Lub tshuab rau lub siab: yuav ua li cas micropastic nkag mus rau zaub mov

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Vim li cas cov khoom siv hluavtaws ua rau lub ntiaj teb muaj kev phom sij? Ua ntej tshaj plaws, qhov no cuam tshuam txog Barents thiab Kara Seas.

Thaum lub sij hawm tshawb fawb "Transarctic-2019", cov kws tshawb fawb pom cov microplastics nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov seas ntawm Northern Sea Route. Cov ntaub ntawv tshwj xeeb cog lus tias yuav tsum tau tshaj tawm rau pej xeem tom qab, tab sis tam sim no, sai li sai tau cov fragments ntawm hluavtaws polymers tsis hu ua: "silent killer", "invisible problem", "Trojan horse" … Qhov ntau koj nyeem, nws zoo li ntau. tias txhua tus neeg yuav tuag hauv ntiaj teb, thiab microplastics yuav nyob … Dab tsi ntawm "tus tsiaj nyaum" nws yog, txaus ntshai npaum li cas, thiab seb nws puas tuaj yeem sib ntaus nrog nws - Izvestia xam tawm.

Floats nrog ntws

Muaj cov yas microparticles nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov seas ntawm Northern Sea Route. Ua ntej tshaj plaws, qhov no cuam tshuam txog Barents thiab Kara Seas. Txawm li cas los xij, tseem muaj cov khib nyiab zoo tib yam uas tsis muaj "micro" prefix: lub raj mis, hnab thiab lwm yam pov tseg yas, uas tsis tu ncua pov tseg los ntawm cov nkoj hla.

Thawj thawj zaug lo lus "microplastic" tau hnov txog 15 xyoo dhau los los ntawm daim di ncauj ntawm xibfwb Richard Thompson, tab sis peb pom cov khoom dawb ntawm cov yas txav hauv dej rov qab rau xyoo 1970. Cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb: qhov loj - txog li 5 hli nyob rau hauv txoj kab uas hla, tsis decompose, yog yooj yim nqa tam sim no. Nyob rau hauv 2017, lub International Union for Conservation of Nature lees paub cov yas hais tias yog lub ntsiab pa phem ntawm dej hiav txwv.

Kev sau cov khib nyiab yas hauv Arctic

Ob xyoos tom qab, microplastics, raws li cov kws tshawb fawb tau muab tso rau, yuav "tso rau lub siab" - nws yuav pom nyob rau hauv Lancaster Strait (cov dej khov tej zaum yuav tsiv mus rau ib xyoos dhau los ntawm nruab nrab Arctic). Cov kws tshawb fawb tau ntseeg tias "qhov kev sib cais ntawm cov dej hauv Canadian Arctic no muaj kev nyab xeeb los ntawm kev cuam tshuam cov pa phem." Naive.

"Yuav ua li cas nws mus txog qhov ntawd hauv 70 xyoo ntawm lub xyoo yas? Peb tsuas yog pib tsim cov yas hauv xyoo 1950, thiab nws twb nyob txhua qhov chaw, "hais tias Irina Chubarenko, oceanologist, Kws Kho Mob thiab lej Science, tus thawj coj ntawm Marine Physics Laboratory ntawm Atlantic ceg ntawm lub koom haum ntawm Oceanology ntawm Lavxias teb sab Academy ntawm Sciences. Hauv kev xam phaj nrog Izvestia. - Thaum "kev tshawb fawb yas" yog nyob rau theem ntawm kev tshawb pom thaj chaw. Feem ntau ntawm cov ntawv tshaj tawm ntawm cov ncauj lus ntawm microplastics boils mus rau qhov tseeb tias "lawv pom nws ntawm no, nws yog, muaj qhov concentration."

Cov khib nyiab yas ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm ib qho ntawm cov Islands tuaj hauv Arctic

Cov kws tshawb fawb los ntawm RAS lub koom haum ntawm Lake Science thiab Lavxias State Hydrometeorological University tau pom cov microplastics hauv ib liter dej ntawm Lake Ladoga thiab nws cov tributaries. Cov yas zoo tib yam twb tau pom nyob rau hauv qab ntawm Mariana Trench - tus neeg tshawb nrhiav Asmeskas Victor Veskovo tau poob mus rau qhov tob ntawm yuav luag 11 km thiab … zoo li nws nyob hauv tsev: ib daim ntawm lub hnab thiab cov khoom qab zib wrappers tshwm rau ntawm peb ob lub qhov muag.. Lwm zaus, tej zaum kuv yuav tsis xav tsis thoob ntawm Coca-Cola iav. Thiab qhov twg muaj yas, muaj ze rau microplastic.

"Koj tab tom taug kev hauv lub puam thiab koj pom lub raj mis yas uas tau decomposed, uas tau noj, tawg, hnav los ntawm ib tug neeg … Tab sis lub raj mis no yog lub Hoobkas me me rau kev tsim cov microplastics," Aleksey Kiselev, kws tshaj lij ntawm Zero Waste Project ntawm Greenpeace hauv Russia, hais rau Izvestia. Raws li kev kwv yees los ntawm United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), yas tso nyiaj rau ntau dua 80% ntawm tag nrho cov pov tseg hauv dej hiav txwv. - Muaj pes tsawg lub raj mis no nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb tam sim no? Nws tag nrho yuav yog microplastic."

Cov khib nyiab yas ntawm lub puam ntawm ib qho ntawm cov Islands tuaj hauv Dej Hiav Txwv Indian

Microplastic tuaj qhov twg? Tus naj npawb ib tus tsim tawm ntawm cov khoom no, raws li tus kws kho tsiaj, yog lub tsheb log tsheb. Tom ntej no - tshuaj pleev ib ce. Cov no yog cov granules zoo kawg nkaus nyob rau hauv cream, tshuaj txhuam hniav, lipsticks thiab lwm yam khoom. Qhov no kuj suav nrog cov khoom siv hluavtaws polymers hauv cov tshuaj txhuam hniav, tshuaj ntxuav tes, ntxhua hmoov. Muaj ntau ntawm lawv nyob rau hauv cov khaub ncaws (thaum ntxuav peb cov sweaters, sweaters thiab dresses ua los ntawm acrylic, polyester, fleece, 700 txhiab microplastic fibers raug cais).

Thiab, ntawm chav kawm, cov khoom pov tseg yas khaws cia yuav muab cov roob hauv ntiaj teb ntawm microplastics.

"Hais txog 8 billion tons ntawm cov yas uas ntab hauv ib puag ncig, rub tawm ib leeg, pob zeb, pob zeb, xuab zeb - tag nrho cov no maj mam crumbles los ntawm cov yas loj mus rau cov yas me me thiab qee zaum xaus rau hauv dej, lossis hauv av, lossis hauv kev ua liaj ua teb. tsiaj thiab ntxiv raws cov khoom noj khoom haus, - piav qhia Alexey Kiselev. - Yuav luag tag nrho cov qauv ntsev hiav txwv muaj microplastic hais. Ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov qauv dej muaj cov yas fibers, tab sis qhov no tseem yog ib qho kev kawm ib leeg, tsis muaj ib txoj hauv kev. Qhov ntawd yog, muaj ib txoj hauv kev tshawb fawb, tab sis nws tsis them nyiaj rau, nws tsis yog qhov kev xav ntawm kev xav hauv ntiaj teb no."

Teeb meem - Trailer

Microplastics tuaj yeem tig mus rau hauv tag nrho Lub Ntiaj Teb, tsuas yog qee qhov chaw. Rau qee yam, nws nyiam cov neeg sawv cev ntawm marine flora thiab fauna: algae, kab mob.

"Rau qee yam lawv nyiam polystyrene, nthuav polystyrene. Yog tias koj coj ib feem uas tau nyob hauv hiav txwv, koj tuaj yeem pom tag nrho cov ecosystem: nws yog tag nrho cov overgrown, nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm ib co dej kab. Dab tsi yog nws fraught nrog? Biologists ceev faj txog qhov no. Txog tam sim no, tsis muaj dab tsi txaus ntshai tau pom, tab sis cov yas tau yooj yim xa mus, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog los ntawm cov dej ntws hauv dej hiav txwv los ntawm Africa mus rau Tebchaws Europe. Cov kab mob dab tsi, dab tsi biology, kab mob tuaj yeem coj mus rau? Nws tsis meej, "hais tias Irina Chubarenko.

Tus kws tshawb fawb piav qhia tias: yas nws tus kheej yog qhov tsis muaj zog, cov khoom siv ruaj khov zoo - nws yuav siv sij hawm 500-700 xyoo los decompose, thiab qee zaum qhov ntau yog hu ua los ntawm 450 txog 1000 xyoo (koj paub, tsis muaj leej twg tau tshawb xyuas nws). "Cov khoom ntawm lub xyoo pua XXI", raws li lawv hais nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua XX.

“Vim li cas nws nyob ntev? Tsis muaj leej twg xav tau nws! - hais tias tus kws tshaj lij. - Tsuas yog tus nqa khoom, tus sau, thiab tsiaj txhu, ntses, noog coj mus rau zaub mov. Tau kawg, qhov no tsis muaj txiaj ntsig. Tsis tas li ntawd xwb, thaum cov tsiaj loj tau nkag mus rau hauv cov khib nyiab hauv hiav txwv, lawv tuag vim lub plab yog txhaws nrog cov yas es tsis txhob noj zaub mov li niaj zaus. Tab sis yas nws tus kheej tsuas yog hydrocarbon, ib yam khoom ntuj tsim. Ntawd yog, txiv neej tau tswj kom ua cov molecules ntev uas tam sim no ua rau muaj kev txhawj xeeb. Thaum muaj ntau yam khoom tsim los ntawm cov yas, dyes, plasticizers, stabilizing additives tiv thaiv ultraviolet hluav taws xob ntxiv rau nws, uas yog, ntau lwm yam tshuaj uas tsim kev puas tsuaj rau lawv tus kheej."

Tseem tshuav ntawm ib tug qaib albatross uas niam txiv pub nrog cov khib nyiab yas

Los ntawm txoj kev, hais txog cov noog. Albatrosses ntawm cov Islands tuaj ntawm Dej Hiav Txwv Atlantic pub lawv cov menyuam qaib nrog microplastics: zoo nkauj ntau xim mosaic ntab los ntawm - yuav ua li cas kom tsis txhob raug ntxias? Cov teeb meem dab tsi cov xeeb ntxwv yuav muaj nrog xws li kev noj haus yog ib lo lus nug. Ob peb xyoos dhau los, kev kwv yees tau ua: los ntawm 2050, lub plab ntawm tag nrho cov seabirds yuav muaj microplastics.

"Cov khoom ntawm microplastics yog qhov zoo ntawm kev noj ntau yam tshuaj lom: organochlorine, organobromine. Tag nrho cov no tau txav mus thoob ntiaj teb, tsim lub plastisphere tshiab, "hais tias Greenpeace tus cev lus.

Neatly nrog leads

Lub peev xwm ntawm microplastics yooj yim nkag mus rau cov khoom noj khoom haus yog qhov txaus ntshai tshaj plaws rau cov kws tshawb fawb. Hauv xyoo 2008, ecotoxicologist ntawm University of New South Wales hauv Sydney, Mark Brown, tau tshuaj xyuas cov qauv ntawm cov ntshav liab liab liab nyob rau hauv lub tshuab tsom iav thiab pom cov me me ntawm cov yas.

"Kev noj cov microplastics ua rau lub cev puas tsuaj thiab tso cov tshuaj txaus ntshai hauv lub cev, los ntawm cov tshuaj hormones ua rau bisphenol A (BPA) mus rau tshuaj tua kab. Xws li kev cuam tshuam cuam tshuam kev tiv thaiv kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev, thiab tseem txwv tsis pub kev loj hlob thiab kev tsim tawm ntawm cov hlwb, "- piav qhia txog kev tshaj tawm "Hightech" cov lus xaus ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb txog qhov muaj peev xwm txaus ntshai ntawm microplastics. Feem ntau, hnub no nyob rau hauv cov ntses, shellfish, thiab tag kis - nyob rau hauv peb lub plab.

Yas stains nyob rau hauv lub xiav mussel tawb

"Cov teeb meem muaj peev xwm cuam tshuam nrog kev nqus ntawm microplastic hais tias suav nrog kev txhaws ntawm lub plab zom mov thiab kev txo qis hauv kev noj zaub mov thiab cov as-ham rau hauv lub cev, ua rau qaug zog, cuam tshuam ntawm lub plab zom mov thiab ua pa hauv nruab nrog cev, kev tuag, thiab cov tshuaj lom hauv lub cev. lub cev ntawm siab concentrations ntawm toxicants", - piav qhia rau "Izvestia" Associate xib fwb ntawm lub Department of Ecology thiab Biological Resources ntawm lub RSHU, Candidate ntawm Geographical Sciences Alexandra Ershova.

Qhov tseeb, tib neeg lub cev twb muaj microplastics. Nws tau tshawb pom los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb los ntawm Medical University of Vienna hauv excrement ntawm yim tus neeg tuaj yeem pab dawb. Microparticles ntawm polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) thiab lwm yam yas tau txheeb xyuas nyob rau hauv "xa Cossack". Cov neeg kawm tau tshaj tawm tias noj zaub mov ntim hauv cov yas thiab cov dej haus los ntawm lub raj mis yas. Rau tus neeg noj ntses hiav txwv.

“Cov lus nug yog: puas yog tag nrho cov microplastics tawm? Nws tuaj tawm tag nrho thiab tag nrho cov tshuaj lom uas nyob rau ntawm nws? Los yog nws tsis tuaj kiag li? Los yog nws tawm los lawm, thiab cov tshuaj lom neeg tseem nyob hauv tus neeg? - Aleksey Kiselev, raws li nws tau, nug cov kws tshawb fawb Austrian. Lawv tseem tsis tau paub, tab sis lawv twb txhawj xeeb tias cov khoom me me tuaj yeem nkag mus tsis tau rau hauv plab, tab sis kuj mus rau hauv cov ntshav, lymph, thiab daim siab.

Cov lus xaiv tau hais tias microplastics tuaj yeem ua rau mob qog noj ntshav … Txaus ntshai? Exhale. Txog thaum.

Biofilm ntawm tus qauv ntawm tib neeg txhais tes qhia tias cov kab mob kis tau li cas txawm tias tom qab kev kho tshuaj tua kab mob

“Txawm hais tias tsis muaj kev phom sij rau noob neej, nws tsis tau lees paub, tab sis nws yuav tsum tau kawm ntxiv. Hauv qhov no, muaj qhov tsis meej meej ntau dua li qhov tseeb tshwj xeeb. Hais txog cov qog nqaij hlav cancer - qhov no tseem yog qhov tseeb, - hais tias Irina Chubarenko. - Txij li thaum muaj ntau cov lus nug uas microplastics tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev phom sij, koj yuav tsum tau kuaj xyuas ntau: nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej sib txawv, rau cov kab mob sib txawv, nrog lub sijhawm sib txawv ntawm nws nyob hauv ib puag ncig. Thaum zoo nkauj, du yas nkag mus rau hauv ib puag ncig, nws sai sai ua ntxhib, tawg, thiab kab mob nyob ntawd. Nws attracts co toxins uas txaus ntshai rau tib neeg thiab tsiaj txhu. Qhov tshwm sim tuaj yeem muaj ntau haiv neeg, yeej tsis muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm lawv."

Microplastic, tus kws tshawb fawb qhia, txawm tias nws cov niam txiv - yas. Nws muaj ntau yam khoom uas hloov raws sijhawm.

Peb tseem tsis tau simulate los ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm cov yas lossis nws cov tsub zuj zuj, vim peb tsis paub nws cov khoom qub. Ib tug particle ntaus hauv dej hiav txwv nag hmo, hnub no nws tau loj hlob, tag kis nws tau nqa los ntawm tam sim no mus rau qhov twg cov dej khov, thiab yuav ua li cas xws li ib tug particle behaves nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug txawv tej yam kev mob, peb tseem tsis tau paub kiag li. Raws li peb nkag siab, ces nws yuav muaj peev xwm tham txog yuav ua li cas tshem tawm nws. Yog li ntawd, cov neeg tseem qhia qhov twg nws pom, qhov nws pom thiab yuav piav qhia tau li cas. Tawm tsam keeb kwm yav dhau los no, tau kawg, muaj ntau qhov ntau dhau”.

Cov txiaj ntsig "degradation"

Lub caij no, kev tawm tsam ntawm cov yas yog tau txais lub zog thoob plaws ntiaj teb, vim tias nws tsis tuaj yeem saib cov ntug hiav txwv dej, hav zoov, cov duab ntawm vaub kib, ntses, thiab pluab cov ntsaws ruaj ruaj hauv hnab. Thaum lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav hauv Philippines, lawv pom ib tug whale tuag - cov neeg pluag muaj 40 kg ntawm hnab yas hauv nws lub plab.

"Ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog tias lawv txwv tsis pub cov tais diav thiab hnab yas pov tseg. Ntau lub xeev raug nplua rau cov neeg muag khoom thiab cov chaw tsim khoom. Qhov no yog kev txav mus los zoo. Vim hais tias yog hais tias nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj nws yog tsis tsim nyog kom tshem tawm tag nrho cov yas, ces los ntawm pov tseg tableware, hnab nyob rau hauv lub neej txhua hnub - yog vim li cas tsis. Peb tau ua neej nyob yam tsis muaj nws, "hais tias Irina Chubarenko.

Tuag whale nrog 40 kg hnab yas pom nyob rau hauv nws lub plab

Xyoo 2021, European Union yuav nkag mus rau hauv kev txwv txiav kev muag khoom ntawm cov khoom siv yas pov tseg, pob ntseg thiab cov quav rau dej qab zib. Tus Thawj Fwm Tsav Tebchaws Canada tau tshaj tawm txoj cai txwv tsis pub hnab, tais diav, phaj thiab straws. New Zealand tsis ntev los no ditched hnab yas. Thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 11, Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm Is Nrias teb tau hais kom cov neeg pib ntxuav txoj hauv kev los ntawm cov pov tseg yas, thiab los ntawm 2022 tsoomfwv npaj yuav tshem tawm tag nrho cov yas siv ib zaug.

“Peb tau tsim teeb meem rau peb tus kheej. Kuv tsis paub tias cov tuam txhab tsim teeb tsa li cas, tab sis feem ntau lub xeev thiab tsoomfwv nyuaj heev. Tej zaum, lawv yuav nce se ntawm kev tsim khoom, ntawm cov thawv ntim khoom, yog li ntawd tib lub sijhawm txhua yam uas peb xav tau rau kev ua haujlwm ntxiv yog suav nrog tus nqi ntawm lub thawv no, hais tias tus kws tshawb fawb dej hiav txwv. Lub taub hau ntawm Ministry of Natural Resources tau hais tawm txog qhov yuav tsum tau tso tseg cov tais diav yas (nws txawm hais kom suav cov ntsiab lus thiab cov xwm txheej ntawm kev tsis lees paub), kev sib tham zoo sib xws tau tshwm sim hauv cov phab ntsa ntawm Lub Xeev Duma, tab sis txog tam sim no nws tseem tsis tau muaj. nqes mus rau cov nqi tshwj xeeb.

Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov kws tshawb fawb tab tom rack lawv lub hlwb txog yuav ua li cas nrog cov khib nyiab uas twb muaj lawm. Piv txwv li, pub lawv rau cov kab mob. Thaum lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav, Japanese molecular biologists nrhiav tau ib tug kab mob uas pub rau lavsan thiab lwm yam yas. Cov gluttonous Ideonella sakaiensis, kws tshawb fawb hais tias, decomposes nws pluas su rau hauv dej thiab carbon dioxide. Chews maj mam - rau lub lis piam.

"Tam sim no muaj kev loj hlob sai heev ntawm kev tshawb fawb mus rau lwm yam yas - yas, uas yuav ua phooj ywg rau xwm, tsis yog li ntawd ntev-nyob, biodegradable. Nws tuaj yeem decomposed los ntawm lub teeb ultraviolet lossis qee yam kab mob. Txawm li cas los xij, biodegradation tseem yog ib qho kev tshaj tawm. Yog li ntawd, cov yas zoo li no tuaj yeem decomposed rau qee qhov me me (tsis yog ntuj), tab sis nyob rau hauv nruj tej yam kev mob: ib tug tej yam siab, kub, ntev. Thiab rau qhov no xws li "zoo yas" yuav tsum tau sib sau ua ke. Tab sis yuav ua li cas yog tias nws mus thoob plaws ntiaj teb? - hais tias Irina Chubarenko. - Cov kauj ruam loj tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv cov lus qhia no: lawv pib tsim cov hnab yas uas decompose tom qab ib xyoos ntawm kev dag nyob rau hauv lub compost heap (ua tsaug rau cov kev taw qhia ntawm cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv ib tug ntev yas molecule uas tawg mus rau hauv pieces). Lub hnab loj decomposes … rau hauv microplastics. Thiab txog tam sim no qhov no yog qhov ua tau zoo tshaj plaws."

Tub hluas khaws cov khib nyiab yas ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm Philippines

Los yog tej zaum, zoo, nws, cov yas no? Tsis kam thiab qhov ntawd yog nws.

"Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus, nws yuav tsis muaj peev xwm tso tseg ib yam dab tsi, vim nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm peb lub neej," hais tias ecologist. - Nyob rau hauv niaj hnub toxicology, chemistry, ib puag ncig chemistry, thiab feem ntau hauv ntiaj teb kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig, nws tau hais meej meej tias: txhawm rau daws qhov teeb meem, peb yuav siv txoj hauv kev ceev faj. Yog tias peb ntseeg tias nws tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev phom sij, peb yuav tsum tiv thaiv tib neeg los ntawm qhov no sai li sai tau."

Piav qhov piv txwv: koj yuav tsum tau maj mam kaw lub "yas" kais uas puv peb lub dab da dej, thiab rub tawm lub ntsaws, vim tias cov dej twb nchuav dhau ntawm ntug.

"Peb tuaj yeem txo peb cov khoom siv yas los ntawm kev tshem tawm cov khoom pov tseg thiab hloov mus rau rov siv dua. Qhov no yog thawj zaug. Qhov thib ob, yog tias peb ua cov khoom siv rov siv tau raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus "cov khoom lag luam rau hauv cov khoom", thiab tsis yog "cov khoom lag luam - cov pob zeb polymer," piav qhia Aleksey Kiselev.

Tus kws tshaj lij muab piv txwv tias nyob rau hauv ib lub sijhawm, muab nws me me, ua rau nws xav tsis thoob. "Muaj ib lub Hoobkas zoo uas siv ntau lub raj mis PET - huv, zoo, zoo. Tab sis qhov teeb meem yog tias lub Hoobkas PET lub raj mis no ua rau PET zaj duab xis - sushi tais thiab lwm yam. Thiab peb nug: "Koj puas ua ntau tons ntawm PET fwj, thiab tom qab ntawd sau cov pallets?" “Tsis yog, peb tsuas xav tau lub raj mis PET xwb. Pallets twb muaj qhov sib txawv viscosity - tsuas yog nyob rau hauv qhov chaw pov tseg lossis cia lwm tus sau nws. " Thiab qhov no yog qhov teeb meem, vim nws yeej tsis rov ua dua tshiab. Yuav tsum muaj ib lub raj mis los ntawm lub raj mis. Los ntawm pob ntseg stick - pob ntseg stick. Koj ua tsis tau? Txhob tsim."