Yuav ua li cas lub blockchain ua tau tiag tiag

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Cov ntawv tshaj tawm no yog npaj los qhia rau txhua tus vim li cas lub blockchain tau tsim, yuav ua li cas cryptocurrencies ua haujlwm thiab yog vim li cas nws yog qhov zoo nkauj tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no los ntawm qhov pom ntawm logic.

Kuv yuav ceeb toom rau koj tam sim ntawd tias nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav muaj ib daim ntawv HUGE ntawm cov ntawv nyeem thiab yog tias koj tsis npaj "kaw" cov lus nug ntawm lub ncauj lus ntawm cryptocurrencies ib zaug thiab rau tag nrho, ntxiv ib qho kev nkag rau koj nyiam tam sim no thiab lub sijhawm teem tseg)

Blockchain yog thev naus laus zis, tshiab, coj txawv txawv, tsis nkag siab, tab sis zoo li yuav hloov lub ntiaj teb, sib piv rau cov dab neeg ntawm koj li. Thaj, nws nrog peb nyob ntev.

Tsab ntawv no yog sau raws li nws tau hais rau cov neeg uas nyob deb heev ntawm computers thiab paub lawv tsuas yog superficially, piv txwv li, xav tias nws tab tom npaj rau koj niam koj txiv. Kuv tuaj yeem muab pov tseg rau kuv cov phooj ywg tib neeg thiab paub tseeb tias lawv yuav nkag siab.

Thiab Oleg yuav pab peb txhua tus hauv qhov teeb meem nyuaj no. Ntsib!

Yog tias koj tsis nyiam Oleg, Kuv yuav ncaws nws tawm.

Lub hauv paus: vim li cas peb thiaj xav tau blockchain?

Lub blockchain tau piav qhia hauv Satoshi Nakamoto tsab xov xwm "Bitcoin: Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System". Nyob ntawd, tsuas yog yim nplooj ntawv, tus sau tau piav qhia txog cov hauv paus ntawm Bitcoin cryptocurrency, uas yog raws li Blockchain algorithm.

Cov npe uas hloov tsis tau

Blockchain - ib tug saw ntawm blocks los yog nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus ib daim ntawv txuas. Hauv cov npe zoo li no, txhua cov ntaub ntawv tom ntej yog hais txog ib qho dhau los, thiab yog li ntawm cov saw hlau mus rau thawj zaug. Zoo li lub tsheb ciav hlau ntawm lub tsheb ciav hlau, txhua tus rub tus tom ntej nrog. Hais txog cov npe, muaj ib tsab xov xwm zoo los ntawm Nikita Likhachev ntawm TJ, qhov uas tib yam tau piav qhia rau cov tshiab tshiab. Cov analogies yog ib feem coj los ntawm muaj.

Cia peb ua piv txwv

Oleg cov phooj ywg pheej qiv nyiaj los ntawm nws. Oleg yog siab zoo, tab sis tsis nco qab heev. Ib lub lis piam tom qab, nws tsis nco qab tias leej twg tsis tau rov qab cov nuj nqis rau nws, tab sis nws txaj muag nug txhua leej txhua tus txog nws. Yog li ntawd, muaj ib hnub nws tau txiav txim siab ua kom tiav qhov no los ntawm kev tsim ib daim ntawv teev cov phooj ywg ntawm lub blackboard ntawm nws lub tsev uas nws qiv nyiaj.

Tam sim no Oleg yeej ib txwm mus rau lub rooj tsavxwm thiab xyuas kom meej tias Max rov qab txhua yam, tab sis Vanya tsis muab 700 rubles. Muaj ib hnub Oleg caw Vanya mus haus dej hauv nws lub tsev. Thaum Oleg mus rau hauv chav dej, Vanya tshem tawm qhov nkag "Kuv qiv 200 rubles rau Vanya" thiab sau rau hauv nws qhov chaw "Vanya muab 500 rubles".

Oleg, uas ntseeg nws daim ntawv teev npe, tsis nco qab txog cov nuj nqis thiab poob 700 rubles. Nws txiav txim siab ua cas sib ntaus. Xyoo tas los, Oleg tau mus kawm ib chav kawm programming, uas nws tau hais txog hashing. Nws nco qab tias txhua txoj hlua tuaj yeem hloov mus rau hauv cov cim tsis sib xws - hash, thiab hloov ib tus cwj pwm hauv txoj hlua yuav hloov tag nrho.

Ntxiv cov dot ntawm qhov kawg hloov qhov kawg hash dhau qhov kev lees paub - koj tuaj yeem siv nws.

Oleg siv qhov paub zoo SHA-256 hash thiab hashs txhua cov ntaub ntawv nrog nws, ntxiv qhov tshwm sim thaum kawg. Tam sim no Oleg tuaj yeem ua kom paub tseeb tias tsis muaj leej twg tau hloov nws cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm hashing lawv dua thiab muab piv rau ntsuab.

Tab sis EVIL IVAN kuj paub siv SHA-256 thiab tuaj yeem hloov pauv tau yooj yim nrog rau nws cov hash. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tias tus hash tau sau nyob ib sab ntawm nws ntawm lub rooj tsavxwm.

Yog li ntawd, kom muaj kev ruaj ntseg ntau dua, Oleg txiav txim siab hash tsis tsuas yog cov ntaub ntawv nws tus kheej, tab sis ntxiv nws ua ke nrog cov hash los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv dhau los. Tam sim no tag nrho cov kev nkag hauv qab no nyob ntawm cov yav dhau los. Yog tias koj hloov tsawg kawg ib kab, koj yuav tsum rov xam cov hashes ntawm tag nrho lwm cov hauv qab no hauv daim ntawv teev npe.

Tab sis muaj ib hnub Ivan sneaks thaum hmo ntuj, hloov qhov nkag nws xav tau thiab hloov kho cov hashes rau tag nrho cov npe mus rau qhov kawg. Nws yuav siv sij hawm nws ob peb teev, tab sis Oleg tseem tsaug zog thiab hnov tsis tau. Thaum sawv ntxov, Oleg pom ib daim ntawv teev npe tiag tiag - txhua qhov sib tw sib tw. Tab sis Ivan dag nws txawm li cas los xij, txawm tias nws siv hmo pw tsaug zog rau nws. Yuav ua li cas ntxiv koj yuav tiv thaiv koj tus kheej los ntawm Hmo ntuj Ivan?

Oleg txiav txim siab ua cas nyuaj rau nws lub neej. Tam sim no, ntxiv ib qho kev nkag tshiab rau hauv daim ntawv teev npe, Oleg yuav daws qhov teeb meem nyuaj uas cuam tshuam nrog nws, piv txwv li, kev sib npaug ntawm lej. Nws yuav ntxiv cov lus teb rau qhov kawg hash.

Oleg yog qhov zoo ntawm kev ua lej, tab sis txawm tias nws yuav siv sijhawm kaum feeb ntxiv rau kev nkag. Txawm hais tias qhov no, lub sijhawm siv yog tsim nyog, vim hais tias yog Ivan xav hloov ib yam dab tsi ntxiv, nws yuav tsum rov daws qhov sib npaug ntawm txhua kab, thiab tuaj yeem muaj ntau ntau ntawm lawv. Nws yuav siv sij hawm ntau heev, vim hais tias qhov sib npaug sib npaug txhua zaus thiab cuam tshuam nrog cov ntaub ntawv tshwj xeeb.

Tab sis kev txheeb xyuas cov npe tsuas yog yooj yim: ua ntej koj yuav tsum sib piv cov hashes li ua ntej, thiab tom qab ntawd xyuas cov kev daws teeb meem ntawm kev sib npaug los ntawm kev hloov pauv yooj yim. Yog hais tias txhua yam converges, daim ntawv yuav tsis hloov.

Hauv kev muaj tiag, tej yam tsis zoo nrog cov kab zauv: cov khoos phis tawj daws lawv zoo heev, thiab qhov twg yuav khaws ntau qhov sib npaug sib txawv. Yog li ntawd, cov kws sau ntawv ntawm blockchain tuaj nrog qhov teeb meem zoo nkauj dua: koj yuav tsum nrhiav tus lej ntawd (tsis yog) kom qhov kawg hash ntawm tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv pib nrog 10 xoom. Xws li ib tug nonce yog ib qho nyuaj nrhiav tau, tab sis qhov tshwm sim yeej ib txwm raug kuaj nrog lub qhov muag xwb.

Tam sim no Oleg txheeb xyuas tag nrho cov hashes thiab tseem ua kom paub tseeb tias txhua tus pib nrog tus lej teev zeros. Sly Ivan, txawm armed nrog ib tug haib laptop, yuav tsis muaj sij hawm los xam tag nrho cov hashes nyob rau hauv ib hmos kom lawv txaus siab rau tus mob - yuav tsis muaj sij hawm txaus.

Xws li cov npe, qhov tseeb, yog lub tsev blockchain ntawm nws lub hauv caug. Nws txoj kev nyab xeeb yog lav los ntawm cov lej, uas tau ua pov thawj tias cov hashs tsis tuaj yeem suav tau sai dua, tshwj tsis yog los ntawm kev quab yuam. Xws li tus lej ntawm hashes rau txhua cov ntaub ntawv yog mining, uas niaj hnub no yuav muaj ntau thiab nthuav dav.

Centralization ntawm kev ntseeg siab

Peb cov phooj ywg nyiam lub tswv yim ntawm kev khaws cov npe cuav ntawm "leej twg qiv leej twg". Lawv kuj tsis xav nco txog leej twg them rau leej twg hauv lub bar thiab lawv tseem tshuav npaum li cas - txhua yam tau sau rau ntawm phab ntsa. Koj tau tham txog lub tswv yim thiab txiav txim siab tias tam sim no koj xav tau ib daim ntawv teev npe rau txhua tus.

Tab sis leej twg yuav tsum tau tso siab rau cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb no? Tom qab tag nrho, thaum nws los txog rau cov nyiaj, kev ntseeg siab los ua ntej. Peb yuav tsis ntseeg tus tsis paub khaws peb cov nyiaj. Rau qhov no, peb cov poj koob yawm txwv tau tsim cov tsev txhab nyiaj, uas dhau sij hawm pib ntseeg, vim tias lawv tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm daim ntawv tso cai, kev cai lij choj thiab kev pov hwm los ntawm Central Bank.

Nyob rau hauv lub voj voog ntawm cov phooj ywg, txhua leej txhua tus ntseeg ib leeg thiab koj tuaj yeem xaiv lub luag haujlwm tshaj plaws rau lub luag haujlwm no. Tab sis yuav ua li cas yog lo lus nug yog hais txog cov neeg txawv? Tag nrho lub nroog, lub tebchaws, lossis tag nrho lub ntiaj teb, zoo li Bitcoin? Feem ntau, tsis muaj leej twg tuaj yeem tso siab rau leej twg nyob ntawd.

Decentralization: tsis muaj leej twg tso siab rau leej twg

Yog li lawv tuaj nrog lwm txoj hauv kev: khaws ib daim ntawv teev npe rau txhua tus. Yog li, tus neeg tawm tsam yuav tsis tsuas yog rov sau ib daim ntawv teev npe, tab sis kuj nkag mus rau hauv txhua lub tsev thiab rov sau cov npe nyob ntawd. Thiab tom qab ntawd nws hloov tawm tias ib tus neeg khaws ntau cov npe hauv tsev, uas tsis muaj leej twg paub txog. Qhov no yog decentralization.

Qhov tsis zoo ntawm txoj hauv kev no yog tias txhawm rau ua kom nkag tshiab, koj yuav tsum hu rau txhua tus neeg koom nrog thiab qhia rau lawv txhua tus ntawm cov kev hloov tshiab kawg. Tab sis yog tias cov neeg koom no yog cov tshuab soulless, nws yuav tsis muaj teeb meem txhua.

Nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug system, tsis muaj ib qho kev ntseeg siab, thiab li no muaj peev xwm ntawm kev xiab nyiaj thiab kev dag ntxias. Txhua tus neeg koom nrog hauv qhov system ua raws li ib txoj cai: tsis muaj leej twg tso siab rau leej twg. Txhua tus ntseeg tsuas yog cov ntaub ntawv uas lawv muaj ntawm lawv qhov chaw pov tseg. Qhov no yog txoj cai tseem ceeb ntawm txhua lub network decentralized.

Kev lag luam

Thaum muas lub lauj kaub hauv lub khw, koj nkag mus rau tus lej lej ntawm koj daim npav, cia lub khw nug lub txhab nyiaj yog tias koj muaj 35 rubles ntawm koj tus account. Hauv lwm lo lus, koj kos npe rau kev lag luam rau 35 rubles nrog koj tus lej PIN, uas lub tuam txhab lees paub lossis tsis lees paub.

Peb cov ntaub ntawv ntawm hom "Kuv qiv Vanya 500 rubles" kuj yog kev lag luam. Tab sis peb tsis muaj lub txhab nyiaj tso cai rau tus sau cov kev hloov pauv. Yuav ua li cas peb tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas tias Ivan tsis tau ntsiag to ntxiv qhov nkag "Max tshuav Oleg 100,500 rubles"?

Lub blockchain siv cov txheej txheem ntawm pej xeem thiab ntiag tug yuam sij rau qhov no; IT cov kws tshaj lij tau ntev tau siv lawv rau kev tso cai hauv tib SSH. Kuv tau piav qhia nws ntawm kuv tus ntiv tes hauv qhov tshaj tawm "Kev Nyab Xeeb, encryption, cyberpunk" hauv "Introduction to encryption" section.

Luv luv txog yuav ua li cas qhov kev ua lej zoo nkauj tab sis zoo nkauj ua haujlwm: koj tsim ib khub ntawm tus lej tseem ceeb ntawm koj lub computer - pej xeem thiab tus yuam sij ntiag tug. Tus yuam sij ntiag tug yog suav tias yog super zais cia vim tias nws tuaj yeem txiav txim siab dab tsi yog encrypted hauv pej xeem.

Tab sis qhov opposite kuj ua haujlwm. Yog tias koj muab tus yuam sij rau pej xeem rau tag nrho koj cov phooj ywg, lawv yuav muaj peev xwm encrypt tej lus rau lawv kom tsuas yog koj tuaj yeem nyeem nws, txij li koj muaj tus kheej.

Tab sis dua li qhov no, tus yuam sij pej xeem muaj txiaj ntsig zoo - nrog rau nws koj tuaj yeem tshawb xyuas tias cov ntaub ntawv tau muab zais nrog koj tus lej ntiag tug, yam tsis muaj decrypting cov ntaub ntawv nws tus kheej. Tag nrho cov khoom no tau piav qhia zoo hauv "Phau Ntawv Ciphers".

Peb nyob hauv internet decentralized uas tsis muaj leej twg tuaj yeem ntseeg tau. Kev lag luam tau kos npe nrog tus yuam sij ntiag tug thiab, nrog rau pej xeem tus yuam sij, raug xa mus rau qhov tshwj xeeb cia - lub pas dej ua ke ntawm kev lag luam tsis tau lees paub. Yog li txhua tus tswv cuab ntawm lub network tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas tau tias nws yog koj tus uas pib nws, thiab tsis yog lwm tus xav them nrog koj cov nyiaj.

Qhov no ua kom muaj kev qhib siab thiab kev ruaj ntseg ntawm lub network. Yog tias cov tsev txhab nyiaj yav dhau los tau ua lub luag haujlwm rau qhov no, tom qab ntawd hauv blockchain, lej yog lub luag haujlwm rau qhov no.

Rau cov neeg siv zoo tib yam uas tsis xav paub yuav ua li cas tawm thiab khaws cov yuam sij ntiag tug, cov kev pabcuam hauv hnab nyiaj hauv online yuav pab tau. Txhawm rau luam cov yuam sij pej xeem ntev, yooj yim QR cov lej tau ua nyob rau ntawd. Piv txwv li Blockchain Wallet, vim nws muaj daim ntawv thov mobile yooj yim thiab txhawb nqa ob lub ntsiab cryptocurrencies - BTC thiab ETH.

Tsis muaj lub tswv yim ntawm "sib npaug"

Zoo li peb lub rooj tsavxwm, lub blockchain tseem ceeb tsuas muaj keeb kwm kev lag luam xwb. Nws tsis khaws qhov sib npaug ntawm txhua lub hnab nyiaj, txwv tsis pub peb yuav tau tsim cov kev tiv thaiv ntxiv.

Tsuas yog tus yuam sij ntiag tug lees paub qhov ua tswv ntawm lub hnab nyiaj. Tab sis yuav ua li cas lwm tus tswv cuab ntawm lub network kom paub tseeb tias kuv muaj nyiaj txaus los yuav?

Txij li thaum peb tsis muaj qhov sib npaug, koj yuav tsum ua pov thawj nws. Yog li ntawd, ib qho kev lag luam blockchain suav nrog tsis yog koj qhov kos npe thiab ntau npaum li cas koj xav siv, tab sis kuj txuas mus rau kev lag luam yav dhau los uas koj tau txais cov nyiaj xav tau.

Ntawd yog, yog tias koj xav siv 400 rubles, koj khiav los ntawm tag nrho koj cov keeb kwm ntawm cov nyiaj tau los thiab cov nuj nqis, thiab txuas rau koj qhov kev lag luam cov nyiaj tau los uas koj tau muab 100 + 250 + 50 rubles, yog li ua pov thawj tias koj muaj 400 rubles.

Txhua tus tswv cuab ntawm lub network yuav tsum nco ntsoov xyuas tias koj tsis tau txuas cov nyiaj tau los ob zaug. Tias 300 rubles uas Max tau muab rau lub lim tiam dhau los, koj yeej tsis tau siv.

Xws li cov nyiaj tau los txuas rau kev sib pauv yog hu ua cov khoom siv hauv blockchain, thiab txhua tus neeg tau txais nyiaj hu ua cov khoom tawm. Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm tag nrho cov khoom siv tsis tshua muaj raws nraim tib yam li koj xav hloov ntawm ib lub sijhawm - yog li ntawd, ib qho ntawm cov khoom siv feem ntau yuav yog koj tus kheej. Hauv lwm lo lus, kev lag luam ntawm blockchain zoo li "Kuv tau muab 3 thiab 2 BTC, Kuv xav hloov 4 BTC los ntawm lawv thiab xa rov qab 1 BTC rov qab."

Qhov zoo nkauj ntawm blockchain yog tias cov khoom siv tsis tas yuav los ntawm ib lub hnab nyiaj. Tom qab tag nrho, tsuas yog tus yuam sij raug kuaj xyuas. Yog tias koj paub tus yuam sij ntiag tug ntawm tag nrho cov tswv yim, ces koj tuaj yeem yooj yim txuas lawv rau koj qhov kev lag luam thiab them nrog cov nyiaj no. Raws li yog tias koj tau them nyiaj hauv lub tsev muag khoom nrog ntau daim npav uas koj paub tus pin code.

Txawm li cas los xij, yog tias koj poob koj tus yuam sij ntiag tug, koj lub disk tuag lossis koj lub laptop raug nyiag, koj cov bitcoins yuav ploj mus ib txhis. Tsis muaj leej twg tuaj yeem siv lawv los ua cov khoom siv rau kev hloov pauv tshiab.

Cov nyiaj no yuav siv tsis tau rau tag nrho lub ntiaj teb mus ib txhis - zoo li koj hlawv ib pob nyiaj hauv txhab nyiaj. Tsis muaj ib lub txhab nyiaj uas koj tuaj yeem sau daim ntawv thov nrog daim ntawv theej ntawm koj daim ntawv hla tebchaws, thiab nws yuav luam tawm. Qhov no yuav tsum muaj kev tso tawm ntxiv ntawm bitcoins tshiab "tawm ntawm huab cua nyias".

Teeb meem kev siv nyiaj ob npaug

Saum toj no kuv tau hais tias kev hloov pauv tau ntxiv rau qhov tshwj xeeb "pool ntawm kev tsis lees paub kev hloov pauv". Vim li cas peb thiaj li xav tau qee qhov chaw nruab nrab, yog tias peb twb muaj, qhov tseeb, npaj tau kos npe ua lag luam? Vim li cas ho tsis sau lawv ncaj qha mus rau blockchain?

Vim tias cov teeb liab ntawm point A mus rau point B ib txwm mus nrog ncua sijhawm. Ob qho kev lag luam tuaj yeem mus txawv teb chaws. Thiab qhov kev lag luam uas tau pib ua ntej tuaj yeem ncav cuag tus neeg tau txais kev pab tom qab, vim tias nws siv txoj hauv kev ntev dua.

Qhov no ua rau kev siv nyiaj ob npaug, thaum tib cov nyiaj tau xa mus rau ob tus neeg nyob hauv ib zaug, uas lawv yuav tsis twv txog. Qhov no tsis yog xa cov nqi ntawm tes mus rau tes.

Rau lub network decentralized uas tsis muaj leej twg tuaj yeem ntseeg tau, qhov teeb meem no tshwj xeeb tshaj yog mob. Ntawm no yog koj li cas kom paub tseeb tias ib qho kev lag luam tau twv ua ntej lwm qhov? Nug tus neeg xa khoom kom xaws lub sijhawm xa mus rau nws, puas yog? Tab sis nco ntsoov - koj tsis tuaj yeem ntseeg leej twg, tsis yog tus xa.

Lub sijhawm ntawm txhua lub khoos phis tawj yuav tsum sib txawv thiab tsis muaj kev lees paub los synchronize lawv. Ib daim ntawv theej ntawm blockchain yog khaws cia rau txhua lub khoos phis tawj hauv lub network thiab txhua tus neeg koom nrog tsuas yog tso siab rau nws.

Yuav ua li cas koj thiaj paub tseeb tias ib qho kev lag luam ua ntej tshaj lwm qhov?

Cov lus teb yog yooj yim: nws tsis yooj yim sua. Tsis muaj txoj hauv kev los lees paub lub sijhawm ntawm kev sib pauv ntawm lub network decentralized. Thiab qhov kev daws teeb meem rau qhov teeb meem no yog lub tswv yim tseem ceeb thib peb blockchain uas Satoshi tau tsim thiab uas, oddly txaus, yog spelled tawm txoj cai nyob rau hauv nws lub npe - blocks.

Blocks yog lub hauv paus ntawm lub blockchain

Txhua lub khoos phis tawj ua haujlwm ntawm lub network xaiv cov kev hloov pauv uas nws nyiam los ntawm lub pas dej dav dav. Feem ntau tsuas yog rau lub siab tshaj plaws commission nws tuaj yeem khwv tau ntawm nws. Yog li nws sau cov kev hloov pauv rau nws tus kheej kom txog thaum lawv qhov loj me mus txog qhov kev sib tham. Hauv Bitcoin, qhov txwv qhov txwv no yog 1 MB (tom qab SegWit2x nws yuav yog 2 MB), thiab hauv Bitcoin Nyiaj - 8 MB.

Tag nrho cov blockchain tseem ceeb yog cov npe ntawm cov blocks no, qhov twg txhua tus hais txog yav dhau los. Nws tuaj yeem siv los taug qab txhua qhov kev lag luam hauv keeb kwm tag nrho, unwinding blockchain txawm mus rau thawj cov ntaub ntawv.

Nws yog daim ntawv teev npe no uas tam sim no hnyav ntau pua gigabytes thiab yuav tsum tau rub tawm tag nrho rau txhua lub khoos phis tawj uas xav koom nrog hauv lub network (tab sis qhov no tsis tsim nyog los tsim kev lag luam thiab hloov nyiaj). Nws yog rub tawm tib txoj kev los ntawm txhua lub khoos phis tawj ze tshaj plaws hauv lub network, zoo li yog tias koj rub tawm cov yeeb yaj kiab los ntawm torrents, tsuas yog cov ntu tshiab tawm hauv nws txhua 10 feeb.

Tau ntaus ntawv ua lag luam los ntawm lub pas dej ua ke rau nws tus kheej, lub khoos phis tawj pib sau los ntawm lawv tib daim ntawv teev npe tsis tuaj yeem raws li peb tau ua thaum pib ntawm kev tshaj tawm ntawm lub rooj tsavxwm hauv tsev.

Tsuas yog nws ua rau nws nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm tsob ntoo - hashs cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv ua khub, ces qhov tshwm sim yog dua nyob rau hauv khub, thiab thiaj li nyob rau kom txog rau thaum tsuas muaj ib tug hash tshuav - lub hauv paus ntawm tsob ntoo, uas yog ntxiv rau lub block. Yog vim li cas raws nraim nrog ib tsob ntoo - kuv tsis tau pom cov lus teb, tab sis kuv xav tias nws yooj yim dua li ntawd. Nyeem ntxiv ntawm wiki: Merkle tsob ntoo.

Txij li thaum tam sim no blockchain twb tau downloaded, peb lub computer paub tseeb tias qhov kawg block nyob rau hauv nws. Nws tsuas yog yuav tsum tau ntxiv qhov txuas rau nws hauv lub block header, hash tag nrho thiab qhia tag nrho lwm lub khoos phis tawj ntawm lub network "saib, kuv tau tsim ib qho tshiab, cia peb ntxiv nws rau peb blockchain".

Tus so yuav tsum xyuas kom meej tias lub block yog tsim raws li tag nrho cov kev cai thiab hais tias peb tsis tau ntxiv yam tsis tsim nyog muas nyob rau ntawd, thiab ces ntxiv lawv rau peb chains. Tam sim no tag nrho cov kev hloov pauv hauv nws tau lees paub, blockchain tau nce los ntawm ib qho thaiv thiab txhua yam mus zoo, puas yog?

Tab sis tsis muaj. Ntau txhiab lub khoos phis tawj ib txhij ua haujlwm ntawm lub network, thiab sai li sai tau thaum lawv sib sau ua ke ib ntu tshiab, lawv yuav luag ib txhij maj nrawm kom qhia txhua tus neeg tias lawv cov block tau tsim ua ntej. Thiab los ntawm ntu dhau los, peb twb paub lawm tias nyob rau hauv ib lub koom haum decentralized nws tsis tuaj yeem ua pov thawj tias leej twg yog tus thawj.

Ib yam li hauv tsev kawm ntawv, thaum txhua tus tau daws qhov kev xeem nyuaj, nws tsis tshua muaj tshwm sim tias txawm tias cov tub ntxhais kawm zoo tau txais cov lus teb tib lub sijhawm.

Tab sis yog hais tias rau ib tug neeg nws yog ib tug nyuaj txoj hauj lwm los npaj ib lub caij so kom nws tau txais nyob rau hauv lub Tsib Hlis hnub so, thiab daim pib mus rau lub hiav txwv yog pheej yig, ces rau ib tug computer nws yog yuav tsum tau ntxiv xws li ib tug xov tooj (tsis yog) mus rau qhov kawg. thaiv yog li ntawd, SHA-256 hash rau tag nrho cov block pib cia peb hais 10 zeros. Qhov no yog qhov teeb meem uas yuav tsum tau daws nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav ntxiv ib qho thaiv rau Bitcoin network. Rau lwm lub network, cov dej num yuav txawv.

Yog li peb tuaj rau lub tswv yim ntawm mining, uas txhua leej txhua tus tau obsessed nrog rau xyoo tas los no.

Mining

Bitcoin mining tsis yog ib yam ntawm lub cim nco txog dawb ceev. Mining tsis yog hais txog kev nrhiav bitcoins tshiab nyob rau hauv qhov tob ntawm Is Taws Nem. Mining yog thaum ntau txhiab lub khoos phis tawj thoob ntiaj teb tab tom buzzing hauv qab daus, mus txog ntau lab tus lej hauv ib ob, sim nrhiav tus hash uas pib nrog 10 zeros. Lawv tsis tas yuav nyob online los ua qhov no.

phaib video nrog ntau pua ntawm cov cores sib npaug daws qhov teeb meem no sai dua li CPU.

Vim li cas raws nraim 10 zeros? Thiab ib yam li ntawd, nws tsis muaj kev nkag siab. Yog li Satoshi tuaj nrog. Vim tias qhov no yog ib qho ntawm cov teeb meem uas ib txwm muaj kev daws teeb meem, tab sis nws yeej tsis tuaj yeem pom sai dua li qhov ntev monotonous enumeration ntawm cov kev xaiv.

Qhov nyuaj ntawm mining ncaj qha nyob ntawm qhov loj ntawm lub network, uas yog, nws lub zog tag nrho. Yog tias koj tsim koj tus kheej blockchain thiab khiav koj tus kheej hauv tsev ntawm ob lub laptops, ces txoj haujlwm yuav tsum yooj yim dua. Piv txwv li, kom tus hash pib nrog tsuas yog ib qho xoom, lossis kom cov lej ntawm cov lej sib npaug sib npaug rau cov lej ntawm qhov khib.

Nws yuav siv sij hawm ntau xyoo rau ib lub computer kom nrhiav tau tus hash pib nrog 10 zeros. Tab sis yog tias koj muab ntau txhiab lub khoos phis tawj rau hauv ib lub network thiab tshawb nrhiav tib yam, tom qab ntawd, raws li kev xav ntawm qhov tshwm sim, qhov teeb meem no tau daws qhov nruab nrab hauv 10 feeb. Qhov no yog lub sijhawm thaum lub block tshiab tshwm sim hauv bitcoin blockchain.

Txhua 8-12 feeb, ib tug neeg hauv ntiaj teb pom xws li hash thiab tau txais txoj cai tshaj tawm lawv qhov kev tshawb pom rau txhua tus, yog li zam qhov teeb meem ntawm leej twg yog tus thawj.

Rau kev nrhiav cov lus teb, lub khoos phis tawj (raws li xyoo 2017) tau txais 12.5 BTC - qhov no yog cov nqi zog uas tau tsim los ntawm bitcoin system "tawm ntawm huab cua nyias" thiab txo qis txhua plaub xyoos.

Technically, qhov no txhais tau hais tias txhua tus miner ib txwm ntxiv lwm qhov kev lag luam rau nws qhov thaiv - "tsim 12.5 BTC thiab xa lawv mus rau kuv lub hnab nyiaj". Thaum koj hnov "cov naj npawb ntawm bitcoins hauv ntiaj teb raug txwv rau 21 lab, tam sim no lawv tau ntiav 16 lab" - cov no yog cov khoom plig tsim los ntawm lub network.

Mus saib ib tug tiag tiag nyob Bitcoin thaiv ntawm ib qho ntawm cov chaw siab. Kuj tseem muaj kev lag luam nrog cov khoom siv thiab cov khoom tawm, thiab ntau li 18 xoom thaum pib thiab tag nrho cov hashs tau piav qhia saum toj no.

Nws yog cov miners uas ntxiv cov kev hloov pauv tshiab rau blockchain. Yog li yog tias ib tug neeg qhia rau koj tias nws yuav "ua ib lub blockchain rau ***", thawj lo lus nug nws yuav tsum teb yog leej twg yuav kuv ntawm nws thiab yog vim li cas. Feem ntau, lo lus teb raug yog "txhua tus neeg yuav, vim tias kev khawb peb muab peb cov nyiaj npib, uas yuav loj hlob thiab nws muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau cov miners". Tab sis qhov no tsis siv rau txhua qhov haujlwm.

Piv txwv li, qee qhov Ministry of Health tag kis tsim nws tus kheej kaw blockchain rau cov kws kho mob (thiab lawv xav tau), leej twg yuav mine nws? Cov kws kho mob hnub so?

Tab sis dab tsi yuav muaj txiaj ntsig rau cov miners tom qab, thaum cov khoom plig ploj mus lossis ua tsis txaus?

Raws li tus Creator lub tswv yim, los ntawm lub sij hawm ntawd cov neeg yuav tsum tau ntseeg nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb ntawm bitcoin thiab mining yuav pib them tawm los ntawm tus nqi ntawm cov nqi uas muaj nyob rau hauv txhua txhua lw. Qhov no yog qhov uas txhua yam mus: rov qab rau xyoo 2012, tag nrho cov commissions yog xoom, miners tsuas yog rau khoom plig los ntawm blocks. Niaj hnub no, kev lag luam nrog xoom commission tuaj yeem dai rau hauv pas dej ua ke rau ob peb teev, vim tias muaj kev sib tw thiab tib neeg txaus siab them rau kev ceev.

Ntawd yog, lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev tsuas yog daws teeb meem tsis muaj nuj nqis. Puas yog tag nrho lub zog no tsis tuaj yeem siv rau qee yam tseem ceeb - kev tshawb nrhiav kev kho mob qog noj ntshav, piv txwv li?

Lub ntsiab lus ntawm mining yog los daws cov teeb meem kev suav. Txoj haujlwm no yuav tsum yooj yim txaus rau cov neeg koom tes hauv network kom muaj qhov muaj peev xwm ruaj khov ntawm kev nrhiav cov lus teb - txwv tsis pub, kev hloov pauv yuav raug lees paub mus ib txhis. Xav txog tias thaum lub tshev tawm hauv lub khw koj yuav tsum tau tos ib nrab ib teev txhua lub sijhawm rau lub txhab nyiaj kom paub meej tias koj qhov kev lag luam. Tsis muaj leej twg yuav siv lub txhab nyiaj zoo li no.

Tab sis txoj hauj lwm yuav tsum nyob rau tib lub sij hawm nyuaj, yog li ntawd txhua tus netizens nrhiav tsis tau cov lus teb ib zaug. Vim hais tias nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no lawv yuav tshaj tawm ntau lub blocks nrog tib cov kev pauv mus rau lub network thiab yuav muaj peev xwm ntawm "ob chav pov tseg", uas kuv tau hais. Los yog tseem phem dua - faib ib qho blockchain rau ntau ceg, uas tsis muaj leej twg tuaj yeem txiav txim siab seb qhov kev hloov pauv twg tau lees paub thiab qhov twg tsis yog.

Yog tias qhov khoom plig ntawm 12.5 BTC raug xa tawm ib zaug txhua 10 feeb thiab tsuas yog ib tus neeg uas pom qhov thaiv, nws hloov tawm tias kuv yuav tsum tau nkim daim npav video rau ntau xyoo hauv kev cia siab tias muaj ib hnub kuv yuav poob $ 40,000 (ntawm lub tam sim no pauv tus nqi)?

Qhov no yog qhov tseeb rau bitcoin. Tiamsis yeej tsis yog li ntawd. Yav dhau los, lub network tau me dua, qhov nyuaj yog qis dua, uas txhais tau hais tias qhov tshwm sim ntawm ib leeg-tshaj nrhiav ib tus hash rau lub block tshiab yog siab dua. Tab sis tom qab ntawd bitcoin tsis kim heev.

Tam sim no tsis muaj leej twg yog mining bitcoins ib leeg. Tam sim no cov neeg koom nrog koom ua ke hauv pab pawg tshwj xeeb - cov pas dej mining, qhov twg txhua tus ua ke sim nrhiav qhov tseeb hash.

Yog tias tsawg kawg yog ib qho ntawm cov pab pawg pom, ces tag nrho cov nqi zog tau muab faib rau cov neeg koom nrog, nyob ntawm lawv qhov kev pab cuam rau kev ua haujlwm. Nws hloov tawm tias koj tab tom mining thiab koj tau txais ib lub nyiaj los ntawm tag nrho cov kev qhia txhua lub lim tiam.

Tab sis solo tsuas yog ua tau rau lwm lub network. Txog thaum tsis ntev los no, nws yooj yim rau kuv Ethereum, qhov twg cov blocks pom txhua 10 vib nas this. Cov nqi zog thaiv yog qis dua nyob rau ntawd, tab sis qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev khwv tau nyiaj zoo nkauj yog siab dua.

Yog li peb yuav hlawv ntau txhiab daim npav video tsis muaj txiaj ntsig thiab tsis muaj txoj hauv kev tawm?

Yog, tab sis muaj cov tswv yim. Cov mining uas kuv tau piav qhia yog classic thiab hu ua Proof-of-Work (pov thawj ntawm kev ua haujlwm). Ntawd yog, txhua lub tshuab ua pov thawj tias nws tau ua haujlwm rau cov txiaj ntsig ntawm lub network los ntawm kev daws teeb meem tsis muaj nuj nqis nrog qhov ua tau zoo.

Tab sis qee tus txiv neej tab tom pib ua blockchains nrog lwm hom kev mining. Tam sim no lub tswv yim thib ob nrov tshaj plaws yog Pov Thawj-of-Stake (pov thawj ntawm ceg txheem ntseeg). Hauv hom kev mining no, ntau "npib" tus neeg koom tes hauv network muaj nyob rau hauv nws tus account, qhov ntau nws yuav nkag mus rau hauv blockchain. Zoo li tus txiv neej nrov tshaj plaws hauv lub zos.

Koj tuaj yeem xav txog lwm hom kev tsuas. Raws li twb tau hais lawm, txhua lub khoos phis tawj hauv lub network tuaj yeem nrhiav kev kho mob qog noj ntshav, tsuas yog koj yuav tsum paub seb yuav ua li cas, qhov no, txhawm rau sau lawv cov txiaj ntsig rau lub cev. Tom qab tag nrho, kuv tuaj yeem tshaj tawm tias kuv kuj tau koom nrog, tab sis kaw kuv daim npav video thiab suav tsis muaj dab tsi.

Koj ua li cas rau txhua tus neeg koom nrog kev pab txhawm rau nrhiav kev kho mob qog noj ntshav? Yog tias koj tuaj nrog nws - twv txiav koj CancerCoin, hype hauv xov xwm tau lav rau koj.

Blockchain

Xav txog qhov xwm txheej uas, txawm hais tias tag nrho peb txoj kev xav ntawm qhov yuav tshwm sim, ob tus miners tseem muaj peev xwm nrhiav tau cov lus teb zoo tib lub sijhawm. Lawv pib xa ob lub blocks tiag tiag hauv lub network.

Cov blocks no tau lees tias yuav txawv, vim tias txawm tias lawv ua txuj ci tseem ceeb xaiv cov kev hloov pauv ntawm lub pas dej, ua cov ntoo zoo tib yam thiab kwv yees tib tus lej (tsis yog), lawv cov hashes tseem yuav txawv, txij li txhua tus yuav sau nws lub hnab nyiaj hauv block rau nqi zog.

Tam sim no peb muaj ob lub blocks siv tau thiab dua qhov teeb meem tshwm sim ntawm leej twg yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab ua ntej. Lub network yuav coj li cas hauv qhov no?

Lub blockchain algorithm hais tias cov neeg koom hauv network tsuas yog lees txais thawj cov lus teb kom raug uas ncav cuag lawv. Tom qab ntawd lawv nyob raws li lawv tus kheej daim duab ntawm lub ntiaj teb no.

Ob tus miners yuav tau txais lawv cov nqi zog, thiab tag nrho cov seem pib rau kuv, tso siab rau qhov kawg thaiv lawv tus kheej tau txais, pov tseg tag nrho cov seem yog rov raug. Ob lub versions ntawm qhov tseeb blockchain tshwm nyob rau hauv lub network. Xws li yog tus paradox.

Qhov no yog qhov xwm txheej niaj hnub nyob rau hauv uas qhov kev xav zoo li yuav pab tau dua. Lub network ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv lub xeev bifurcated kom txog rau thaum ib tug ntawm cov miners pom lub block tom ntej rau ib qho ntawm cov chains.

Thaum xws li ib qho thaiv tau pom thiab muab tso rau hauv cov saw hlau, nws yuav ntev dua thiab ib qho kev pom zoo ntawm blockchain network tau suav nrog: nyob rau hauv ib qho xwm txheej, qhov ntev tshaj plaws blockchain tau lees paub tias tsuas yog ib qho tseeb rau tag nrho lub network.

Cov saw luv luv, txawm tias tag nrho nws qhov tseeb, raug tsis lees paub los ntawm txhua tus neeg koom hauv lub network. Kev ua lag luam los ntawm nws raug xa rov qab mus rau lub pas dej (yog tias lawv tsis tau lees paub hauv lwm qhov), thiab lawv cov kev ua tiav pib dua. Tus miner poob nws nqi zog vim nws qhov thaiv tsis muaj lawm.

Nrog rau kev loj hlob ntawm lub network, xws li coincidences los ntawm "tsis zoo li" mus rau hauv qeb ntawm "zoo, qee zaum nws tshwm sim." Old-timers hais tias muaj xwm txheej thaum ib tug saw hlau ntawm plaub blocks tau poob ib zaug.

Vim li no, peb kawg ntawm txoj cai saw tsis ruaj ntseg tau tsim:

1. Cov khoom plig rau cov mining tsuas yog siv tau tom qab lwm 20 qhov kev lees paub thaiv tom qab tau txais. Rau Bitcoin, qhov no yog li peb teev.

2. Yog tias bitcoins raug xa tuaj rau koj, koj tuaj yeem siv lawv los ua cov khoom siv hauv kev hloov pauv tshiab tsuas yog tom qab 1-5 blocks.

3. Txoj Cai 1 thiab 2 tsuas yog sau tawm hauv qhov chaw ntawm txhua tus neeg siv khoom. Tsis muaj leej twg saib xyuas lawv cov kev coj ua. Tab sis txoj cai saw ntev tshaj plaws tseem yuav so tawm tag nrho koj cov kev lag luam yog tias koj sim ua kom yuam kev rau lawv tsis ua raws li lawv.

Sim dag lub blockchain

Tam sim no koj paub txhua yam hais txog kev mining, cov cuab yeej ntawm blockchain thiab txoj cai ntawm cov saw ntev tshaj plaws, koj yuav muaj lus nug: nws puas tuaj yeem ua qee yam tshwj xeeb hla lub blockchain los ntawm kev ua cov saw ntev tshaj plaws ntawm koj tus kheej, yog li lees paub koj cov kev lag luam cuav.

Cia peb hais tias koj muaj lub computer muaj zog tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb. Google thiab Amazon datacenters muab tso ua ke ntawm koj qhov pov tseg thiab koj tab tom sim suav cov saw hlau uas yuav dhau los ua qhov ntev tshaj plaws blockchain hauv lub network.

Koj tsis tuaj yeem nqa thiab suav tam sim ob peb ntu ntawm cov saw hlau, vim tias txhua qhov txuas ntxiv nyob ntawm qhov dhau los. Tom qab ntawd koj txiav txim siab kom sai li sai tau los suav txhua qhov thaiv ntawm koj cov ntaub ntawv loj loj nyob rau tib lub sijhawm nrog rau txhua tus neeg koom nrog txuas ntxiv nce lub ntsiab blockchain. Puas muaj peev xwm hla lawv? Tej zaum yog.

Yog tias koj lub zog siv hluav taws xob ntau dua 50% ntawm lub zog ntawm txhua tus neeg koom nrog hauv lub network, tom qab ntawd nrog 50% qhov tshwm sim koj yuav tuaj yeem tsim cov saw ntev ntev dua li lwm tus ua ke. Qhov no yog txoj hauv kev muaj peev xwm ua kom yuam kev blockchain los ntawm kev suav cov saw txuas ntev dua ntawm kev hloov pauv. Tom qab ntawd tag nrho cov kev lag luam ntawm lub network tiag tiag yuav suav tias yog qhov tsis raug, thiab koj yuav sau tag nrho cov khoom plig thiab pib qhov tseem ceeb tshiab hauv keeb kwm ntawm cryptocurrency, uas yog hu ua "blockchain division". Ib zaug, vim muaj kab laum hauv cov lej, qhov no yog qhov teeb meem nrog Ethereum.

Tab sis qhov tseeb, tsis muaj qhov chaw khaws ntaub ntawv tuaj yeem muab piv rau lub zog rau txhua lub khoos phis tawj hauv ntiaj teb. Ib tug thiab ib nrab billions Suav nrog icics, lwm ib thiab ib nrab billions Indians tshaib plab nrog mining ua liaj ua teb thiab pheej yig hluav taws xob - qhov no yog ib tug loj loj xam lub zog. Tsis muaj leej twg hauv ntiaj teb tseem tuaj yeem sib tw nrog lawv ib leeg, tsis yog Google.

Nws zoo li kev tawm mus ntawm txoj kev thiab sim ua kom txhua tus neeg hauv ntiaj teb hais tias tam sim no tus duas muaj nqis 1 ruble thiab nyob rau lub sijhawm ua ntej cov xov xwm nthuav tawm koj. Thiab yog tias koj tswj hwm txhua tus neeg, koj tuaj yeem rhuav tshem kev lag luam hauv ntiaj teb. Hauv txoj kev xav, nws tsis ua tau? Tab sis hauv kev xyaum, rau qee yam, tsis muaj leej twg ua tiav.

Lub blockchain tseem nyob ntawm qhov tshwm sim no. Cov neeg koom ntau-cov miners, kev ruaj ntseg thiab kev ntseeg ntau dua hauv lub network. Yog li ntawd, thaum lwm qhov ua liaj ua teb loj mining tau them rau hauv Suav teb, tus nqi poob qis. Txhua leej txhua tus ntshai tias qhov chaw hauv ntiaj teb no muaj ib tus neeg txawj ntse siab phem uas twb tau sau ib lub pas dej ntawm cov miners ntawm ~ 49% muaj peev xwm.

Xaus

Blockchain tsis yog cov txheej txheem nruj me ntsis ntawm algorithms. Nws yog ib qho qauv tsim kom muaj kev sib txuas lus cuav ntawm cov neeg koom, uas tsis muaj leej twg tuaj yeem ntseeg leej twg. Thaum nyeem ntawv, tej zaum koj yuav xav ntau dua ib zaug tias "koj tuaj yeem ua tau li no thiab nws yuav muaj txiaj ntsig ntau dua". Qhov no txhais tau tias koj nkag siab txog blockchain, zoo siab.

Qee tus txiv neej hauv ntiaj teb kuj nkag siab nws thiab xav txhim kho lossis hloov kho rau qee yam haujlwm tshwj xeeb. Cryptocurrencies tsis zoo ib yam, txawm hais tias muaj ntau ntawm lawv ib yam nkaus. Nov yog cov npe luv luv ntawm qee cov tswv yim thiab cov haujlwm uas tau txais qee qhov muaj koob npe ua tsaug rau kev rov xav txog lub tswv yim blockchain.

Ethereum

"Ethers" yog ob lo lus nrov tshaj plaws uas koj hnov hauv xov xwm crypto-hype, tom qab Bitcoin. Rau cov neeg zoo tib yam, qhov no yog lwm qhov cryptocurrency thiab ib txoj hauv kev los ua qhov trendiest hu ua ICO. Cov neeg tsim tawm ntawm lub vev xaib piav qhia Ethereum ua "tus tsim blockchain rau koj cov kev xav tau." Qhov no kuj ua tau, yog.

Tab sis yog tias koj khawb tob dua, ether tsis yog lub network ntawm npib xwb. Qhov no yog lub tshuab xam zauv loj loj thoob ntiaj teb, qhov twg cov neeg siv ua cov cai ntawm lwm tus neeg cov kev pab cuam (cov ntawv cog lus ntse), tau txais txiaj ntsig rau txhua kab ua tiav. Thiab tag nrho cov no yog decentralized, indestructible thiab nrog tag nrho cov guarantees ntawm lub blockchain.

Peb tuaj yeem tham txog Ethereum thiab daim ntawv cog lus ntse kom ntev li ntev tau tias nws yuav txaus rau lwm qhov kev tshaj tawm. Yog li ntawd, peb yuav ua raws li cov qauv ntawm cov bloggers saum toj kawg nkaus: yog tias cov ntawv tshaj tawm no nquag repost thiab retweeted, thiab los ntawm hnub Friday nws tau txais tsawg kawg yog 1,500 qhov kev pom tshwj xeeb, Kuv yuav sau ib qho sequel txog Ethereum thiab cov ntawv cog lus ntse.