Cov txheej txheem:

Radiation: yim muaj teeb meem dogmas txog ionizing hluav taws xob
Radiation: yim muaj teeb meem dogmas txog ionizing hluav taws xob

Video: Radiation: yim muaj teeb meem dogmas txog ionizing hluav taws xob

Video: Radiation: yim muaj teeb meem dogmas txog ionizing hluav taws xob
Video: Qhia Suab 20: Consonant Q 2024, Tej zaum
Anonim

Radiation, los yog ionizing hluav taws xob, yog qhov tsis pom thiab txaus ntshai. Cov xwm txheej cuam tshuam nrog qhov no - ntawm Chernobyl nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag, Peb Mile Island lossis Fukushima - tau rov ua rau tib neeg tuag, thiab hauv keeb kwm tau muaj cov xwm txheej loj heev xws li kev noj cov ntsev ntsev thiab kev pov tseg loj ntawm nuclear pov tseg. rau hauv hiav txwv. Txawm li cas los xij, nrog rau kev phom sij tiag tiag, muaj cov kev xav, zoo li cov lus dab neeg qub ntawm lub chaw ua haujlwm txog hluav taws xob los ntawm kev saib xyuas lossis cov cactus pab los ntawm hluav taws xob. "Attic" xam pom qhov twg yog qhov tseeb thiab qhov tsis yog.

1. Kev sib tsoo ntawm lub chaw tsim hluav taws xob nuclear hauv Fukushima yog qhov phem tshaj qhov kev sib tsoo ntawm Chernobyl

Tsis muaj tseeb los ntawm txhua qhov kev pom

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Tag nrho cov haujlwm ntawm emissions tsawg dua, thiab cov isotopes nyob ntev dua tau nkag mus rau hauv ib puag ncig, uas tuaj yeem ua paug rau thaj tsam ntau xyoo lawm. Qhov kev pab cuam tseem ceeb tau ua los ntawm lub neej luv luv iodine-131, thiab txawm tias ib qho tau tawg mus rau hauv Dej Hiav Txwv Pacific thiab muaj kev nyab xeeb tawg nyob rau hauv ib cheeb tsam deserted.

Yog tias tsuas yog ob tus neeg ua haujlwm tuag ntawm lub chaw tsim hluav taws xob nuclear hauv Fukushima, tom qab raug mob, tsuas yog thaum tua hluav taws ntawm Chernobyl nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag, nyob rau theem mob hnyav, ntau tshaj li peb caug tus neeg tua hluav taws tau txais koob tshuaj tuag. Kev kwv yees ntawm tus naj npawb ntawm cov neeg raug tsim txom los ntawm radionuclide xau feem ntau txawv los ntawm qhov kev txiav txim loj, tab sis Chernobyl undoubtedly coj qhov dubious thawj qhov chaw nyob rau sab saum toj 5 hluav taws xob kev puas tsuaj.

Saib ntxiv: Radiation: 30 Xyoo Tom Qab. Koj yuav tsum ntshai ntawm "cov pa taws hluav taws xob" los ntawm hluav taws kub hauv cheeb tsam Chernobyl?

Nws tsuas yog qhov tseeb tias ob qho tib si Chernobyl nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag thiab Fukushima tau txais qhov txiaj ntsig siab tshaj plaws ntawm International Nuclear Event Scale (INES) - xya lub ntsiab lus. Lawv raug cais raws li kev xwm txheej thoob ntiaj teb ntawm qib siab tshaj plaws.

2. Iodine thiab cawv pab hluav taws xob

Cov lus qhia no yuav tsum tau categorized li outright sabotage

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Iodine tsuas yog siv nyob rau hauv ib rooj plaub - yog tias muaj kev tso tawm iodine-131, ib qho isotope luv luv uas yog tsim nyob rau hauv nuclear reactors. Tom qab ntawd, txhawm rau kom tsis txhob cia cov isotope radioactive rau hauv lub cev, cov kws kho mob tuaj yeem muab cov tshuaj iodine zoo tib yam, tom qab ntawd nws cov isotope txaus ntshai pib nqus tau qeeb dua.

Raws li nrog kev pom zoo thaum muaj xwm txheej ceev rau kev tawm tsam ntau yam tshuaj lom, qhov no muaj nws qhov tsis zoo. Cov neeg uas muaj cov thyroid caj pas ua haujlwm tsis zoo tuaj yeem raug mob los ntawm cov iodine ntau dhau, tab sis thaum tiv thaiv cov qog nqaij hlav qog noj ntshav, qhov no yog qhov tsis saib xyuas, coj los ntawm cov laj thawj "kaum tshuaj lom neeg ntawm 1000 tus neeg zoo dua li 1 kis mob qog noj ntshav hauv tib txhiab." Thaum tsis muaj iodine-131 nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig (nws ib nrab-lub neej tsuas yog dhau ib lub lis piam), teeb meem tseem nyob, thiab txhua yam kev tiv thaiv yuav ploj mus tag nrho.

Raws li kev haus cawv, nws tsis tau hais nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov kev cai peb pom rau kev tiv thaiv ntawm hluav taws xob raug mob. Tau kawg, yog tias koj mloog cov dab neeg ntawm pab tub rog, cawv ua haujlwm zoo rau txhua yam. Tab sis qee zaum crocodiles ya nyob rau hauv lawv, yog li peb xav kom tsis txhob cuam tshuam nrog kev tshawb fawb pej xeem nrog biochemistry thiab radiobiology.

Muaj cov tshuaj uas txhawb kev tshem tawm ntawm radionuclides, tab sis lawv muaj ntau yam kev phiv thiab kev txwv uas peb yuav tsis tham txog lawv.

3. Tag nrho cov hluav taws xob tau tsim los ntawm tib neeg

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Cov kws tshawb fawb hluav taws xob hu ua ntau yam sib txawv, ntawm cov tib neeg tsim thiab tuag hluav taws xob tsis pom zoo. Nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab lus feem ntau ntawm lo lus, hluav taws xob yog ib qho hluav taws xob, nrog rau tsis muaj kev phom sij (yog tias tsis saib nrog lub qhov muag tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv, tau kawg) tshav ntuj - piv txwv li, cov kws tshawb fawb siv lo lus "hnub ci hluav taws xob" los kwv yees cov cua sov ntawm qhov chaw. ntawm peb ntiaj chaw tau txais.

Tsis tas li ntawd, hluav taws xob feem ntau raug txheeb xyuas nrog cov hluav taws xob ionizing, uas yog, cov kab hluav taws xob lossis cov khoom uas muaj peev xwm los rhuav tshem ib tus neeg electrons los ntawm atoms thiab molecules. Nws yog ionizing hluav taws xob uas ua rau cov molecules hauv cov hlwb puas, ua rau DNA tawg thiab lwm yam tsis zoo: qhov no yog tib yam hluav taws xob, tab sis nws tsis yog tib neeg tsim ib txwm.

Qhov loj tshaj plaws ntawm hluav taws xob (tom qab no nyob rau hauv cov ntawv nyeem nws yuav yog synonymous nrog "ionizing hluav taws xob") yog dua lub hnub, ib tug loj heev thermonuclear reactor ntawm lub hauv paus chiv keeb. Sab nraum lub ntiaj teb huab cua thiab magnetic teb, hnub ci hluav taws xob tsis yog tsuas yog lub teeb thiab cua sov, tab sis kuj X-rays, nyuaj ultraviolet lub teeb thiab - txaus ntshai tshaj plaws rau cov neeg nyob rau hauv qhov tob - protons ya ntawm impressive speeds. Nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej tsis zoo, nyob rau hauv ib xyoos ntawm kev ua haujlwm hnub ci ntau ntxiv, poob hauv qab kab ntawm protons ejected los ntawm lub hnub cog lus tias yuav ua rau cov hluav taws xob tuag nyob rau hauv ib qho teeb meem ntawm feeb, qhov no kwv yees sib haum rau keeb kwm yav dhau los ze rau lub reactor puas ntawm Chernobyl nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag..

Peb lub ntiaj teb tseem muaj xov tooj cua. Pob zeb, suav nrog granite thiab thee, muaj uranium thiab thorium, thiab lawv kuj emit cov roj hluav taws xob hu ua radon. Nyob rau hauv qhov chaw tsis muaj cua tsis zoo nyob ze rau hauv av theem ntawm pob zeb vim yog radon yog fraught nrog kev pheej hmoo ntawm mob qog noj ntshav; ib feem ntawm kev puas tsuaj los ntawm kev haus luam yeeb yog txuam nrog cov ntsiab lus ntawm polonium-210 nyob rau hauv cov pa luam yeeb, ib tug heev nquag thiab yog li ntawd txaus ntshai isotope. Vim li cas thiaj muaj haus luam yeeb - txiv tsawb zoo tib yam yuav kho koj nrog txog 15 becquerels ntawm poov tshuaj-40: cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo noj yuav muab ntau cov atoms ntawm radioactive poov tshuaj uas txhua ob peb lub cev yuav ntsib 15 qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov xov tooj cua! Uas, txawm li cas los xij, poob tawm tsam keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm lwm qhov chaw ntuj: tag nrho cov koob tshuaj hluav taws xob los ntawm cov txiv tsawb noj yog ib puas npaug tsawg dua qhov tau txais ib hnub los ntawm tag nrho lwm qhov chaw ntuj.

Tau kawg, lub neej hauv ntiaj teb xov tooj cua no tau kawm los daws cov teeb meem zoo li no, thiab tib DNA muaj cov cuab yeej muaj zog rau kev kho tus kheej. Uranium nyob rau hauv granite, radon nyob rau hauv cov huab cua, poov tshuaj thiab radiocarbon nyob rau hauv cov zaub mov, cosmic rays yog tag nrho ib feem ntawm lub ntuj keeb kwm yav dhau.

4. Microwave qhov cub thiab xov tooj ntawm tes tuaj yeem ua rau hluav taws xob

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Raws li peb tau hais lawm, kev txhais dav dav ntawm lo lus "kua hluav taws xob" tso cai rau qhov no. Tab sis ionizing hluav taws xob thiab dab tsi yog denoted los ntawm lub zoo-paub cim nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug trefoil tsis muaj dab tsi ua rau microwaves. Lub zog ntawm lawv cov quanta tsis txaus kom tshem tawm cov hluav taws xob, tab sis nws yog qhov txaus los ua kom sov txhua yam uas muaj dipole (muaj ob qho hluav taws xob hluav taws xob sab hauv) molecules. Lub microwave yog qhov zoo rau cov dej kub, roj, tab sis tsis yog porcelain lossis yas (tab sis cov zaub mov hauv tuaj yeem ua kom sov).

Txij li thaum muaj ntau dipole molecules nyob rau hauv peb lub cev, microwave hluav taws xob tuaj yeem ua kom sov nws ib yam nkaus. Qhov no, frankly, yog fraught nrog unpleasant txim, txawm hais tias cov kws kho mob paub yuav ua li cas siv xws li electromagnetic nthwv dej kom zoo. Cov kws kho mob thiab cov kws kho tsiaj tau sib cav txog yuav ua li cas microwave hluav taws xob hauv cov koob tshuaj me me tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau tib neeg lub cev, tab sis tam sim no cov txiaj ntsig tau txhawb nqa: kev sib piv ntawm ntau qhov sib txawv ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb loj qhia tau hais tias tsis muaj kev sib txuas ntawm xov tooj thiab cov qog nqaij hlav malignant.

Thov tsis txhob lo koj lub taub hau ncaj qha rau hauv qhov cub lossis radar kav hlau txais xov thaum nws qhib. Ib rab phom microwave hauv tsev ua los ntawm lub qhov cub microwave (cov yeeb yaj kiab nrov hauv net; tsis yog, yuav tsis muaj qhov txuas) twb txaus ntshai thiab nws yuav zoo dua tsis txhob ua si nrog nws.

5. Tsiaj txhu hnov hluav taws xob

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Ionizing hluav taws xob tuaj yeem - nrog lub zog txaus - rhuav tshem cov pa oxygen hauv huab cua. Yog li ntawd, ib qho tsis hnov tsw ntawm ozone tshwm. Qee cov tsiaj uas muaj qhov hnov tsw tsw heev tuaj yeem khaws cov ntxhiab tsw no. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no tsis yog ib qho kev xaiv ntawm kev hem thawj ntawm hluav taws xob, tab sis tsuas yog ib qho kev cuam tshuam rau kev coj txawv txawv thiab yog li muaj peev xwm txaus ntshai.

Los ntawm txoj kev, me ntsis ntxiv txog cov tsiaj: muaj kev ntseeg qub heev uas tau ploj mus los ntawm cov hnub ntawm cov kab hluav taws xob cathode thiab cov saib, nyob rau saum npoo uas tus miv tuaj yeem yooj yim haum. Nws yog nws leej twg tau txais cov hluav taws xob ionizing: nws tshwm sim thaum lub teeb hluav taws xob hluav taws xob tau qeeb thiab tawm feem ntau los ntawm qab, thiab tsis yog los ntawm lub vijtsam (uas yog tuab heev). Txawm li cas los xij, yog tias koj tsis yog miv thiab koj tsis muaj tus cwj pwm ntawm basking hauv lub monitor, ces X-rays los ntawm lub computer zaub yuav raug tsis saib xyuas.

6. Cov khoom uas pom nyob rau hauv lub pov tseg tej zaum yuav muaj hluav taws xob

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Txhawm rau zam qhov no, koj tsuas yog yuav tsum tsis txhob rub cov khoom ntawm lub hom phiaj tsis paub mus rau hauv tsev thiab tsis txhob cuam tshuam cov khoom seem uas tsis sib xws. Tom qab tag nrho, dab tsi tuaj yeem pom hauv qab daus ntawm lub tsev kho mob uas tsim nyog rau tsev neeg?

Thiab yog tias koj xav tias koj tus kheej yog tus paub txog kev tshawb nrhiav ntawm qhov chaw tso tseg, tej zaum koj yuav hnov tias tus stalker zoo tawm hauv qab ib qho khoom hauv tib daim ntawv uas nws pom nws. Tsis muaj fuse zalazov, kev puas tsuaj thiab sau ntawm swag.;)

7. Lub satellite nkag mus rau qhov chaw nrog lub hauv paus ntawm radioisotopes ntawm lub nkoj yog fraught nrog kev puas tsuaj thoob ntiaj teb

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Cov lus dab neeg no yog kev ncaj ncees los ntawm qhov tseeb tias tag nrho cov haujlwm ntawm radionuclides nyob rau hauv lub nkoj, hais tias, Soviet Buk reconnaissance satellite yog theoretically txaus rau lethally irradiate coob tus neeg. Tab sis, raws li qhov tsis txaus ntseeg sib npaug, lub tsheb ntawm cov txiv apples tig mus rau hauv qhov kwj dej ua rau muaj kev hem thawj rau lub nroog me - vim yog cyanide hauv cov noob.

Cov satellites nrog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hauv lub nkoj tau nkag mus rau hauv lub ntiaj teb huab cua, thiab tsis muaj qhov tshwm sim loj heev tom qab ntawd. Ua ntej, qee qhov ntawm cov radionuclides poob rau hauv ib qho kev sib cog lus, thiab qhov thib ob, txhua yam uas tau tawg mus rau hauv qhov chaw tau muab faib rau thaj tsam loj.

Yog lawm, nws yuav zoo dua tsis txhob tso cov satellites rau lub ntiaj teb, peb tuaj yeem ua tau zoo yam tsis muaj plutonium hauv stratosphere, tab sis qhov chaw reactors tsis rub lub Doomsday tshuab ib yam.

8. Cactus ntawm lub monitor txuag ntawm hluav taws xob

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Txawm hais tias peb xav tias qhov screen tsis tawm ionizing hluav taws xob, yuav ua li cas lub cactus, uas tsis txawm npog tag nrho cov zaub, pab tau li cas? Koj puas nqus X-ray zoo li lub tshuab nqus tsev?

Qhov laj thawj nyob rau hauv cov lus dab neeg thaum ub no yog tias cov nroj tsuag me ntsis txhim kho kev nyab xeeb sab hauv tsev thiab yooj yim rau lub qhov muag. Thiab ua kom nws nyob ze koj yog qhov zoo siab dua li ntawm lub txee dai khaub ncaws.

Ntxiv rau qhov kev xav - lossis tsis yog heev, tab sis qhov tseeb tsis tseeb - "Attic" tau khaws 10 nqe lus hais txog hluav taws xob, uas tsis muaj kev tsis ntseeg. Ntawm no lawv yog:

1. Ionizing hluav taws xob muaj ntau hom. Cov no yog gamma thiab X-rays (electromagnetic tsis), beta hais (electrons thiab lawv cov antiparticles, positrons), alpha hais (nuclei ntawm helium atoms), neutrons thiab tsuas yog tawg ntawm nuclei ya ntawm ib tug impressive ceev txaus ionize teeb meem.

2. Qee hom hluav taws xob - alpha hais, piv txwv li - raug kaw los ntawm ntawv ci lossis txawm tias ntawv. Lwm tus, neutrons, yog absorbed los ntawm cov khoom uas nplua nuj nyob rau hauv hydrogen atoms - dej los yog paraffin. Thiab rau kev tiv thaiv los ntawm gamma rays thiab X-rays, txhuas yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws. Yog li ntawd, nuclear reactors muaj kev tiv thaiv los ntawm lub plhaub multilayer, uas yog tsim los rau ntau hom hluav taws xob.

3. Cov koob tshuaj absorbed ntawm hluav taws xob yog ntsuas hauv sieverts. Los ntawm qhov pom ntawm lub cev, qhov no yog lub zog nqus los ntawm cov khoom irradiated. Ntxiv nrog rau qhov koob tshuaj, kuj tseem muaj kev ua haujlwm - tus naj npawb ntawm kev lwj ntawm atomic nuclei ib ob hauv cov qauv. Ib qho kev lwj ntawm ib ob yields ib becquerel. X-rays yog cov chav nyob sab nraud ntawm kev ntsuas koob tshuaj, thiab curies yog off-system units ntawm kev ua ub no. Qhov ntim ntawm radionuclide emissions yog ntsuas tsis nyob rau hauv kilograms, tab sis nyob rau hauv becquerels, nyob rau hauv becquerels ib kilogram los yog square meter, cov kev ua ub no yog ntsuas. Rau kev xam qhov tseeb ntawm cov tshuaj noj los ntawm tib neeg lub cev, rems, lom sib npaug ntawm X-rays, kuj tau siv, tab sis peb yuav tsis mus rau hauv cov ntsiab lus no.

4. Lub zog absorbed thaum lub sij hawm irradiation yog me me, tab sis nws ua rau deterioration ntawm tseem ceeb biomolecules. Lub zog ntawm cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob los ntawm lub teeb pom kev ze tshaj plaws tuaj yeem ua tau ntau dua li lub zog ntawm ionizing hluav taws xob uas yuav ua rau muaj kev mob hluav taws xob - ib yam li lub zog ntawm lub mos txwv thiab lub zog ntawm dhia hauv pem teb muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm peb lub cev.

5. Feem ntau ntawm cov paub radionuclides twb tau ua ke lawm. Cov nuclei ntawm lawv cov atoms lwj sai heev kom muaj nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej tseem ceeb. Qhov tshwj xeeb yog qee yam khoom siv astrophysical, cov txheej txheem huab cua sab hauv uas qee zaum ua rau kev sib txuas ntawm ntau yam kab txawv mus txog technetium thiab uranium.

6. Ib nrab-lub neej - lub sij hawm uas ib nrab ntawm tag nrho cov nuclei ntawm lub caij lwj. Tom qab ob lub neej ib nrab, yuav tsis muaj xoom, tab sis 1/4 (ib nrab ntawm ib nrab) ntawm cov nuclei.

7. Feem ntau ntawm cov hluav taws xob ionizing tshwm sim los ntawm kev lwj ntawm cov nuclei ntawm cov atoms tsis ruaj khov (radioactive). Qhov thib ob qhov chaw tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev lwj, tab sis fusion ntawm atoms, thermonuclear. Lawv mus rau hauv lub plab ntawm lub hnub qub, nrog rau lub hnub. X-rays yog tsim thaum electrons txav nrog acceleration, yog li tsis zoo li lwm yam, lawv tuaj yeem tig rau thiab tawm los ntawm kev coj cov nqaj ntawm electrons mus rau lub phaj hlau lossis los ntawm kev ua rau tib lub nqaj kom vibrate hauv electromagnetic teb.

8. Yog tias cov hluav taws xob tsis yog ionizing, nws tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev phom sij. Raws li cov lus pov thawj ntawm astronomers hais, koj tuaj yeem saib lub hnub los ntawm lub tsom iav raj yam tsis muaj lim ob zaug, nrog koj ob lub qhov muag sab xis thiab sab laug. Cov hluav taws xob cua sov ua rau kub hnyiab, thiab qhov teeb meem ntawm lub qhov cub microwave tau paub rau txhua tus neeg uas xam tsis raug lub sij hawm uas cov zaub mov yuav nyob hauv lub microwave.

9. Cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb yog siv los ntsuas hluav taws xob. Lub nto moo tshaj plaws, tab sis nyob deb ntawm ib leeg, yog Geiger txee, ib lub raj hlau uas muaj roj. Thaum cov roj nyob hauv yog ionized los ntawm hluav taws xob, nws pib ua hluav taws xob tam sim no. Nws tau sau npe los ntawm hluav taws xob hluav taws xob, uas tom qab ntawd muab cov ntawv nyeem hauv daim ntawv yooj yim-rau-nyeem. Ntxiv mus, tsis yog txhua yam khoom siv no tuaj yeem hu ua dosimeter. Piv txwv li, ib lub cuab yeej rau kev ntsuas tsis yog qhov nqus tau, tab sis kev ua haujlwm lossis hluav taws xob hluav taws xob hu ua radiometer.

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