zeb. Nws siv sijhawm yuav luag 6 xyoo rau kev ua koob tsheej qhib tshiab basilica (Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 27, 537) los ntawm Emperor Justinian I.

Cov tsev teev ntuj ntseeg khaws cia hauv Hagia Sophia (Istanbul)
Cov tsev teev ntuj ntseeg khaws cia hauv Hagia Sophia (Istanbul)

Tam sim no lub basilica no suav hais tias yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm Byzantine architecture. Nws lub imperial dome, uas tau dhau los ua ntau yam kev kho dua tshiab thiab hloov kho, tseem tau qhuas hnub no. Thiab qhov no yog qhov nkag siab, vim tias nws qhov loj me me yog qhov zoo nkauj heev - lub dome nrog txoj kab uas hla ntawm 31 m nce mus txog qhov siab ntawm 55.6 m. Ntau xyoo dhau los ntawm nws lub neej, lub thaj neeb tau hloov pauv thiab hloov pauv, khaws ntau thiab ntau cov vuas tshwj xeeb., inscriptions, frescoes, thiab lwm yam ntawm nws phab ntsa…. Thiab qhov no tsis yog xav tsis thoob, vim hais tias lub tuam tsev grandiose nrog ib tug loj nave thiab sparkling golden mosaics tau ib tug ntseeg Cathedral rau tsuas yog 900 xyoo, tsis hais txog cov tom ntej transformations.

Byzantine mosaics thiab inscriptions tau muaj sia nyob rau hnub no (Hagia Sophia, Istanbul)
Byzantine mosaics thiab inscriptions tau muaj sia nyob rau hnub no (Hagia Sophia, Istanbul)

Txawm hais tias nws muaj hnub nyoog venerable thiab reconstruction, txawm tam sim no nyob rau ntawm phab ntsa thiab kab ntawm "Sophia" koj tuaj yeem pom tshwj xeeb mosaics thiab graffiti inscriptions tsim los ntawm masters los ntawm monastic voj voog ntau pua xyoo. Koj tuaj yeem pom cov ntawv ua los ntawm cov neeg los ntawm Kievan Rus. Nyob rau hauv ib co phab ntsa muaj txawm runic Scandinavian inscriptions scrawled los ntawm cov tub rog ntawm Varangian tus neeg saib xyuas ntawm Byzantine huab tais.

Cov pob zeb marble tau raug coj los ntawm Tuam Tsev ntawm Lub Hnub thiab 8 qhov tshwj xeeb ntsuab marble kab los ntawm Ephesus (Hagia Sophia, Istanbul)
Cov pob zeb marble tau raug coj los ntawm Tuam Tsev ntawm Lub Hnub thiab 8 qhov tshwj xeeb ntsuab marble kab los ntawm Ephesus (Hagia Sophia, Istanbul)

Tag nrho cov ntawv sau thiab cov phiaj xwm ntawm mosaics tseem tab tom kawm los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb, thiab qhov paub tsis meej ntawm lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm qee qhov xwm txheej thiab cov duab kos duab kos duab tseem tsis tuaj yeem daws tau, vim tias tsis muaj ib qho analogue tau muaj sia nyob.

Tom qab kev ntes ntawm Constantinople los ntawm cov Ottoman, St. Sophia Cathedral pib hloov mus rau hauv ib lub mosque nrog minarets (Istanbul, Qaib ntxhw)
Tom qab kev ntes ntawm Constantinople los ntawm cov Ottoman, St. Sophia Cathedral pib hloov mus rau hauv ib lub mosque nrog minarets (Istanbul, Qaib ntxhw)

Nrog rau lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman tuaj txog, lub tsev teev ntuj ntseeg tau rov tsim kho dua thiab hloov mus ua ib lub mosque. Nws yog qhov tsim nyog tias txhua txoj haujlwm tau ua tiav nrog kev saib xyuas zoo tshaj plaws thiab hwm cov cim ntawm lwm txoj kev ntseeg. Qhov no yog pov thawj los ntawm qhov tseeb hais tias cov mosaics kub, inscriptions thiab frescoes tsis puas thaum lub sij hawm tus txheej txheem no, tab sis tsuas yog them nrog plaster.

Hagia Sophia yog tib qhov chaw uas koj tuaj yeem pom cov piv txwv ntawm Islamic calligraphy hauv mosque (Istanbul, Qaib ntxhw)
Hagia Sophia yog tib qhov chaw uas koj tuaj yeem pom cov piv txwv ntawm Islamic calligraphy hauv mosque (Istanbul, Qaib ntxhw)

Ntxiv mus, thaum lub sij hawm hloov ntawm lub sab hauv, lub iconic sau ntawm Islamic calligraphy kuj tau siv rau lub dawb phab ntsa ntawm lub Hagia Sophia, uas yog tsis pom nyob rau hauv lwm yam mosque nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no. Cov kws tshaj lij ntseeg tias qhov kev xav zoo li no tau hais los ntawm kev zoo nkauj uas Ottoman masters pom nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm lawv.

Minarets tau tsim ntau pua xyoo los ntawm cov sultans sib txawv (Hagia Sophia, Istanbul)
Minarets tau tsim ntau pua xyoo los ntawm cov sultans sib txawv (Hagia Sophia, Istanbul)

Yog lawm, nws tsis tau ua tiav yam tsis muaj kev tsim kho ntawm minarets - lub siab ntauwd ntawm ntau cov duab, los ntawm cov neeg ntseeg hu ua kev thov Vajtswv, uas yog ib qho ntawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb hauv cov qauv vaj tsev ntawm lub mosque. Tam sim no nyob rau hauv Hagia Sophia (txij li thaum nws tau hu ua li ntawd) minarets tau tsim nyob rau hauv ntau lub sij hawm.

Lub minaret yees tam sim no tsev lub tsev loj cuj ntawm cov sultans (Hagia Sophia, Istanbul)
Lub minaret yees tam sim no tsev lub tsev loj cuj ntawm cov sultans (Hagia Sophia, Istanbul)

Siv: Hauv Arabic, "ayah" muaj ob lub ntsiab lus. Nws tuaj yeem yog lub npe - zoo, amazing, zoo nkauj, tshwj xeeb. Nws kuj tseem tuaj yeem txhais tau ib tshooj me me ntawm Qur'an.

Omphalon - qhov chaw ntawm lub coronation ceremony ntawm East Roman emperors (Hagia Sophia, Istanbul)
Omphalon - qhov chaw ntawm lub coronation ceremony ntawm East Roman emperors (Hagia Sophia, Istanbul)

Nyob rau hauv Sultan Fatih Mehmed, uas tau ntes Constantinople (tom qab Istanbul), lub qab teb sab hnub poob minaret tau tsim, nws tus tub Bayezid II tau tsa lub sab qaum teb sab hnub tuaj, tab sis lwm ob lub tsev tau tsim ntau tom qab. Lawv tau tsim thiab tsim los ntawm Sinan, yog ib lub npe nrov tshaj plaws Ottoman architects thiab engineers.

Mihrab nyob rau sab qab teb sab hnub tuaj ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj, taw rau Mecca (Hagia Sophia, Istanbul)
Mihrab nyob rau sab qab teb sab hnub tuaj ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj, taw rau Mecca (Hagia Sophia, Istanbul)

Tom qab kev tsim kho ntawm cov minarets, lub pob zeb marble carved minbar tau teeb tsa (ib lub platform los ntawm cov imam nyeem cov lus qhuab qhia hnub Friday), thiab nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 18th, los ntawm kev tsim kho lub tsev teev ntuj (hauv Sultan Mahmud I) xyoo 1739-1742., lub thaj ntawm lub cathedral yuav tsum tau tsiv mus nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav nruab ib tug mihrab nyob rau hauv nws.

Byzantine sarcophagus thiab Christian cim khaws cia nyob rau hauv lub Cathedral ntawm St
Byzantine sarcophagus thiab Christian cim khaws cia nyob rau hauv lub Cathedral ntawm St

Maj mam, lub mosque hloov mus ua ib lub tsev zoo nkauj, uas khaws cov thaj chaw tseem ceeb tshaj plaws thiab cov khoom plig coj los ntawm thaj chaw nyob. Raws li cov neeg kho ntawm Novate. Ru, cov bronze candlesticks uas tam sim no peb tuaj yeem pom nyob ze ntawm mihrab tau raug coj rov qab rau xyoo 1526 los ntawm Buda (lub peev ntawm Hungary ua ntej kev txeeb ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman) los ntawm Sultan Suleiman lub Magnificent.

Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, lub tsev teev ntuj Hagia Sophia tau txais cov xwm txheej ntawm lub tsev khaws puav pheej, tab sis Christendom xav rov qab lub tsev teev ntuj rau nws lub hom phiaj qub (Istanbul, Qaib ntxhw)
Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, lub tsev teev ntuj Hagia Sophia tau txais cov xwm txheej ntawm lub tsev khaws puav pheej, tab sis Christendom xav rov qab lub tsev teev ntuj rau nws lub hom phiaj qub (Istanbul, Qaib ntxhw)

Tom qab ntau pua xyoo ntawm kev muaj sia nyob raws li lub tsev teev ntuj, thawj tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm Qaib Cov Txwv, Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, tau hais kom tig lub Hagia Sophia mus rau hauv lub tsev khaws puav pheej. Vim li no, kev kho kom zoo nkauj tau pib hauv xyoo 1935, uas tau siv sijhawm ntau xyoo. Nyob rau hauv nws cov chav kawm, nws tau txiav txim siab tshem tawm cov plaster nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav qhia tau lub cim mosaic, uas yog zoo kawg nkaus khaws cia nyob rau hauv qab. Tom qab tshem tawm cov ntaub pua plag loj, cov neeg tuaj saib tau txais tos los ntawm cov khoom kim heev marble pem teb nrog ib qho ornate Omphalos (khoom dawb huv) nyob hauv nruab nrab.

Kev kho dua tshiab ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv cov phab ntsa ntawm Hagia Sophia Tsev khaws puav pheej Complex (Istanbul, Qaib ntxhw) tsis tau tso tseg tau ntau xyoo
Kev kho dua tshiab ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv cov phab ntsa ntawm Hagia Sophia Tsev khaws puav pheej Complex (Istanbul, Qaib ntxhw) tsis tau tso tseg tau ntau xyoo

Cov hauj lwm tau ua nyob rau hauv xws li ib txoj kev xws li khaws cia ob qho tib si Islamic hniav nyiaj hniav kub thiab kev cai dab qhuas cim ntawm cov ntseeg. Xav txog xws li lub hnub nyoog venerable ntawm lub thaj neeb, qee cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov qauv thiab sab hauv tau reconstructed. Ua tsaug rau kev ua haujlwm, cov neeg tuaj saib tuaj rau Hagia Sophia tuaj yeem pom cov qauv zoo tshaj plaws ntawm Byzantine thiab Ottoman styles. Ntxiv mus, xws li kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov kab lis kev cai sib txawv hauv ib lub qauv tsis tuaj yeem pom nyob hauv tag nrho lub ntiaj teb.

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