Puas yog - Sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Ice?

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Raws li koj paub los ntawm Soviet lub tsev kawm ntawv keeb kwm, nyob rau lub caij ntuj sov ntawm 1240, ib pab tub rog ntawm ntau txhiab tus German Teutonic knights tsiv mus rau Russia, uas ntes tau ntau lub nroog thiab npaj rau cua daj cua dub Novgorod.

Raws li qhov kev thov ntawm Novgorod veche, Tub Vaj Ntxwv Alexander Yaroslavich, uas tawm hauv Novgorod thaum lub caij ntuj no xyoo 1240 tom qab kev sib cav nrog ib feem ntawm Novgorod boyars, rov qab mus rau lub nroog thiab coj cov neeg ua tub rog. Nws thiab nws txoj kev ywj pheej tau tso tawm Koporye thiab Pskov, thiab tom qab ntawd lub Plaub Hlis 5, 1242 tau ntxias cov neeg German mus rau hauv dej khov ntawm Lake Peipsi. Raws li nws tau npaj tseg, cov dej khov tsis tuaj yeem tiv taus qhov hnyav ntawm cov knights chained hauv armor thiab tawg, ua rau feem ntau ntawm cov tub rog Teutonic thiab ua kom muaj kev yeej zoo kawg nkaus rau cov neeg Lavxias. Thaum kaj ntug ntawm Soviet lub sij hawm, tus poj Eisenstein tau ua ib tug zoo kawg nkaus zaj duab xis "Alexander Nevsky" txog qhov no, uas heev figuratively qhia yuav ua li cas nws tshwm sim. Tab sis puas yog txhua yam zoo li ntawd, raws li qhia hauv tsev kawm ntawv thiab ua yeeb yaj kiab?

Cov kws tshawb fawb ywj pheej thiab cov neeg keeb kwm nrog lub qhov muag pom tseeb hais tias qhov no tsis yog qhov tseeb. Qhov no yog lwm cov lus dab neeg tshaj tawm nrog ib lub hom phiaj: los tsim hauv keeb kwm Lavxias tus cwj pwm ntawm tus thawj coj zoo, hauv qhov ntsuas tsis qis dua rau David, Alexander lub Great lossis Genghis Khan. Qhov no kiag li unpatriotic version yog warmly tiv thaiv los ntawm sober Lavxias teb sab kws tshawb fawb, nrog rau cov historian thiab archaeologist Alexei Bychkov.

Direct recourse mus rau qhov chaw nyiam ua rau poob siab rau uninitiated. Kev ua tib zoo kawm ntawm tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv thaum ntxov piav qhia txog cov xwm txheej ntawm cov xyoo thaum ntxov, nws hloov tawm tias lawv muaj cov ntaub ntawv tsis sib haum xeeb txog kev sib ntaus sib tua nrog German knights, lossis lawv tsis muaj lawv txhua. Kev sib ntaus sib tua loj tshaj plaws tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov monuments thaum ntxov ua ib ntu, yog tias tsis yog txhua yam, ces, txawm li cas los xij, tsis muaj txoj hmoo.

Cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm thiab keeb kwm tsis hais ib lo lus hais txog kev tshem tawm ntawm cov neeg Lavxias hla Lake Peipsi thiab kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm nws cov dej khov (tag nrho cov ntxiv, tsis yog ib lo lus hais txog qhov rov ua dua Livonian wedge uas faib cov lus Lavxias thaum pib ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua.). Tsis muaj ib hnub tau hais, thiab tsis muaj kev hais txog qhov chaw tshwj xeeb uas muaj kev sib ntaus sib tua. Thiab, thaum kawg, tag nrho cov keeb kwm hais txog qhov tsis sib xws ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm cov rog, uas ua kom pom tseeb txo qhov kev kov yeej ntawm cov lus dab neeg ntawm Kev Sib Tw ntawm Dej khov.

Yuav kom tsim tau cov duab ntawm tus yawm liberator Alexander Nevsky, ib tug xov tooj ntawm myths xwb tau tsim. Thawj qhov yog hais txog leej twg cov Russians tau tawm tsam nrog. Txhua tus neeg uas paub txog keeb kwm me ntsis yuav hais tias: "Tau kawg, nrog cov Germans!" Thiab nws yuav yog tiag tiag, vim hais tias nyob rau hauv lub Novgorod chronicle nws yog hais tias cov no yog cov "Germans". Yog lawm, Germans, tsuas yog tam sim no peb siv lo lus no nkaus xwb rau Germans (txawm peb tab tom kawm German, tsis yog German), tab sis nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 13th, lo lus "German" txhais tau tias " ruam", uas yog, hais lus tsis tau. Yog li ntawd, cov Russians hu tag nrho cov haiv neeg uas nws hais lus yog incomprehensible rau lawv. Nws hloov tawm Danes, Fabkis, Poles, Germans, Finns, thiab lwm yam. cov inhabitants ntawm medieval Russia suav hais tias lawv "Germans".

Lub Livonian Chronicle qhia tias cov tub rog uas tau mus rau kev sib tw tawm tsam Russia muaj cov tub rog ntawm Livonian Order (ib qho ntawm Teutonic Order raws li thaj chaw ntawm Baltic tam sim no), Danish vassals thiab tub rog los ntawm Dorpat (tam sim no- hnub Tartu), ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm uas yog ib qho txuj ci tseem ceeb (raws li cov Russians hu ua legendary neeg "dawb-eyed chud", nrog rau Estonians thiab qee zaum Finns). Yog li ntawd, cov tub rog no tsis yog ib yam dab tsi uas yog "German", nws tsis tuaj yeem hu ua "Teutonic", vim tias feem ntau ntawm cov tub rog tsis tau koom nrog Livonian Order. Tab sis lawv tuaj yeem raug hu ua crusaders, vim tias kev sib tw yog ib feem ntawm kev ntseeg hauv qhov xwm txheej. Thiab cov tub rog Lavxias tsis yog tsuas yog cov tub rog ntawm Alexander Nevsky. Ntxiv nrog rau pawg tub huabtais nws tus kheej, cov tub rog suav nrog kev tshem tawm ntawm tus npis sov, Novgorod garrison subordinate rau tus kav nroog, cov tub rog ntawm lub posad, nrog rau pab tub rog ntawm boyars thiab cov tub lag luam nplua nuj. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lub "grassroots" regiments los ntawm lub Suzdal tus thawj tswj hwm tau los pab cov Novgorodians: tus huab tais tus tij laug Andrei Yaroslavich nrog nws retinue, thiab nrog nws lub nroog thiab boyar detachments.

Qhov thib ob dab neeg hais txog tus hero ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua. Yuav kom nkag siab nws, cia peb tig mus rau "Txwj Laug Livonian Rhymed Chronicle", kwv yees li sau tseg nyob rau hauv kaum xyoo dhau los ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th los ntawm cov lus ntawm cov neeg koom nrog hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua Lavxias-Livonian ntawm 40s. Nrog rau kev ceev faj thiab, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, kev nyeem tsis ncaj ncees ntawm nws, cov kab ke ntawm cov xwm txheej qub tuaj yeem tsim kho raws li hauv qab no: cov neeg Lavxias tau tawm tsam cov Estonians, cov Livonians tuaj yeem pab tiv thaiv lawv; cov Livonians ntes Izborsk, thiab ces tsoo rau hauv Pskov, uas surrendered rau lawv tsis muaj kev sib ntaus; Ib tug tshwj xeeb Novgorod tub huabtais, uas nws lub npe tsis hais, sau ib tug loj detachment thiab tsiv mus rau Pskov, tau yeej los ntawm cov Germans. Cov xwm txheej qub tau rov qab los; Nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd, Suzdal tub huabtais Alexander (tom qab kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Neva, nrov npe hu ua "Nevsky"), ua ke nrog nws ntau retinue, mus ua tsov rog nyob rau hauv Livonian av, ua robberies thiab hluav taws kub. Hauv Dorpat, tus npis sov hauv zos tau sau nws cov tub rog thiab txiav txim siab tawm tsam cov neeg Lavxias. Tab sis nws tau dhau los ua me me: "Cov neeg Lavxias muaj cov tub rog zoo li no, tej zaum, rau caum tus txiv neej ntawm ib tus neeg German tau tawm tsam, cov kwv tij sib ntaus sib tua, Txawm li cas los xij, lawv tau kov yeej lawv, qee cov neeg Dorpat tau tawm tsam kom cawm lawv tus kheej. raug yuam kom thim rov qab, muaj nees nkaum cov kwv tij raug tua thiab muaj rau tus raug kaw." Tsis tas li ntawd, raws li cov lus ntawm German chronicler, tus yuam sij zoo li yog kev sib ntaus sib tua rau Pskov ("yog tias Pskov tau txais kev cawmdim, tam sim no nws yuav muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau cov ntseeg Vajtswv kom txog thaum kawg ntawm lub ntiaj teb"), uas tsis tau yeej los ntawm Prince Alexander. (feem ntau, peb tab tom tham txog nws tus tij laug Andrei).

Txawm li cas los xij, Livonian chronicle tuaj yeem muaj cov ntaub ntawv tsis tseeb thiab tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam tag nrho lub luag haujlwm ntawm Prince Alexander hauv kev ua tiav ntawm sab hnub poob.

Los ntawm Lavxias teb sab qhov chaw, qhov ntxov tshaj plaws yog cov xov xwm ntawm Laurentian Chronicle, uas tau muab tso ua ke nyob rau hauv thaum xaus ntawm lub XIV caug xyoo. Qhov tseeb, nws hais txog cov hauv qab no: "Lub caij ntuj sov ntawm 6750 (1242 raws li niaj hnub chronology), Grand Duke Yaroslav xa nws tus tub Andrei mus rau Novgorod lub Great, los pab Alexander cov Germans thiab yeej lawv hla Pleskovskoye ntawm lub pas dej, thiab ntes tau. ntau tus neeg, thiab Andrei rov qab los rau nws txiv nrog kev hwm."

Nco qab tias qhov no yog thawj Lavxias teb sab pov thawj ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm cov dej khov tau muab tso ua ke 135 xyoo (!) Tom qab cov xwm txheej tau piav qhia. Nyob rau hauv nws, los ntawm txoj kev, cov Novgorodians lawv tus kheej suav hais tias "kev tua neeg" raws li ib tug me me skirmish - tsuas yog ib puas lo lus raug muab rau kev sib ntaus sib tua nyob rau hauv lub annals. Thiab tom qab ntawd "cov ntxhw pib loj hlob", thiab kev sib ntaus sib tua nrog kev sib tw me me ntawm Dorpat, Chudi thiab Livonians tau dhau los ua kev tua neeg. Los ntawm txoj kev, nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov monuments, Sib ntaus sib tua ntawm cov dej khov yog inferior tsis tau tsuas yog rau lub Rakovor sib ntaus sib tua, tab sis kuj mus rau lub sib ntaus sib tua ntawm lub Neva. Nws txaus los hais tias qhov kev piav qhia ntawm Kev Sib Tw ntawm Neva siv sijhawm ib thiab ib nrab sijhawm ntau qhov chaw hauv Novgorod First Chronicle dua li cov lus piav qhia ntawm Kev Sib Tw ntawm Dej khov.

Raws li rau lub luag hauj lwm ntawm Alexander thiab Andrey, ces qhov zoo-paub kev ua si ntawm "spoiled xov tooj" pib. Nyob rau hauv daim ntawv qhia kev kawm ntawm lub Suzdal Chronicle, muab tso ua ke nyob rau hauv Rostov ntawm lub episcopal pom, Andrei tsis tau hais nyob rau hauv tag nrho, tab sis nws yog Alexander uas tau nrog cov Germans, thiab qhov no twb tshwm sim "nyob rau hauv lub pas dej Peipsi, nyob ze lub Crow Stone."

Obviously, los ntawm lub sij hawm no canonical chronicle tau muab tso ua ke (thiab nws hnub tim los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th), yuav tsis muaj kev ntseeg tau cov ntaub ntawv hais txog dab tsi tiag tiag tshwm sim 250 xyoo dhau los.

Txawm li cas los xij, cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws tshaj plaws txog kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm cov dej khov, txawm li cas los xij, pom nyob rau hauv Novgorod thawj zaug ntawm Cov Txwj Laug tsab, uas, qhov tseeb, tau raug xa mus rau feem ntau ntawm Lavxias teb sab chroniclers uas muaj tes hauv kev tsim cov ntawv tshaj tawm ntawm qhov no. keeb kwm xwm txheej. Nws, ntawm chav kawm, tau los ua ib qho chaw rau Suzdal Chronicle, txawm hais tias nws hais txog Alexander thiab Andrey ua tus tiv thaiv ntawm Lavxias teb sab av (qhov tseeb, nws zoo nkaus li tias tom qab ntawd tau txhob txwm "thaum" hauv keeb kwm keeb kwm rau lub hom phiaj ntawm kev tsim tus cwj pwm. cult ntawm nws tus tij laug). Thiab tsis muaj leej twg them sai sai rau qhov tseeb tias nws qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm Livonian Chronicle thiab Laurentian Chronicle.

Muaj ib qho ntxiv "qhov tseeb" ntawm tus tub huabtais txoj haujlwm, uas yog hu ua "Lub Neej ntawm Alexander Nevsky". Cov hauj lwm no tau sau nrog lub hom phiaj ntawm kev qhuas tus tub huabtais Alexander ua ib tug invincible warrior, uas sawv ntawm qhov chaw ntawm zaj dab neeg, overshadowing lub keeb kwm txheej xwm nthuav tawm raws li keeb kwm tsis tseem ceeb. Lub teb chaws yuav tsum paub nws tus phab ej, thiab Nevsky yog ib qho piv txwv zoo rau kev cai dab qhuas thiab kev hlub ntawm cov pej xeem txhua lub sijhawm.

Tsis tas li ntawd, txoj haujlwm no yog cov ntawv tseeb ntawm nws lub sijhawm, ntau tus kws tshawb fawb tau sau tseg tias ntu ntawm "Lub Neej ntawm Alexander Nevsky" yog tag nrho ntawm kev qiv nyiaj ntau los ntawm phau Vajlugkub, "History of the Jewish War" los ntawm Josephus thiab yav qab teb Lavxias teb sab chronicles. Qhov no feem ntau yog hais txog cov lus piav qhia ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua, suav nrog, tau kawg, kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Lake Peipsi.

Yog li, peb tuaj yeem txiav txim siab tias muaj tsawg tsawg qhov tseeb txog kev sib ntaus sib tua Lavxias-German ntawm nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th. Nws tsuas yog paub tseeb tias cov Livonians ntes Izborsk thiab Pskov, thiab Andrei thiab Alexander, tom qab qee lub sijhawm, tshem tawm cov invaders ntawm lub nroog.

Qhov tseeb tias tag nrho cov laurels tom qab muab rau tus tij laug yog nyob ntawm lub siab ntawm cov neeg sau keeb kwm, thiab cov dab neeg ntawm Kev Sib Tw ntawm Dej khov tau tsim, zoo li, lawv …

Los ntawm txoj kev, ntawm kev pib ntawm Presidium ntawm USSR Academy ntawm Sciences nyob rau hauv 1958, ib tug ntoj ke mus kawm tau ua nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ntawm lub supposed site ntawm sib ntaus sib tua ntawm cov dej khov. Archaeologists tsis tau pom ib qho kev sib ntaus sib tua nyob rau hauv qab ntawm lub pas dej los yog ntawm nws shores … Nws hloov tawm hais tias lub ntsiab tseem ceeb ntawm keeb kwm ntawm Russia tsuas yog ib tug propaganda invention?

Lwm cov lus dab neeg hais txog cov tub rog. Txij li thaum lub sij hawm Soviet, qee cov neeg sau keeb kwm, thaum hais txog cov tub rog uas sib tsoo ntawm Lake Peipsi, qhia tias cov tub rog ntawm Alexander Nevsky suav txog 15-17 txhiab tus neeg, thaum 10-12 txhiab tus tub rog German tawm tsam lawv. Rau kev sib piv, nco ntsoov tias cov pejxeem ntawm Novgorod thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua XIII tsuas yog kwv yees li 20-30 txhiab tus neeg, thiab qhov no suav nrog cov poj niam, cov laus thiab menyuam yaus. Kwv yees li tib tus lej nyob hauv medieval Paris, London, Cologne. Qhov ntawd yog, yog tias koj ntseeg tias qhov tseeb tau hais tseg, cov tub rog sib npaug sib npaug rau ib nrab ntawm cov pejxeem ntawm cov nroog loj tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb yuav tsum tau ntsib hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua. Heev tsis ntseeg, puas yog? Yog li qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm cov tub rog uas Alexander tuaj yeem hu rau hauv qab nws cov ntawv tshaj tawm tsuas yog lub cev tsis tuaj yeem tshaj ob txhiab tus tub rog.

Tam sim no muaj cov kws sau keeb kwm uas, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, sib cav tias kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm 1242 yog qhov xwm txheej tsis tseem ceeb. Tseeb tiag, Livonian chronicle hais tias, ntawm lawv feem, cov Germans tsuas yog nees nkaum "cov kwv tij" raug tua thiab rau tus neeg raug kaw. Yog lawm, tsuas yog pundits zoo li tsis nco qab tias tsis yog txhua tus tub rog nyob rau hauv medieval Europe tau suav hais tias yog ib tug tub rog. Knights tsuas yog cov tub rog zoo thiab muaj peev xwm ua tau zoo, thiab feem ntau nrog lawv txhua tus muaj ib puas tus neeg txhawb nqa: archers, spearmen, cavalry (hu ua knechts), nrog rau cov tub rog hauv zos, uas Livonian chroniclers tuaj yeem ua tau. tsis coj mus rau hauv tus account. Novgorod Chronicle lees tias qhov kev poob ntawm cov neeg German muaj txog 400 tus neeg raug tua, thiab 50 raug ntes, nrog rau "Chudi beschisla" (uas yog, suav tsis txheeb neeg tuag). Lavxias teb sab chroniclers tej zaum suav txhua leej txhua tus, tsis hais xeem thiab pawg neeg twg.

Yog li, nws zoo li cov duab ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb uas tau lees tias cov tub rog German suav txog 150 knights, ib thiab ib nrab txhiab bollards thiab ob peb txhiab tus tub rog Chudi tsim nyog cov nuj nqis tshaj plaws. Novgorod tawm tsam lawv nrog txog 4-5 txhiab tus neeg tua rog.

Cov lus dab neeg tom ntej no hais tias cov tub rog hnyav ntawm "Germans" tawm tsam cov tub rog Lavxias uas tsis tshua muaj tub rog. Zoo li, cov cuab yeej ntawm German tub rog yog ob lossis peb zaug hnyav dua li cov neeg Lavxias. Allegedly, nws yog ua tsaug rau qhov no hais tias cov dej khov tsoo rau ntawm lub pas dej, thiab lub hnyav armor rub lub Germans mus rau hauv qab. (Thiab cov Russians - kuj, los ntawm txoj kev, nyob rau hauv hlau, albeit "lub teeb" - rau ib co yog vim li cas tsis poob dej …) Qhov tseeb, cov tub rog Lavxias teb sab thiab German tau tiv thaiv tib txoj kev. Los ntawm txoj kev, phaj armor, uas knights feem ntau yog piav nyob rau hauv novels thiab films, tshwm sim tom qab - nyob rau hauv lub XIV-XV centuries. Cov knights ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th, zoo li cov tub rog Lavxias teb sab, muab lub kaus mom hlau, saw xa ntawv ua ntej kev sib ntaus sib tua, nyob rau sab saum toj ntawm nws - daim iav, phaj armor, lossis brigandine (lub tsho tawv nrog daim hlau), tus tub rog lub caj npab thiab ob txhais ceg tau them nrog bracers thiab leggings. Tag nrho cov mos txwv no rub nees nkaum kilograms. Thiab txawm tias tom qab ntawd tsis yog txhua tus tub rog muaj cov cuab yeej zoo li no, tab sis tsuas yog cov neeg tseem ceeb tshaj plaws thiab muaj nyiaj nplua nuj.

Qhov txawv ntawm cov Russians thiab Teutons tsuas yog nyob rau hauv "headdress" - es tsis txhob ntawm cov tsoos Slavic shishak, lub taub hau ntawm cov kwv tij knight tau tiv thaiv los ntawm lub thoob-zoo li lub kaus mom hlau. Tsis muaj phaj nees nyob rau hnub ntawd thiab.

(Nws tseem tsim nyog sau cia tias Teutons tau txais lub npe menyuam yaus "knight-dog" rau 100 xyoo tom qab ua tsaug rau kev txhais lus tsis raug ntawm Karl Marx rau hauv Lavxias. Teutons, uas nyob rau hauv German yog consonant nrog lo lus "dub".)

Los ntawm cov dab neeg hais txog kev tawm tsam ntawm riam phom hnyav rau lub teeb, cov hauv qab no: uas Alexander vam rau dej khov, thiab yog li ntawd ntxias cov Teutons mus rau lub pas dej khov. Ntawm no yog ib qho piv txwv!.. Ua ntej, cia peb pom thaum sib ntaus sib tua: thaum pib lub Plaub Hlis. Uas yog, mus rau hauv ib tug av nkos txoj kev. Zoo, Alexander Nevsky yog ib tug neeg txawj ntse thiab ntxias cov "Germans" mus rau hauv dej khov. Puas yog lawv ua tiav idiots? Vim li cas lawv thiaj rub mus rau hauv cov dej khov hauv txoj kev nkos? Tsis muaj lwm qhov chaw sib ntaus?! Peb yuav tsum tsis txhob hnov qab txog qhov tseeb tias cov tub rog ntawm ob tog tau muaj kev paub dhau los hauv kev ua yeeb ncuab hauv cheeb tsam no txhua lub caij, yog li nws tsis zoo li tias Teutonic camp tsis paub txog qhov ntsuas dej khov ntawm cov dej khov thiab qhov tsis tuaj yeem siv lawv cov dej khov. hauv caij nplooj ntoos hlav.

Qhov thib ob, yog tias peb ua tib zoo xav txog lub tswv yim ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua (cia peb xav, dua, tias nws tau tshwm sim), peb yuav pom tias "Germans" tsis poob rau hauv dej khov txhua qhov chaw sib ntaus sib tua. Nws tshwm sim tom qab: thaum thim rov qab, qee tus ntawm lawv tau khiav tawm mus rau "sigovitsa" - qhov chaw ntawm lub pas dej uas cov dej khov tsis zoo vim qhov tam sim no. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias kev tawg cov dej khov tsis tuaj yeem yog ib feem ntawm tus tub huabtais cov phiaj xwm tactical. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm Alexander Nevsky yog tias nws xaiv qhov chaw zoo rau kev sib ntaus sib tua thiab muaj peev xwm ua txhaum lub classic "German" tsim nrog ib tug npua (los yog wedge). Cov knights, tsom mus rau infantry nyob rau hauv nruab nrab thiab npog nws nyob rau hauv lub flanks nrog cavalry, raws li ib txwm tawm tsam "head-on", vam tias yuav cheb lub ntsiab rog ntawm Russians. Tab sis tsuas muaj ib tug me me detachment ntawm lub teeb warriors, uas tam sim ntawd pib tawm. Yog lawm, tsuas yog nrhiav nws, "Germans" npaj txhij txog tuaj tawm tsam lub tsev txhab nyiaj siab, thiab lub sijhawm no cov tub rog tseem ceeb ntawm Lavxias, tig cov flanks, ntaus los ntawm ob sab thiab nraub qaum, coj cov yeeb ncuab hauv lub nplhaib. Tam sim ntawd, cov tub rog tub rog ntawm Alexander, muab zais rau hauv ambush, nkag mus rau hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua, thiab "Germans" tau tawg. Raws li cov xwm txheej tau piav qhia, cov neeg Lavxias tau tsav lawv xya mais mus rau ntug dej hiav txwv deb ntawm Lake Peipsi.

Los ntawm txoj kev, nyob rau hauv thawj Novgorod chronicle tsis muaj ib lo lus hais txog lub fact tias cov retreating Germans poob los ntawm cov dej khov. Qhov tseeb no tau ntxiv los ntawm Lavxias teb sab chronicles tom qab - ib puas xyoo tom qab kev sib ntaus sib tua. Tsis yog Livonian chronicle lossis lwm yam keeb kwm uas muaj nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd hais txog qhov no. Cov ntawv xov xwm nyob sab Europe pib tshaj tawm txog kev poob dej tsuas yog los ntawm xyoo pua 16th. Yog li, nws yog qhov ua tau heev uas cov knights poob dej ntawm cov dej khov kuj yog ib qho lus dab neeg xwb.

Lwm cov lus dab neeg yog kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Ravenstone. Yog tias peb saib cov tswv yim ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua (dua, cia peb xav tias nws yog tiag tiag thiab qhov tseeb ntawm Lake Peipsi), peb yuav pom tias nws tau tshwm sim nyob rau sab hnub tuaj ntug dej hiav txwv, tsis deb ntawm qhov sib tshuam ntawm Lake Peipsi thiab Pskov. Qhov tseeb, qhov no tsuas yog ib qho ntawm ntau qhov chaw uas cov Russians yuav tau ntsib cov crusaders. Novgorod chroniclers qhia meej qhov chaw ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua - ntawm Crow Pob Zeb. Yog lawm, tsuas yog qhov twg yog Raven Pob Zeb, cov keeb kwm tau twv txog hnub no. Ib txhia sib cav hais tias qhov no yog lub npe ntawm cov kob, thiab tam sim no nws yog hu ua Voroniy, lwm tus hais tias siab sandstone ib zaug suav hais tias yog ib lub pob zeb, uas tau ntxuav tam sim no ntau pua xyoo dhau los. Phau ntawv Livonian hais tias: "Nyob rau ntawm ob sab, cov neeg tua tau poob rau hauv cov nyom. Cov uas nyob hauv cov tub rog ntawm cov kwv tij tau nyob ib puag ncig …". Raws li qhov no, nws muaj peev xwm ua tau nrog qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo los xav tias kev sib ntaus sib tua tuaj yeem tshwm sim ntawm ntug dej (qhuav reeds yuav ploj mus tag nrho rau cov nyom), thiab cov Russians tau caum cov neeg German rov qab los hla lub pas dej khov.

Tsis ntev los no, ib tug heev slender version tau tshwm sim hais tias Crow Stone yog ib tug transformation ntawm lo lus. Nyob rau hauv thawj muaj yog lub Rooj vag Pob Zeb - lub plawv ntawm lub qhov rooj dej rau Narva, mus rau Velikaya thiab Pskov. Thiab ntawm ntug dej ntawm nws muaj ib lub fortress - Roerich pom cov seem ntawm nws …

Raws li peb tau hais lawm, ntau tus kws tshawb fawb tau tsis meej pem los ntawm qhov tseeb tias txawm tias muaj kev pab ntawm cov cuab yeej siv niaj hnub no, tsis muaj riam phom thiab cov cuab yeej cuab tam ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th tseem tsis tau pom nyob rau hauv lub pas dej, uas yog vim li cas kev tsis ntseeg tshwm sim: puas muaj kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm lub Dej khov txhua? Txawm li cas los xij, yog tias cov knights tsis tau poob dej tiag tiag, ces qhov tsis muaj cov cuab yeej mus rau hauv qab tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob. Tsis tas li ntawd, feem ntau yuav, tam sim ntawd tom qab kev sib ntaus sib tua, lub cev ntawm cov neeg tuag - lawv tus kheej thiab lwm tus - raug tshem tawm ntawm tshav rog thiab faus.

Feem ntau, tsis yog ib qho kev ntoj ke mus kawm ib zaug tau tsim ib qho chaw ruaj ntseg ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm crusaders thiab cov tub rog ntawm Alexander Nevsky, thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua tau tawg mus rau ib puas kilometers ntev. Tej zaum tsuas yog qhov uas tsis muaj leej twg tsis ntseeg yog qhov kev sib ntaus sib tua hauv 1242 tau tshwm sim. Tub Vaj Ntxwv Alexander tab tom taug kev nrog tsib lub kaum tawm sib ntaus sib tua, lawv tau txais tos los ntawm kwv yees li peb caug tus tub rog. Thiab cov Teutons mus rau hauv kev pab cuam ntawm Alexander Yaroslavich. Qhov ntawd yog tag nrho kev sib ntaus sib tua.

Tab sis leej twg tau pib tag nrho cov dab neeg no ntawm cov neeg? Bolshevik filmmaker Eisenstein? Zoo, nws tsuas sim ib nrab xwb. Yog li, piv txwv li, cov neeg nyob ib puag ncig Lake Peipsi, nyob rau hauv txoj kev xav, yuav tsum tau khaws cov lus dab neeg hais txog kev sib ntaus sib tua, nws yuav tsum tau nkag mus rau cov lus dab neeg … Txawm li cas los xij, cov neeg laus hauv zos tau kawm txog Kev Sib Tw ntawm Dej Hiav Txwv tsis yog los ntawm lawv cov yawg koob, tab sis. los ntawm Eisenstein zaj duab xis. Nyob rau hauv dav dav, nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua nees nkaum muaj ib tug rov ntsuam xyuas ntawm qhov chaw thiab lub luag hauj lwm ntawm lub sib ntaus sib tua ntawm cov dej khov nyob rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm Russia-Russia. Thiab qhov kev ntsuam xyuas no tau txuas nrog tsis yog nrog kev tshawb fawb tshawb fawb tshiab, tab sis nrog kev hloov pauv hauv kev nom kev tswv. Ib hom teeb liab rau kev hloov kho lub ntsiab lus ntawm qhov kev tshwm sim no yog luam tawm nyob rau hauv 1937 nyob rau hauv No. 12 ntawm lub Znamya magazine ntawm ib tug literary zaj duab xis tsab ntawv los ntawm P. A. Pavlenko thiab S. M. Eisenstein "Rus", qhov chaw hauv nruab nrab uas tau nyob los ntawm Kev Sib Tw ntawm Dej khov. Twb tau lub npe ntawm zaj yeeb yaj kiab yav tom ntej, uas yog qhov nruab nrab hauv kev pom niaj hnub no, suab zoo li xov xwm loj thaum ntawd. Tsab ntawv tau txais kev thuam hnyav heev los ntawm cov kws tshaj lij keeb kwm. Tus cwj pwm ntawm nws tau raug txhais los ntawm lub npe ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas los ntawm M. N. Tikhomirova: "Ib tug thuam ntawm keeb kwm."

Hais txog lub hom phiaj uas, raws li lub siab nyiam ntawm cov neeg sau ntawv, tus Xib Hwb ntawm Kev Txiav Txim Siab tshaj tawm rau hnub ua ntej ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm cov dej khov ntawm Lake Peipsi ("Yog li, Novgorod yog koj li."), Tikhomirov sau tseg: "Cov neeg sau ntawv, thaj, tsis to taub txhua qhov uas qhov kev txiav txim tseem tsis tuaj yeem teeb tsa cov haujlwm no rau nws tus kheej. " Txawm li cas los xij, tab sis cov yeeb yaj kiab "Alexander Nevsky" tau ua yeeb yaj kiab raws li cov ntawv thov, hloov kho me ntsis. Txawm li cas los xij, nws "ntev ntawm lub txee." Qhov laj thawj yog, ntawm chav kawm, tsis sib txawv nrog qhov tseeb keeb kwm, tab sis kev xav txog txawv teb chaws txoj cai, tshwj xeeb, tsis kam ua rau kev sib raug zoo nrog lub teb chaws Yelemees. Tsuas yog qhov pib ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Loj Loj tau qhib nws txoj hauv kev mus rau qhov screen dav, thiab qhov no tau ua tiav rau qhov laj thawj zoo. Ntawm no thiab kev kawm ntawm kev ntxub ntxaug rau cov Germans, thiab cov zaub ntawm Lavxias teb sab tub rog nyob rau hauv ib tug zoo nkauj xim tshaj nws tiag tiag.

Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, tus tsim ntawm "Alexander Nevsky" tau txais khoom plig Stalin. Los ntawm lub sijhawm no, kev tsim thiab kev sib koom ua ke hauv pej xeem kev nco qab ntawm cov dab neeg tshiab hais txog Kev Sib Tw ntawm Dej khov pib - ib qho lus dab neeg uas txawm tias niaj hnub no tsim lub hauv paus ntawm kev nco txog keeb kwm ntawm cov neeg Lavxias. Nws nyob ntawm no tias qhov tsis txaus ntseeg exaggerations tshwm sim hauv tus cwj pwm ntawm "kev sib ntaus sib tua loj tshaj plaws ntawm Hnub Nyoog Nruab Nrab."

Tab sis Eisenstein, qhov txuj ci tseem ceeb ntawm xinesmas, nyob deb ntawm thawj zaug. Tag nrho cov no hype, inflating lub teev ntawm lub feat ntawm Alexander Nevsky, yog pab tau rau lub Lavxias teb sab Orthodox lub tsev teev ntuj thiab tsuas yog rau nws. Yog li cov keeb kwm ntawm myths xwb rov qab mus rau ntau pua xyoo. Lub tswv yim ntawm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev ntseeg ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Chudskoye rov qab mus rau lub neej zaj dab neeg txog Alexander Yaroslavich. Cov lus piav qhia ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua yog qhov piv txwv zoo heev: "Thiab muaj ib qho kev phem ntawm kev phem, thiab ib tug neeg siab phem los ntawm cov hmuv ntawm kev tawg, thiab lub suab los ntawm kev txiav ntaj, zoo li lub ezer yuav khov mus, thiab yuav tsis. saib cov dej khov, npog ntshai ntshav." Raws li qhov tshwm sim, nrog Vajtswv txoj kev pab (lub incarnation ntawm uas yog "regiment ntawm Vajtswv ntawm qhov nkag, tau tuaj rau kev pab ntawm Alexandrovi") tus huab tais "Kuv kov yeej … thiab kuv dasha yuav txaws, thiab kuv yuav caum, zoo li ib tug yayer, thiab tsis txhob nplij kuv." "Thiab Tub Vaj Ntxwv Alexander rov qab los nrog kev yeej muaj koob meej, thiab muaj ntau tus neeg nyob hauv nws cov tub rog, thiab lawv tau ua tus taw liab qab nyob ze ntawm cov nees, uas hu lawv tus kheej yog Vajtswv cov lus hais." Qhov tseeb, nws yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev ntseeg ntawm cov kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas Alexander uas tau los ua qhov laj thawj rau muab cov dab neeg hais txog lawv hauv zaj dab neeg hagiographic.

Lub tsev teev ntuj Lavxias teb sab Orthodox qhuas qhov kev ua yeeb yam ntawm cov tub rog Orthodox, uas tau kov yeej cov neeg ua phem hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm cov dej khov ntawm Lake Peipsi. Lub neej ntawm tus dawb huv noble tub huabtais Alexander Nevsky piv cov yeej nyob rau hauv lub sib ntaus sib tua ntawm cov dej khov nrog lub biblical dawb huv tsov rog nyob rau hauv uas Vajtswv nws tus kheej tau tawm tsam nrog cov yeeb ncuab. "Thiab kuv hnov qhov no los ntawm cov neeg tim khawv uas tau hais rau kuv tias nws pom Vajtswv cov tub rog nyob saum huab cua, tuaj rau kev pab ntawm Alexander. Thiab yog li ntawd nws tau kov yeej lawv nrog kev pab los ntawm Vajtswv, thiab cov yeeb ncuab tig mus, thiab cov tub rog. Alexandrov tau tsav lawv mus, zoo li lawv ya saum huab cua", - piav qhia txog keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab keeb kwm. Yog li ntawd, kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm cov dej khov yog qhov pib ntawm ib-paus xyoo kev tawm tsam ntawm Lavxias teb sab Orthodox lub tsev teev ntuj nrog lub Catholic expansion.

Yog li dab tsi, hauv paus ntsiab lus, peb tuaj yeem xaus los ntawm txhua qhov no? Thiab yooj yim heev: thaum kawm keeb kwm, koj yuav tsum ua siab mos siab muag txog dab tsi cov phau ntawv canonical thiab cov haujlwm tshawb fawb muab rau peb. Thiab txhawm rau kom muaj tus cwj pwm zoo li no, cov xwm txheej keeb kwm tsis tuaj yeem kawm nyob rau hauv kev sib cais los ntawm cov ntsiab lus keeb kwm uas yog cov ntawv keeb kwm, lossis keeb kwm, lossis phau ntawv sau. Txwv tsis pub, peb pheej pheej kawm tsis yog keeb kwm, tab sis kev pom ntawm cov neeg muaj hwj chim. Thiab qhov no, koj pom, nyob deb ntawm tib yam.