"Kev Kawm" cov qauv tau pib rau Slavophilism hauv Russia

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Andrey FEFELOV. Tau koom nrog kev tawm tsam kev xav, nyob hauv ib hom reactor, Kuv xav tias cov kab ntawm kev quab yuam ntawm Westernism thiab Slavophilism, uas tau yug los nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 19th, tseem siv tau nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua tam sim no. Thiab hnub no kuv xav tham nrog koj, Alexander Vladimirovich, txog thawj Slavophiles.

Alexander PYZHIKOV. Yog lawm, lub hauv paus pib thiab ib puag ncig ntawm kev tsim ntawm Slavophilism tseem muaj kev txaus siab heev. Thaum peb hais lo lus "Slavophilism", peb nco qab ib tug xov tooj ntawm pej xeem cov nuj nqis: Khomyakov, Kireevsky, Aksakov, Samarin … Tom qab lawv peb pom lub loj-scale, unjustly tsis nco qab daim duab ntawm Alexander Semenovich Shishkov, uas yog hu ua thawj Slavophile. los ntawm nws contemporaries, thiab tsis yog los ntawm cov tiam tom ntej. Nws tsis tawm tsam nws, nws txais nws. Tab sis nws tau muab tawm tias qhov no tsis yog qhov thesis tag nrho. Nws tsis muaj qhov tseeb tag nrho txog lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm qhov tshwm sim no. Yog hais tias koj saib nrog ib tug tag nrho-fledged glance, ces Slavophilism twb launched tsis yog los ntawm ib tug neeg, tab sis los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb thiab "ze-scholarly" qauv.

Andrey FEFELOV. Nws suab ceeb: lawv tsis yog Masonic lodges?

Alexander PYZHIKOV. Tsis yog, cov no yog cov qauv kev cai lij choj, thiab tsis tuaj yeem muaj kev tawm tsam ntawm no. Peb tab tom tham txog tsab cai ntawm Catherine II "Nyob rau kev tsim ntawm Lavxias teb sab Academy." Tsab Cai no, tawm los ntawm Empress nyob rau hauv 1783, yog nyob rau hauv "Tag nrho sau ntawm cov cai ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws."

Andrey FEFELOV. Lub Academy, txawm li cas los xij, tau tsim yav dhau los, nyob rau hauv Peter I, thiab tom qab ntawd nqus Lomonosov, nrog rau Miller thiab lwm yam "nemchura" …

Alexander PYZHIKOV. Tseeb, muaj kev tsis meej pem ntawm qhov qhab nia: St. Petersburg Academy ntawm Sciences tau tsim los ntawm kev pib ntawm Peter I nyob rau hauv 1724 thiab tau pom zoo tom qab nws tuag los ntawm tsab cai ntawm Empress Catherine I, thiab nyob rau hauv 1783 lwm cov qauv kev kawm tau tsim - Lavxias teb sab. Academy.

Andrey FEFELOV. Thiab dab tsi yog lwm qhov kev kawm rau?

Alexander PYZHIKOV. Qhov tseeb yog tias St. Petersburg Academy tsom mus rau tej yam kev qhuab qhia: chemistry, lub cev thiab lej sciences, thiab historians nyob rau hauv ib tug peripheral niche nyob rau hauv nws. Ntxiv mus, nws yog cov neeg txawv teb chaws uas kav lub pob ntawm Academy, thiab Lomonosov waged keeb kwm thiab philological battles nrog lawv.

Tom qab nkag siab txog qhov xwm txheej hauv thaj tsam ntawm tib neeg, Catherine II tau txiav txim siab tias nws tsim nyog los tsim tshwj xeeb hauv Lavxias Academy ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb. Lub sijhawm ntawd, St. Petersburg Academy yog tus thawj coj ntawm Ntxhais fuabtais Yekaterina Dashkova, nyob ze rau lub empress, thiab nws kuj tau los ua tus thawj coj ntawm Imperial Lavxias teb sab Academy nyob rau hauv 1783, nyob rau hauv tsab cai lij choj ntawm kev tsim, uas tau hais tias lub ntsiab lus ntawm Nws lub tuam txhab yog los tsa lub Lavxias teb sab lo lus, los yog ntau precisely, Catherine II teem lub luag hauj lwm los tsim thawj Lavxias teb sab phau ntawv txhais lus ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus.

Rau qhov no, cov rog tau rub tawm, uas tuaj yeem ua tiav txoj haujlwm. Thiab ntawm lawv muaj ob peb lub npe txawv teb chaws, piv rau St. Petersburg Academy, qhov twg Lavxias teb sab lub npe xws li Lomonosov tsis tshua pom nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd.

Andrey FEFELOV. Vim li cas Empress Catherine II xav tau nws?

Alexander PYZHIKOV. Ntawm no nws tsis yog thawj. Catherine tau theej European txoj hauv kev, thiab nyob rau hauv ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, lub zog ntawm romanticism tau tsim nyob txhua qhov chaw, suav nrog hauv kev tshawb fawb paradigm, uas tau mob siab rau txoj kev ntseeg, keeb kwm thiab lus ntawm cov neeg …

Andrey FEFELOV. Qhov ntawd yog, lub teb chaws yav tom ntej tau tsim?

Alexander PYZHIKOV. Muaj tseeb! Thiab cov hmoov nplej no tsis tuaj yeem muab cov txiaj ntsig yam tsis muaj kev mloog ntau ntxiv rau ib hom lus thiab keeb kwm - cov no yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev nyiam romantic ntawm txhua lub tebchaws nyob sab Europe.

Andrey FEFELOV. Hauv Fab Kis, txhua qhov no tau nrawm thiab meej tias nws xaus li cas …

Alexander PYZHIKOV. Yog lawm. Nyob rau hauv lub ntsej muag ntawm Pugachev lub zog, Catherine II qhov tseem ceeb yog nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem - tsim ib lub teb chaws, txij li thaum nws hloov tawm hais tias nyob rau hauv kev muaj tiag lub neej yog tsis tau npaj raws li nws zoo li nyob deb, los ntawm lub Petersburg chaw ua hauj lwm los yog lub caij ntuj no Palace…

Andrey FEFELOV. Tsis yog txhua yam zoo li "folklore"?

Alexander PYZHIKOV. Yog, tsis ntau, yog li nws yuav tsum tau pib ua haujlwm loj sai sai. Lub tswv yim ntawm thawj Lavxias teb sab phau ntawv txhais lus twb nyob rau hauv cov huab cua, thiab Catherine II entrusted txoj hauj lwm no rau Ekaterina Dashkova, txij li thaum nws tag nrho qhia nws lub tswv yim txog qhov yuav tsum tau rau xws li ib tug phau ntawv txhais lus. Cov pawg tswj hwm, hais lus German thiab Fab Kis, tau ntev lawm yuav tsum rov qab mus rau qhov chaw hais lus ntawm lub tebchaws uas nws nyob hauv lub cev.

Andrey FEFELOV. Rau qee qhov laj thawj, yuav luag tsis muaj dab tsi paub txog thawj phau ntawv txhais lus Lavxias!

Alexander PYZHIKOV. Nws yog tsis nco qab, zoo li no Lavxias teb sab Academy nws tus kheej, uas muaj nyob rau hauv 1783 mus 1841, thaum Nicholas kuv, tom qab kev tuag ntawm Shishkov, ncuav nws mus rau hauv St. Petersburg Academy raws li ib tug department ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus thiab ntaub ntawv.

Tab sis keeb kwm ntawm lub Lavxias teb sab Academy yog heev turbulent thiab nthuav. Txhawm rau sau phau ntawv txhais lus, ntau tus thawj coj hauv pawg ntseeg tau nkag mus rau Academy: cov npis sov, cov pov thawj, cov txiv plig dawb, thiab cov tub ntxhais hluas, cov lus cog tseg. Thiab thaum tsis muaj Dashkova ntawm lub rooj sib tham ntawm no academy, Metropolitan Gabriel ntawm St. Petersburg thiab Novgorod yog thawj coj. Thiab cov npis sov no, los ntawm txoj kev, ntau yam ntawm Kiev-Mohyla Academy, los ntawm lub tsev qiv ntawv uas lawv xa mus, raws li nws tau hais, ib tug lossis loj tus naj npawb ntawm phau ntawv. Muaj tseeb tiag, thaum kuv nyeem txog qhov no, kuv yeej ib txwm kaw: tsis tuaj yeem muaj ntau phau ntawv nyob rau hauv 1783, vim tias xyoo 1777 muaj hluav taws kub hnyiab yuav luag txhua yam.

Lub Academy tau txais cov tub ntxhais kawm los ntawm peb lub tsev kawm ntawv: Petersburg, Moscow thiab Novgorod. Nws yog lawv, cov neeg ntawm cov txiv plig, uas pib "txav" raws txoj kab kev kawm. Thiab yog hais tias nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg Academy muaj ib tug tseem ceeb txheej ntawm cov neeg tuaj txawv teb chaws tuaj, ces txawm cov neeg uas yooj yim keeb kwm tau txais mus rau hauv lub tshiab Lavxias teb sab Academy: cov me nyuam ntawm cov tub rog ntawm lub Preobrazhensky, Semyonovsky regiments …

Andrey FEFELOV. Ntawd yog, cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm cov neeg ua liaj ua teb tau dhau los ua cov kws tshaj lij - nws zoo heev

Alexander PYZHIKOV. Yog lawm, thiab muaj ntau tus neeg zoo li no, thiab lawv tau tso lub cim tseem ceeb ntawm Lavxias kev tshawb fawb ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd.

Andrey FEFELOV. Thiab lawv yuav ua li cas hauv cov xwm txheej no? Tau txais tus kheej nobility?

Alexander PYZHIKOV. Tsis yog, lawv tsis tau txais lub npe ntawm tus kheej noble. Los ntawm cov tub rog cov tsev kawm ntawv, los ntawm cov gymnasiums, lawv mus rau cov tsev kawm ntawv qib siab, suav nrog cov neeg txawv teb chaws. Qhov tseeb, lawv ua raws li txoj kev ntawm Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov.

Andrey FEFELOV. Puas yog tag nrho cov tsim tau loj hlob?

Alexander PYZHIKOV. Muaj tseeb! Qhov tseeb ntawm qhov teeb meem yog tias daim duab ntawm Lomonosov tsis pom qhov tshwm sim, thiab muaj ntau tus neeg zoo li ntawd.

Andrey FEFELOV. Alexander Vladimirovich, qhov no txhais tau hais tias, txawm lub nce serfdom, "emancipation" los ntawm tej kev pab cuam ntawm nobles, ntsug dynamics tseem yog tam sim no …

Alexander PYZHIKOV. Tab sis - ntawm qee cov ntsiab lus! Tom qab tag nrho, lub Preobrazhensky thiab Semyonovsky regiments yog incomparable nrog lub garrions nyob ze Orenburg los yog lwm qhov chaw, vim hais tias tag nrho cov grand dukes tau txais kev pab nyob rau hauv cov regiments. Txoj haujlwm tsim nyog no tau raug xaiv los ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm zoo tib yam: cov menyuam yaus ntawm cov tub rog uas tau pom kev cia siab tau raug xa mus rau kev qhia, tsiv mus raws txoj kab kev tshawb fawb.

Andrey FEFELOV. Yog lawm, qhov sib thooj rau "nobility" muab lub sijhawm zoo. Tab sis nws tseem ceeb heev uas, ntxiv rau Lomonosov nugget, muaj tag nrho cov kev taw qhia ntawm hom no

Alexander PYZHIKOV. Yog lawm, thiab kuv twb tau pom ntau lub kaum ob ntawm ntau yam sib txawv ntawm koob meej. Piv txwv li, muaj Ivan Ivanovich Lepekhin - ib tug encyclopedist, kawm ntawm lub St. Petersburg Academy ntawm Sciences, Dashkova nyiam, nws ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub "Cov phau ntawv txhais lus ntawm Lavxias teb sab Academy". Txij li thaum ntau tus thawj coj hauv pawg ntseeg tau ua haujlwm ntawm "Cov Lus Txhais …", cov ntsiab lus ntawm nws yog cov keeb kwm, ntawm chav kawm, ntawm pawg ntseeg keeb kwm, cov phau ntawv liturgical, cov cai ntawm Ivan III, Ivan IV, thiab lwm yam.

Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov compilers tau txhais lus Latin scientific los ntawm botany thiab chemistry rau hauv Lavxias, qhov no tseem ceeb heev uas yuav tsum tau coj mus rau hauv tus account. Cov npe Latin suab nrov hauv Lavxias, thiab qhov no yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev hwm … Piv txwv li, cov nroj tsuag muaj cov npe pej xeem khi rau kev siv cov nroj tsuag no, thiab cov lus Latin tau rub lub npe los ntawm nws cov khoom, nqa lub ntsiab lus thiab cov ntsiab lus sib txawv. Lub downside yog tias tsis muaj leej twg tau mloog rau epics thiab folklore feem ntau.

Andrey FEFELOV. Tab sis nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav tau them sai sai rau cov lus dab neeg, nws tseem yuav tsum tau sau nws, kho tib lub epics, piv txwv li …

Alexander PYZHIKOV. Fragments txog Ilya Muromets, Dobrynya Nikitich thiab ib co lwm yam epics twb paub, tab sis lawv tau raug kaw nyob rau hauv ib tug tag nrho cov, ntawm chav kawm, tsuas yog nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th.

Ntawm chav kawm, lawv paub txog lub neej ntawm ib tug loj epic txheej, tab sis txawm lub fragments uas ntog ntawm no thiab muaj, rau ib co yog vim li cas, tsis aroused tangible paj. Piv txwv li, Ivan Nikitich Boltin, ib tug npoj yaig thiab phooj ywg ntawm Potemkin, ib tug tseem ceeb historian thiab philologist, ntseeg hais tias tag nrho cov "cov lus dab neeg" tau tsim nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav thov rau alms thiab yuav tsum tsis txhob muab tso rau hauv phau ntawv txhais lus. Nyob rau hauv no unwise "enlightenment" nws tau txais kev txhawb los ntawm tus kws sau paj lug Derzhavin, uas kuj tau hais nyob rau hauv ib tug peculiar txoj kev ntawm epics - uas, lawv hais tias, nws yog tsis tsim nyog los coj nws tiag, thiab tsis tas yuav clog cov lus Lavxias teb sab. Rau Boltin thiab Derzhavin, Lavxias teb sab lus yog unambiguously bookish.

Thaum ua haujlwm ntawm phau ntawv txhais lus no, uas tau tsim txij li xyoo 1783 thiab suav nrog rau qhov ntim, tau muaj qhov sib cav ntau, thiab lawv tau sib cav feem ntau ntawm lub hauv paus ntsiab lus los sau nws. Thiab tsuas muaj ob lub ntsiab cai …

Andrey FEFELOV. Cov tsiaj ntawv thiab etymological?

Alexander PYZHIKOV. Yog lawm! Boltin tau thov ib qho kev qhia theem pib, thaum lub zog tseem ceeb tau hais rau lwm yam. Yog li ntawd, thawj phau ntawv txhais lus yog etymological, 43 txhiab lo lus tau suav nrog hauv nws, thiab ntawm lawv muaj ntau lo lus tshawb fawb hauv Lavxias txhais los ntawm Latin.

Andrey FEFELOV. Thiab cov lus txhais no daig?

Alexander PYZHIKOV. Latin npe daig. Thiab lub hauv paus ntsiab lus pib pom nyob rau hauv 1794, tab sis txoj hauj lwm mus sluggishly: lub thib rau ntim twb luam tawm nyob rau hauv 1826, twb nyob rau hauv Nicholas kuv! Tag nrho cov no tau qhia tias, tau kawg, tom qab Catherine II, cov huab tais tau them nyiaj tsawg dua rau cov ncauj lus tib neeg.

Tab sis cov huab cua nyob ib ncig ntawm cov neeg uas tau sib sau ua ke tom qab ntawd ntawm Lavxias teb sab Academy, lub voj voog kev txawj ntse, tau yug los rau thawj Slavophil ideological "sketches".

Thiab Alexander Semyonovich Shishkov, uas peb hais nyob rau hauv thaum pib ntawm peb kev sib tham, tau pib muaj cai nrog nws cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb, nyob rau hauv 1796 los ua ib tug tswv cuab ntawm lub Dashkovo Lavxias teb sab Academy. Txawm li cas los xij, ua ib tus neeg zoo tshaj plaws thiab muaj siab dawb siab zoo, nws, txawm li cas los xij, tsis tau zoo nrog txhua tus uas tuav lub zwm txwv tom qab Catherine II; Paul kuv nyiam nws, coj nws los ze zog, ua rau nws nws tus pab-de-chaw pw, tab sis ib zaug ua haujlwm hauv nws chav tos, Shishkov muaj qhov tsis txaus ntseeg kom tsaug zog. Thiab - disgraced … Alexander kuv thaum xub thawj ua phem rau nws, tab sis txij li thaum 1812, thaum Shishkov pib sau patriotic thov (manifestos, raws li lawv hu ua), nws tej hauj lwm tau nce toj, vim Alexander Semyonovich ci ntsa iab ua tiav tag nrho cov hauj lwm.

Andrey FEFELOV. Vim nws yog ib tug neeg txawj xav thiab txawj xav hauv teb chaws

Alexander PYZHIKOV. Yog lawm, thiab nyob rau hauv 1813 nws tau tsim nyog los ua tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm Academy, tab sis tom qab lub sij hawm no nws yuav tsum tuav lub hwj chim rau ob peb xyoos hauv kev nrhiav nyiaj txiag rau nws. Arakcheev pab. Tom qab ntawd Shishkov txawm raug xaiv tsa Minister of Public Education - nws nquag nquag, nyiam nws tus kheej!

Tab sis, alas, hmoov tsis zoo tau tshwm sim dua: ntawm ib qho ntawm cov neeg tuaj saib nrog Nicholas kuv, Shishkov tsis tuaj yeem qhib lub xauv ntawm lub hnab ntawv uas nws tau coj los ntev, thiab vim li ntawd, Nikolai kuv tau txais lub hnab ntawv no los ntawm nws thiab qhib. nws tus kheej, muab rau nws, thiab … nws nrhiav tsis tau cov ntaub ntawv tsim nyog. Tom qab ntawd Nicholas kuv rov coj nws cov ntaub ntawv thiab pom qhov nws xav tau. Thiab tom qab ua tiav ntawm rooj plaub, nws hais tias: Alexander Semyonovich, tsis yog lub sijhawm so? Tom qab tag nrho, nws yug los nyob rau hauv 1754, uas yog, twb nyob rau hauv nws advanced xyoo. Qhov ntawd tshwm sim rau nws. Nws yog ib tug zoo comic txiv neej, tab sis zoo nraug: nws yeej tsis zam lub cult ntawm txawv teb chaws thiab deservedly coj lub Academy.

Andrey FEFELOV. Nws remade cov lus txawv teb chaws nyob rau hauv Russia txoj kev …

Alexander PYZHIKOV. Yog, thiab qhov ntawd yog lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev thuam …

Andrey FEFELOV. Es tsis txhob "billiards" - "pob dov"

Alexander PYZHIKOV. Yog, cov no yog kwv yees li cov lus sib txuas lus nws tsim, tawm tsam kev qiv.

Shishkov hais qhov yog: hom twg ntawm ib lub teb chaws peb tuaj yeem tham txog yog tias koj hais lus Fab Kis thiab German, koj yuav tsim nws li cas - tom qab tag nrho, cov neeg tsis to taub koj? Shishkov yog tus tsav tsheb tom qab lub zog ntawm qhov kev taw qhia no. Lawv ua kev lom zem rau nws, zoo li dhau Louis XIV, uas, lawv hais tias, Academy yog nws. Thiab tseem vim hais tias thawj tus poj niam ntawm ib tug mob siab rau ntawm Lavxias teb sab cuab yeej cuab tam Shishkov yog ib tug Lutheran, thiab lub thib ob yog ib tug ardent Catholic, uas nws cov txheeb ze luam tawm ib tug Polish sau ntawv magazine nyob rau hauv St.

Andrey FEFELOV. Ntawd yog, nws tau nkag mus rau hauv qhov tuab ntawm nws

Alexander PYZHIKOV. Yog lawm, vim cov kev tsis sib haum no nws ntshai heev. Thiab thaum nws thov kev tso cai rau kev sib yuav thib ob los ntawm Nicholas kuv, nws tau ua phem rau nws txoj kev xaiv. Thiab Yulia Narbut yeej tsis brighten li Shishkov lub neej tom ntej, vim hais tias lawv tsis muaj me nyuam - tsuas yog cov tub xeeb ntxwv, uas nws coj mus tu tsev. Tab sis yog tias tsuas yog lawv! Lub tsev kuj tseem muaj cov thawj tswj hwm Fabkis thiab cov kws qhia ntawv, uas tau caw los ntawm nws tus poj niam. Yog li ntawd, ironically, ib tug txiv neej uas tawm tsam Fabkis txoj kev kawm hauv tsev raug yuam kom ua siab ntev, vim nws tus poj niam suav tias qhov kev kawm no yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws.

Thaum Shishkov raug xaiv tsa tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm lub Academy, nws tsis nyob rau hauv Moscow, tab sis nyob rau hauv ib tug txawv teb chaws phiaj los nqis tes nrog Alexander I tawm tsam Napoleon, thiab nws thov kom lub affairs ntawm lub Academy yuav coj ib ntus los ntawm lub Catholic Cardinal Sestrentsevich - ib tug txaus ntshai yeeb ncuab ntawm lub Academy. Yexus, raws li nws paub. Rau tib lub laj thawj, nws tsis suav nrog Minister of Public Education, suav Alexei Razumovsky, uas yog ib tug tswv cuab ntawm Academy, txij li thaum nws muaj kev khuv leej rau cov neeg Jesuits, leej twg tsis kam hais txawm hais txog kev txhais lus Lavxias rau Latin! Qhov ntawd yog dab tsi nws twb tau mus rau … Thiab Shishkov ntawm no sawv zoo li ib tug phab ntsa, leaning ntawm lub platform ntawm lub Koom Txoos Slavonic thiab Lavxias teb sab, uas, ntawm chav kawm, yog hla lub caj pas Benckendorffs ntawm tag nrho cov kab txaij. Nws sawv, raws li lawv hais, kom tuag, yog li ntawd tsis muaj kev huam yuaj uas nyob rau hauv 1828 nws raug tshem tawm ntawm txoj hauj lwm ntawm Minister of Public Education.

Andrey FEFELOV. Tom qab ib pliag, tus ncej no tau coj los ntawm Uvarov?

Alexander PYZHIKOV. Uvarov kuj yog ib tug me nyuam kawm ntawv ntawm cov Jesuits; nws tawm ntawm lawv lub voj voog mus rau hauv lub neej. Qhov no twb nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev sib txawv lub voj voog, uas Shishkov tsis koom thiab nws tau sim nyob rau hauv txhua txoj kev los tiv thaiv, caw cov nroog thiab cov npisov mus rau Lavxias teb sab Academy rau kev ua ub no thiab tsim cov phau ntawv txhais lus. Nws tau tsim ib qho kev tshaj tawm loj tshaj plaws, suav nrog cov teeb meem ntsig txog lub Koom Txoos Slavonic lus thiab kev tshaj tawm cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm yav dhau los. Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin yog thawj zaug nws tus yeeb ncuab cog lus, ces nws softened nws txoj hauj lwm rau ib tug ntau conservative, thiab Shishkov ncua tes ntawm kev phooj ywg rau nws. Thiab yog li ntawd, Karamzinists tau hais tias Academy luam tawm phau ntawv keeb kwm siv, tsis yog phau ntawv txhais lus ntawm hom lus nyob.

Andrey FEFELOV. Thiab ces Pushkin tshwm sim …

Alexander PYZHIKOV. Shishkov tam sim ntawd txaus siab rau qhov zoo tshaj ntawm Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus thiab caw nws mus ua ib tug tswv cuab ntawm lub Lavxias teb sab sau ntawv Academy - qhov tseeb hais tias precisely nyob rau hauv lub siab nyiam ntawm Shishkov, uas muaj ntau yam tsis ncaj ncees hais lus phem, thuam ntawm retrograde, thiab thiaj li nyob. ntawm tau txhim tsa thaum nws lub neej.

Lub voj voog Uvarov-Benckendorff, raws li kuv hu nws, kuj yog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm Pushkin. Cov niam txiv xav xa nws mus rau ib lub koom haum Jesuit, tab sis tsis muab nws, thiab Pushkin kawm ntawm Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum … Nws tau "sau" rau hauv lub voj voog sib txawv. Yog li ntawd, ob qho tib si Pushkin thiab Shishkov txhawj xeeb tus thawj kws lij choj ntawm Holy Synod Protasov, kuj yog ib tug me nyuam kawm ntawv ntawm cov Jesuits, zoo li ntau ntawm cov entourage ntawm Nicholas I.

Shishkov tseem poob rau hauv lub kub tes nrog nws tshaj tawm lub tswv yim ntawm Slavic kev sib sau. Tsis yog Alexander kuv thiab Nicholas kuv tau npaj txhij rau qhov no, vim tias muaj ntau haiv neeg Slavic ces yog ib feem ntawm Austrian Empire, uas tom qab ntawd los ua Austro-Hungarian. Tsuas yog Alexander II tom qab ntawd tsim cov tswv yim no rau hauv Slavophil lub xeev txoj cai.

Andrey FEFELOV. Shishkov, nws hloov tawm, tab tom saib deb tom ntej?

Alexander PYZHIKOV. Yog lawm, txawm tias tom qab ntawd nws tau hais tias nws yog qhov tsim nyog los teeb tsa lub tuam tsev ntawm Slavic kev tshawb fawb, hloov mus rau lawv cov kws tshaj lij Slavicists los ntawm University of Prague: Hanka, Shafarik thiab lwm tus … Tab sis tsis muaj leej twg coj kom zoo dua ntawm nws cov lus caw, rau Qee qhov laj thawj ntawm Slavic cov thawj coj tshawb fawb tau pom kev txwv.

Tom qab Shishkov tuag nyob rau hauv 1841, Lavxias teb sab Academy tau annexed li lub Department of Lavxias teb sab lus thiab ntawv nyeem rau lub Imperial St. Petersburg Academy ntawm Sciences. Nws tus thawj tswj hwm Dmitry Bludov, hmoov zoo, feem ntau ua raws li Dashkova cov lus qhia.

Andrey FEFELOV. Ntawd yog, nws txhawb nqa, ntxiv dag zog rau txhua txoj hauv kev …

Alexander PYZHIKOV. Muaj zog, zoo li cov kws qhia ntawv kawm Ivan Lepekhin, Nikita Sokolov, uas, los ntawm txoj kev, tuaj ntawm seminarians. Thiab ua ntej ntawd nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg Academy cov thawj coj ntawm kev kawm-secretary rau cuaj caum xyoo tau nyob los ntawm Euler tsev neeg, uas muaj ib tug zoo cwj pwm ntawm lub Lavxias teb sab Academy.

Lepekhin tshuav plaub qhov kev piav qhia ntawm nws qhov kev mus ncig thoob tebchaws, kuv tau saib lawv hauv Cov Tsev Qiv Keeb Kwm, qhov no yog cov ntawv tshaj tawm zoo tshaj plaws uas tus neeg txawv tebchaws yuav tsis muaj peev xwm. Nws tus successor, raws li kev kawm-secretary, Sokolov mus ncig teb chaws Russia nrog German Pallas, uas Catherine II nyiam. Ntawm cov ntawv luam tawm los ntawm Pallas txog nws txoj kev mus ncig, qhov tseeb, ob feem peb yog cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo ntawm Sokolov cov haujlwm, vim tias Pallas tsis paub Lavxias zoo.

Tab sis tag nrho, Lavxias teb sab Academy tseem nyob rau hauv pem teb ntawm kev nyeem ntawv siab, tsis xav mus rau hauv pem teb lus dab neeg. Qhov no yog ua los ntawm Vladimir Ivanovich Dal, uas nws cov lus overshadowed lub dictionaries ntawm lub Academy.

Andrey FEFELOV. Tej zaum, thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19, kev coj noj coj ua ntawm kev mus ncig tseem tsis tau ua tiav - tsis muaj "sau" ntawm qhov ncauj hais lus, tsis muaj kev faib tawm ntawm nws, feem ntau tsis muaj cov txheej txheem zoo li no?

Alexander PYZHIKOV. Yog lawm, tsis yog. Tus naas ej philologist Boris Andreevich Uspensky pom ib qho amazing tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv nws 1985 monograph. Nws sau tias Lomonosov raug xa mus rau txawv teb chaws mus kawm, ntxiv rau physics, chemistry thiab lwm yam lus Lavxias! Qhov no yog qhov xav tsis thoob! Nws hloov tawm hais tias cov neeg txawv teb chaws qhia Lavxias teb sab nyob rau hauv thawj ib nrab thiab nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub naval cadet corps, qhia lus Lavxias teb sab muaj nyob rau hauv qeb ntawm kev qhia dav dav.

Kuv tsis yog tub nkeeg dhau lawm thiab, txhawm rau txheeb xyuas qhov no, coj cov ntim ntawm "Cov Keeb Kwm ntawm Semyonovsky thiab Preobrazhensky Regiments", qhov twg txhua yam tau sau tseg: los ntawm Peter kuv mus rau nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, thiab kuv pom tias cov lus Lavxias yog. qhia rau cov tub rog ntawm cov tsev kawm ntawv qib siab nkaus xwb los ntawm cov neeg txawv teb chaws, Germans thiab Fabkis! Dab tsi nyob tom qab qhov no, kuv tsis paub, thiab Ouspensky tsis muab lus teb ib yam.

Andrey FEFELOV. Thiab qhov no echoes cov kev xav ntawm Stalin nyob rau hauv nws tej hauj lwm ntawm linguistics, qhov uas nws tau taw qhia hais tias cov lus ntawm cov tub rog tswj system yuav tsum tau meej thiab to taub, tsis suav nrog tej discrepancies, uas yog, tib lo lus yuav tsum denote tib phenomena, txwv tsis pub cov commands thaum lub sij hawm. kev ua tub rog yuav tsis muaj peev xwm qhia tau

Thiab nws tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob tias cov neeg nrhiav neeg los ntawm ntau qhov chaw tau qhia tib yam lus, vim tias lawv tuaj yeem yog tus neeg nqa khoom ntawm cov lus sib txawv thiab hom lus, txawm tias Ukrainian lus yog hom lus ntawm Lavxias

Alexander PYZHIKOV. Thiab ntau lwm haiv neeg tsim cov pej xeem ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman: Mordovians, Chuvash …

Andrey FEFELOV. Yog li ntawd, muaj ib tug logic qab nws

Thiab yuav ua li cas pom cov Slavophiles pom tseeb, txog leej twg peb twb paub ntau? Ib tug ntawm lawv, Aksakov, luam tawm cov ntawv xov xwm Hnub, los ntawm txoj kev

Alexander PYZHIKOV. Lawv tuav lub phij xab no.

Andrey FEFELOV. Lawv muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog Academy, lossis puas tau cov hlab ntsha mus rau lawv los ntawm lwm cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg?.

Alexander PYZHIKOV. Cov tiam ntawm Khomyakov, Kireevsky thiab Samarin tsis tuaj yeem, vim lawv lub hnub nyoog, nyob rau hauv lub Academy, lawv nyuam qhuav pib lub neej. Leej txiv ntawm Slavophiles Aksakovs Sergei Timofeevich tshuav kev nco txog xyoo kawg ntawm Shishkov, uas tuag yuav luag tsis pom kev.

Andrey FEFELOV. Qhov ntawd yog, lawv tsev neeg nyob ze?

Alexander PYZHIKOV. Yog lawm. Ob peb xyoos tom qab ntawd, los ntawm nruab nrab-1840s, Slavophilism pib ua zoo li kev sib raug zoo. Nws tsis tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub Academy, uas tsis muaj nyob rau hauv 1841, tab sis yog ncaj qha cuam tshuam nrog lub bearers ntawm lub ntiaj teb no saib - tshiab, kaj cov neeg. Thiab dab tsi lub tswvyim ntawm "Orthodoxy. Autocracy. Haiv neeg” tau tsim los ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm yav dhau los ntawm cov neeg Jesuits, hais txog qhov sib txawv ntawm lub hauv paus pib ntawm Slavophilism. Khomyakov thiab nws Slavophil "tus neeg zov", tom qab Shishkov txoj kab, yog, qhov tseeb, cov neeg tawm tsam.

Ob leeg Khomyakov thiab Samarin raug kaw hauv tsev, lawv tau ua raws. Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv Alexander II tau ua txhua yam hloov pauv me ntsis, ntawm no lub sijhawm ntawm Nicholas kuv, thaum lub pob ideological tau txiav txim siab los ntawm cov thwjtim ntawm Jesuits, twb tau tas lawm. Yuav ua li cas npaum li cas qhov kev tawm tsam no tau tshwm sim hauv kev nom kev tswv - nws muaj peev xwm los sib cav ntawm no, tab sis tsis pom ib hom lus tswv yim. Nws yog qhov tseeb…