Muaj Russians - tam sim no muaj Ukrainians. Kev nruj kev tsiv keeb kwm ntawm Ukrainization

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-01-10 21:08

Cov Bolsheviks, uas tau los ua hwj chim nyob rau hauv 1917 ntawm lub ruins ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws, tam sim ntawd coj lub teb chaws lo lus nug nyob rau hauv lawv tshwj xeeb tswj. Ua raws li lub tswv yim tshiab, raws li tsarist Russia yog lub tsev loj cuj ntawm haiv neeg, thiab cov neeg Lavxias yog cov neeg tsim txom, cov thawj coj hauv tebchaws tau pib tsim lub xeev ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm thiab cov neeg ua liaj ua teb rau lub hauv paus ntawm txoj cai tshiab hauv tebchaws.

Nws muaj ob qho tib si hauv kev tsim cov xeev tshiab hauv lub tebchaws, thiab hauv kev txhim kho kab lis kev cai thiab lus ntawm ib lossis lwm haiv neeg. Txawm li cas los xij, hauv qee lub tebchaws txoj cai no tau coj mus rau qhov hnyav dhau, qhov tshwm sim uas peb tuaj yeem soj ntsuam txawm tias tam sim no.

Qhov no yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog pom nyob rau hauv cov piv txwv ntawm lub thib ob tseem ceeb tshaj plaws koom pheej ntawm lub USSR - Ukraine, ib zaug ib tug qub thaj chaw uas me me Lavxias teb sab nyob - haiv neeg Lavxias teb sab thiab ib feem ntawm cov tib neeg Lavxias teb sab. "Tswb ntawm Russia" coj mus rau koj mloog ib tug heev xav paub xaiv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas qhia tag nrho cov teev thiab, nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, kev xav ntawm tus txheej txheem ntawm Ukrainization ntawm Lavxias teb sab pej xeem ntawm Me me Russia.

Yuav ua li cas kom "Ukrainians" tawm ntawm Russians - ib tug luv luv phau ntawv qhia rau lub teb chaws tsim:

- tsim lub Ukrainian Soviet koom pheej (Ukrainian SSR) los ntawm ib ncig ntawm lub Lavxias teb sab xeev me me Lavxias teb sab xeev

- thaum xyoo 1926 kev suav pej xeem, sau cov neeg Lavxias ua "Ukrainians"

- ua hauj lwm nyuaj los tsim "Ukrainian lus" uas txawv raws li ua tau los ntawm Lavxias teb sab

- Ukrainize chaw ua haujlwm, agitprop, Komsomol, pioneers, koom haum ua lag luam, ntawv xov xwm, tsev kawm ntawv, tsev kawm qib siab thiab lwm yam.

- Zoo, yog tias ib tug neeg tsis xav ua Ukrainized, tso nws tawm ntawm nws txoj haujlwm.

Thaum npaj thawj tag nrho-Union suav pej xeem nyob rau hauv 1926, ib daim ntawv raug xa mus rau lub Politburo ntawm lub Central Committee ntawm lub All-Union Communist Party ntawm Bolsheviks los ntawm lub Central Department of National Economic Accounting ntawm lub USSR, uas piav txog ib co ntawm Lub nuances ntawm kev suav pej xeem nyob rau hauv Ukraine thiab Belarus. Nov yog qee qhov excerpts los ntawm nws:

"Qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb tam sim no yog hais txog cov hauv qab no: nyob rau hauv ib lub sij hawm, Lub Chaw Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Txheeb Ze Hauv Nruab Nrab (CSB) thiab Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Tib Neeg (SNK) ntawm Belarus tau tsa cov lus nug tias thaum twg, thaum lub sijhawm suav pej xeem, tus neeg teb rau lo lus nug txog nws haiv neeg. Nrog "Lavxias teb sab", lub txee yuav tsum nug nws ib lo lus nug ntxiv, uas ntawm peb haiv neeg nyob rau hauv lub dav dav ntawm cov lus uas muaj los ntawm lo lus Lavxias teb sab, nws ranks nws tus kheej: Belarusian, Ukrainian los yog Great Lavxias teb sab. Belarus hais kom kos kab no kuj nyob rau hauv Ukraine thiab nyob rau hauv cov xeev ntawm Russia uas nyob ib sab Belarus thiab Ukraine. Central Statistical Administration ntawm USSR tau lees paub cov lus ntawm Belarus yog qhov tseeb."

"Tam sim no, Ukraine tsis pom zoo nrog cov lus hais tias nkag mus" Lavxias teb sab "thiab" Great Lavxias teb sab "yog suav tias yog tib yam."

"Yuav kom unconditionally xyuas kom meej tias tsis yog ib tug Ukrainian los yog Belarusian raug tso cai kom dhau, nws yog tsim nyog los tsa ib tug tswj cov lus nug, uas tam sim ntawd qhia lub dismemberment ntawm lub nrov lo lus "Lavxias teb sab", tshwj xeeb tshaj yog txij li thaum nyob rau hauv Belarus sau npe yuav ua tau los ntawm. Belorussian enumerators, thiab nyob rau hauv Ukraine - los ntawm Ukrainians, uas, ntawm chav kawm, yuav ua rau lub dismemberment heev nquag thiab meej."

"Yuav ua li cas Ukraine xav tau nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo rau haiv neeg, lub koom pheej tseem xav tau nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo nrog rau cov kev tshawb fawb txog hom lus: sau ntawm no "Ukrainian", los yog "Belarusian", los yog "Lavxias teb sab". Nws xav txwv tsis pub siv lo lus "Lavxias teb sab"."

"Ntxiv rau cov ntsiab lus dhau los, Ukrainian CSO tau pib txiav txim siab txog haiv neeg tsawg. Cov lus qhia ntawm Tsoom Fwv Teb Chaws Central Statistical Bureau nyob twj ywm nyob rau hauv ib feem ntawm kev txiav txim seb leej twg muab cov lus teb rau cov me nyuam. Ua ntej, thaum lub sijhawm suav pej xeem, cov niam txiv yuav tsis tuaj: cov txheeb ze laus yuav muab cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov menyuam yaus. Qhov thib ob, feem ntau, cov menyuam yaus (pioneers) yuav dhau los ua neeg paub lus thiab paub ntau dua li lawv niam lawv txiv. Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub tom kawg, kuj tseem yuav muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov niam txiv thiab cov menyuam yuav teb qee cov lus nug (xws li hais txog haiv neeg. Piv txwv li, Ukrainianized pioneer menyuam yaus ntawm Lavxias teb sab cov neeg nyob hauv Ukraine yuav tsis pom zoo rau cov lus nug ntawm haiv neeg thiab hom lus nrog lawv niam lawv txiv).."

"Tus thawj coj ntawm haiv neeg" nws tus kheej, Joseph Stalin, tau hais txog Ukrainization raws li nram no: "Tsis ntev los no nws tau hais tias Ukrainian koom pheej thiab Ukrainian lub teb chaws yog ib qho kev tsim ntawm Germans. Lub caij no, nws yog qhov tseeb tias lub tebchaws Ukrainian muaj nyob, thiab kev loj hlob ntawm nws cov kab lis kev cai yog lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov neeg ntseeg. Koj tsis tuaj yeem tawm tsam keeb kwm. Nws yog tseeb hais tias yog hais tias Lavxias teb sab ntsiab tseem predominate nyob rau hauv lub nroog ntawm Ukraine, thaum lub sij hawm lub sij hawm lub nroog yuav inevitably yuav Ukrainianized."

Cov lus no tau hais los ntawm nws ntawm X Congress ntawm RCP (b) thaum Lub Peb Hlis 1921, thiab twb nyob rau lub Tsib Hlis ntawm tib lub xyoo, ntawm lub rooj sib tham ntawm Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Ncaj Ncees, qhov teeb meem ntawm kev yuav cov phau ntawv thiab cov thawj coj txawv teb chaws tau raug tsa., tom qab uas thawj 500 txhiab tau faib rau qhov no, ces 250 txhiab, thiab ces lwm 250 txhiab rubles nyob rau hauv kub. Rau kev sib piv, 1.7 lab rubles tau faib rau kev yuav khoom ntawm 4 lab poods ntawm thee thiab 28 txhiab cubic meters ntawm taws. kub - koj tuaj yeem kwv yees ntau npaum li cas nws nyob hauv cov nqi niaj hnub no.

Thaum thawj kaum xyoo ntawm Ukrainization pib los ntawm Bolsheviks, tog thiab kev lag luam kev coj noj coj ua ntawm txhua theem tau ua tiav Ukrainized, tab sis thaum debriefing pib rau cov laj thawj ntawm 1932 kev tshaib kev nqhis, nws "dheev" tau paub meej tias (Los ntawm tsab cai ntawm Central Pawg neeg ntawm All-Union Communist Party ntawm Bolsheviks thiab Council of People's Commissars ntawm USSR thaum lub Kaum Ob Hlis 14, 1932 G.):

- "… hloov ntawm qhov tseeb Bolshevik kev coj ua ntawm lub teb chaws txoj cai nyob rau hauv ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov cheeb tsam ntawm Ukraine, Ukrainization tau nqa tawm mechanically, tsis siv rau hauv tus account lub tshwj xeeb yam ntxwv ntawm txhua cheeb tsam, tsis tau ceev faj xaiv ntawm Bolshevik Ukrainian cadres, uas ua. nws yooj yim dua rau bourgeois-nationalist ntsiab, Petliurists, thiab lwm yam. kev tsim ntawm lawv tus kheej txoj cai npog, lawv tus kheej counter-revolutionary hlwb thiab cov koom haum."

Yog li ntawd, nws yuav tsum tau mus txuas ntxiv Ukrainization kom raug:

- "… ua tib zoo saib xyuas qhov tseeb ntawm Ukrainization, tshem tawm nws cov kev siv tshuab, tshem tawm Petliura thiab lwm yam bourgeois-nationalist ntsiab ntawm tog thiab Soviet koom haum, ua tib zoo xaiv thiab qhia Ukrainian Bolshevik cadres, xyuas kom meej systematic tog thawj coj thiab tswj lub kev siv ntawm Ukrainization."

Nrog rau kev qhia txog cov lus Ukrainian, muaj tag nrho Ukrainianization ntawm pej xeem kev tswj hwm nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm Ukraine thiab lub zos pej xeem koom haum, tub rog, thiab lwm yam. Lub Plaub Hlis 7, 1925, General Secretary ntawm lub Central Committee ntawm lub Communist Party (b) ntawm Ukraine ua. Lazar Moiseevich Kaganovich, thiab twb nyob rau lub Xya hli ntuj plenum ntawm lub Central Committee ntawm lub CP (b) U, cov lus qhia tau saws rau tag nrho Ukrainization ntawm kev sib raug zoo thiab nom tswv lub neej ntawm Ukrainian SSR.

Cov nram qab no raug rau Ukrainization: cov txheej txheem ntawm tog kev kawm los ntawm sab saum toj mus rau hauv qab, scientific Marxist thiab nrov ntaub ntawv, periodicals, chaw ua hauj lwm, agitprop, Komsomol, pioneers, lag luam unions, ntawv xov xwm, Soviet koom haum (kub kawg Lub ib hlis ntuj 1, 1926), theem nrab. thiab cov tsev kawm ntawv qib siab, thiab tseem yog Red Army Division hauv Ukrainian Military District.

Cov neeg uas tsis kam ua raws li txoj cai nruj ntawm Ukrainization ntsib pej xeem censure thiab, ntxiv rau, raug foob

Yog li, piv txwv li, tag nrho-Ukrainian Central Commission ntawm Ukrainization nyob rau hauv lub Council of People's Commissars ntawm lub USSR yuav luag tag nrho cov neeg ua hauj lwm ntawm lub Kiev ceg ntawm cov ntawv xov xwm Izvestia kom dhau ib qho kev xeem nyob rau hauv lub Ukrainian lus. Insubordination tau saib raws li ib tug ua txhaum ntawm USSR txoj cai ntawm lub Ukrainization ntawm lub Soviet apparatus nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawd. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, qhov teeb meem no raug xa mus rau lub Prosecutor lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm lub Ukrainian SSR coj lub txim txhaum cai rau cov neeg evading Ukrainization.

Lub Ukrainization yog ib qho nyuaj tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv purely Lavxias teb sab koog tsev kawm ntawv thiab lub zos me me Russia thiab Novorossia, uas yog, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, Donbass thiab Odessa

Yog li, nyob rau hauv ib qho ntawm cov lus ceeb toom rau lub koom haum hauv zos hais txog lub xeev ntawm Ukrainization nyob rau hauv Donetsk thiab cov cheeb tsam nyob ib sab, nws tau hais cov nram qab no: Raws li cov ntaub ntawv muaj, lub Okruzhkom apparatus tau kiag li Ukrainized nyob rau hauv 16 koog tsev kawm ntawv, peasant thiab tov. Qhov xwm txheej hnyav dua hauv cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv cheeb tsam. Nyob rau hauv cov rooj sib tham yav dhau los, tus cwj pwm tsis zoo rau qhov xwm txheej ntawm Ukrainization ntawm ib feem ntawm qee tus phooj ywg tau tshwm sim. … Donetsk koog tsev kawm ntawv tshaj tawm tias lawv tsis tuaj yeem nkag siab cov lus Ukrainian hauv txhua txoj kev thiab txhua txoj haujlwm tau ua hauv Lavxias. Cov lus nug ntawm Ukrainization ntawm cov cheeb tsam no tshwj xeeb yog mob”.

Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, feem ntau rabid Ukrainization tshwm sim, tej zaum, precisely nyob rau hauv Odessa. Nov yog qee cov ntsiab lus los ntawm qee cov ntaub ntawv ntawm Izvestia cov ntawv xov xwm ntawm Odessa Gubispolkom, Gubkom KPBU thiab Gubprofsovet rau 1925-26 thiab lwm xyoo:

Kev sib tw rau Ukrainization yuav txuas ntxiv mus. … Tag nrho cov neeg ua hauj lwm ntawm lub tsev yuav muab faib ua 4 pawg: cov neeg uas yog hostile rau Ukrainization, overworked, tshwj xeeb thiab cov uas tsis tau mastered cov lus vim muaj mob. Cov neeg raug xaiv rau qeb 1 yuav tawm tam sim ntawd. Rau cov kws tshaj lij, nws tau npaj los npaj 5-hli kev kawm ntawm Ukrainian lus kom lawv

muaj peev xwm ua tau tag nrho cov txuj ci kev txawj ntse. Cov neeg ua haujlwm uas tsis tau mus koom lub voj voog vim muaj mob yuav raug txiav txim siab tso tseg. … Txhua lub tuam tsev hauv paus tau caw kom ntiav cov neeg ua haujlwm tsuas yog hais lus Ukrainian xwb. Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub ntawm redundancies, tag nrho cov neeg uas tsis hais lus Ukrainian yuav tsum raug tso tseg nyob rau hauv thawj qhov chaw."

Odessa cov ntawv xov xwm

"Ntawm lub rooj sib tham ntawm pawg thawj coj ntawm Ukrainization tau tuav nag hmo, cov lus ceeb toom tau hnov los ntawm kev txheeb xyuas peb zaug. … Lub plenum txiav txim siab los tawm tswv yim mus rau lub pov thawj troikas yav tom ntej los cim tag nrho cov neeg uas evade Ukrainization nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav tshem tawm lawv los ntawm kev ua hauj lwm. Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, cov tsev nyob ze rau lub teb chaws yuav tsum Ukrainianized, ces tag nrho cov Soviet koom haum nyob rau hauv dav, thiab, thaum kawg, nyob rau hauv peb qhov chaw, ntau lawm enterprises."

Tus Thawj Kav Tebchaws ntawm Pawg Thawj Coj ntawm Okrug tau lees paub qhov kev daws teeb meem ntawm Okrug Commission ntawm Ukrainization ntawm lub luag haujlwm txhais lus ntawm tag nrho cov paib, cov nyiaj muas thiab cov foob rau hauv Ukrainian. Lub luag haujlwm rau kev txhais lus yuav raug muab rau cov thawj coj ntawm cov koom haum thiab cov koom haum kev lag luam. Hnub kawg rau kev ua raws li qhov kev daws teeb meem yog lub Cuaj Hlis 2”.

"Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo kawm ntawv tom ntej no, thaum cuv npe kawm nyob rau hauv universities, tshwj xeeb yuav tsum tau them rau cov kev paub ntawm Ukrainian lus los ntawm cov neeg thov. Lub peev xwm los piav qhia thiab nthuav tawm ib qho kev xav hauv Ukrainian hauv kev sau ntawv yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua rau cov neeg thov rau cov tsev kawm qib siab."

Muaj ntau cov duab zoo nkauj:

Izvestia cov ntawv xov xwm ntawm Odessa Provincial Executive Committee, Gubkom KPBU thiab Gubprofsovet rau 1925-26, thiab lwm yam.